فهرست مطالب زهرا حسینی نژاد

Cancer is the third cause of death in Iran. Gender is an important covariate for incidence of most cancers. So، epidemiological data on Gender differences related to common cancers provide good evidence in control of cancers. The aim of this study was providing population-based information on the gender differences in incidence rates and epidemiology of esophagus، stomach، colon and rectum cancers in the Fars province.

This study was a secondary data analysis. We studied registered esophagus، stomach، colon and rectum cancers cases in Fars from 2009 to 2010. Direct Annual Age Standardized Incidence Rates (AASIRs) were estimated for men and women. Using STATA software، Females AASIRs and truncated AASIRs at 25 years (TIRR) were compared with males considering age، dominant morphology ratio and tumor grade.

Six hundered fourteen cases were studied. The numbers of registered esophagus، stomach، colon and rectum cancers were 78 (%12. 7)، 254 (%41. 4)، 182 (%29. 6) and 100 (%16. 3)، respectively. Two hundred thirty one (%37. 5) cases were women and 383 (%62. 5) were males. TIRR (female/male) for esophagus، stomach، colon and rectum cancers were 0. 68 (0. 43-1. 07)، 0. 42 (0. 32-0. 54)، 0. 71 (0. 53-0. 96)، 0. 92 (0. 62-1. 36)، respectively. There were significant relationships between age and gender (p=0. 046)، tumor grade (p=0. 050) and morphology (p=0. 004) in case of stomach cancer. For colon cancer age and tumor morphology were significantly related (p=0. 019).

Risk of Stomach and Colon cancers in females were lower than males in Fars Province. Male gender was a risk factor for stomach adenocarcinoma.

Five species of dominant halophyte plants including: Salsola griffithii, Chenopodium album, Aeluropus logopoidies, Alopecurus textillis and Cardaria draba were sampled from Sistan region at their late vegetative stage. The collected samples were dried at room temperature and ground, and their chemical components including: dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, as well as cell wall and no hemicellulose containing cell wall evaluated in the laboratory. Dry matter digestibility (by in situ nylon bag technique) and organic matter digestibility as well as metabolisable energy (through in vitro gas production method) were determined. Results revealed that among the species studied, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in terms of chemical composition. Crude protein, cell wall and no hemicellulose containing cell wall ranged from 5.93 to 14.73, NDF from 34.30 to 66.82 while ADF from 13.64 to 41.46 % (DM basis) respectively. The ash content was recorded the highest (46.87%) for Salsola griffithii but ranged from 12.63 to 16.18% as regards the other species. OM digestibility ranged from 66.13 to 76.24%. It was significantly the highest in Salsola griffithii while the lowest in Cadaria draba. The organic matter digestability rate in dry matter in salt grass (due to the high ash content), was the lowest (40.51%), and metabolisable energy also significantly (p<0.05) lower than in the other species (6.95 vs 9.47 to 10.37 Mj/ kg). Regarding the degradability parameters and effective degradability there were also significant differences observed among species (p<0.05).

Expensive medical educational cost, long term education and difficult lessons, all support this evidence that with unemployment of medical graduates in professional activities, much national stock will be used vainly. Due to lack of enough knowledge and documents about medical graduates’ career activities, this study was conducted in order to evaluate their career status. In a retrospective cohort study, all 528 medical graduates who were graduated between 2001and 2007 from Kerman University of Medical Sciences were studied. Necessary data, latest career and educational status of medical graduates were collected by direct and indirect phone interviews. In order to determine the impact of effective factors on career status and residency exam acceptance, Logistic Regression and Survival analyses were applied. The access rate to graduates was 86%. At least three years after graduation, 62% of medical graduates were engaged in medical careers which were mostly in clinics, military or social services, personal offices and clinical specialties. Among all subjects, 40 persons (7.6%) were jobless and almost the same rate was doing non medical jobs. Eighteen percent were engaged in working or studying in clinical specialties and others had left Iran. Survival analysis showed that female physicians were employed faster and more in medical professions (median for female and male were 3.8 & 4.5 years respectively, P=0.009). Women were more successful than men in professional careers (12%) and residency exam acceptance (17%) which were not statically significant. Mean score during education was effective factors on residency exam acceptance. It seems that almost 20% of medical graduates in Kerman City were not employed in careers related to their education in long term prospect (more than three years after graduation) or left the country. It is important to consider causes of male physicians failure in comparison with female physicians while there is a great need to male physicians’ services; low income can somehow explains it.

Comprehensive evaluation of educational systems involves the evaluation of programs and performances of the whole administrative system as well as schools and educational departments. In accreditation model, a recently emerged model, internal evaluation is the first step and it ensures the internal quality of universities. To determine the educational statue of educational groups in Kerman School of Medicine from 1994-1998 through internal evaluation as the first step of accreditation. In this descriptive study, educational performance indicator including drop out rate, waste rate, survival rate, average of study duration and rejection rate of Kerman Medical students admitted from 1994-98 (n= 486) were determined by using Report Cards of Students. From all studied subjects, 250 students were female and 239 were male. The waste rate of the total examined students was 3.7%, the rejection rate was 3.5%, Average of study duration was 15.25 semesters, drop out rate was 0.8% and promotion rate was 96.5%. The rejection rates of the non-quota and quota students were respectively 2.5%, 7.7%. The minimum rejection rate (3%) was in year 1996 and the maximum rejection rate (3.9%) was in year 1994. The maximum rejection rates were related to the second semester of the first year in admitted students of 1995(16.3%), 1996(12%) and 1998(10.4%). In all academic years, the maximum failure rates were for basic sciences and specialized courses (6.7%). Since the maximum rejection rate in all three studied years is related to the second semester of first year and the maximum failure rate was found for basic sciences and specialized courses, it is necessary that educational authorities as well as the educational programmers review the lesson arrangement and contents of these courses.

Iran's universities dont have a compiled, scientific and internalized evaluation system to evaluate their quality and make their goals and performances recognized. Being accountable to items such as, drop out rate, waste rate, survival rate, average study rate and rejection rate is possible by assessment of internal efficiency of educational system. This study tried to determine some of the internal efficiency indicators for medical education system in Kerman University of Medical Sciences Through a cross-sectional descriptive study, in order to identify internal efficiency indicators, 101 medical students (accepted in 1993) were investigated from their registration up to their graduation time in the year 1993. The needed information was collected from their educational files, then the data were analyzed by SPSS software. The waste rate of students was 4.4%, 0.7%, 2.2% and 6.5% for male, female, non-quota and quota students, respectively. On average, male, female, non-quota and quota students had been studying for 17.63, 17.56, 17.31, and 18.41 semesters, respectively. The maximum rejection rate was in the first semester of 1993 and the maximum failure rate was for basic sciences and specialized courses with 5.6% of rate. The significant difference in efficiency between quota students and non-quota students shows that, giving just some quota to organizations is not enough and some measures must also be taken. It is recommended to provide them with some programs and facilities such as, orientation sessions, educational counseling and complementary educational programs.