فهرست مطالب سوگل خسروی

One of the themes and motifs of the legend that is dealt with in national epic, the theme of fate and destiny.
In this belief, humandestiny is somehow dependent destiny of victory and happiness and on the other hand, misery and death upon the man.Thus, the fate of man tore destiny was played out and no escape and it is inevitable.Belief in destiny and domination watering time in the minds of the Iranians, the pre-dates Islam and is considered as a factor contributing time, could have roots in religions such as Zurvanism.People believe that ancient era, the sky is the main source of human destiny and fate and writer of stars and planets and their agents are gone.Thus, long time to worship the stars, the moon and the sun and it skings in their court astrologers, and fortune-teller had Yanni.The wars and the great things they wanted to help, saying they were the experts go-round, tied to work, the belief in the inevitability of fate foretold in the words of astronomers national epic and enjoying one of the tricks of the saga. When in a pinch, before the epic heroes in difficult conditions, with the help of a number of stars, to study the secrets of the universe-pay This study examines the beliefs and signs of appreciation after the Shahnama epic-pays system,By tracking the desired belief system, belief and consequently many signs of appreciation prophecy can be found.The action epic storyline involved

The sprite and the sorceress are among the mythological beings in Persian mythology and epic literature who sometimes are beside the epic hero and sometimes stand against him. In Post-shahnama epics, these two characters have found prominent places as they tend to appear with their duties on a good side as the goddesses of fertility and reproduction in the form of the archetype anima - the feminine part of the psyche –acting effectively in furthering the hero’s aims. Contrarily, they appear in a devilish form as the sorceress with destructive roles preventing the hero reaching his grand goals, which, indeed, characterizes the negative anima. In the present study, after a brief description of the nature of the sprite and the sorceress, it is attempted to explain that the sprite is the same sorceress who changes into a diabolical entity representing evil duties influenced by Zoroastrian thought..

Nature with its awesome powers was so overwhelming to humankind that he, by every look round, saw a shape of magic or mystique. First communities, for safer habitation, used to took their fears for sacred, henceforth initiated totemic beliefs in similar circumstances. In Totemist's mind, the plants and animals grown for food supply and a class of which was imagined to bear the soul of ancestors, this way guarding the tribe and saving the people, and to deserve special values. Therefore, the current paper aimed at exploring Totemism and its picture in the epics composed after Shahnama. Following the totemic beliefs in the epics, we found a variety of sacred animals such as cows, horses, and the Simurgh, along with the manifestation of worship of plants and trees, as well as some totemic plants with mythologies on human genesis from the plant and the healing attributes of herbs and trees; all of which pinpoint totemism featuring in ancient Persian beliefs and myths, thus explaining social taboos against killing and eating totemic things.

One of the oldest and most pleasant and efficient kinds of poetry, which have attracted the attention of scholars and lovers of poetry since the beginning of the Persian poetry until now, is elegy. Khaghani Shervani is one of the poets who wrote after this genre and composed many memorable and beautiful elegies. The poet, who like many other people experienced happy and sad events and occasions, wrote many elegies in which he commemorates and remembers many of his dear ones. These poems are marked by their emotional language and poetic expression of feelings, which is simple and unaffected but at the same time expresses his emotion and passion in the best possible way. In this article elegy is discussed in the collected poems of Khaghani.

The presence of some woman beside epic and mythical persons has been a widely common feature in many epicsas, for instance, Ohrmazd with Spenta Armaiti or Ahriman accompanied byJahi; Jamshid, also, is blessed with his own sisters or daughters and Freydun and Kai Khosrow with the mother as well. In these cases, the hero is led to success and fortune with the help of a feminine element, which has a great contribution in furthering his aims. Females in these stories could be reflective of the archetype anima - the feminine part of the psyche – that, on their positive side, emerge in some roles such as mothers, faithful beloveds or sprites and with the duty of reproduction and fertility. As to that,the sprite is one such a role presented with her own characteristics such as inexpressible beauty, association with spring and water, love expression for heroes, knowledge on secrets and mysteries, prescience and prophesy, power of hiding and assistance to heroes towards achieving great goals and defeating enemies in the literature. In this research, after a brief discussion of the quiddity of sprites, the characteristics of the sprite in post-Shahnama epics have come under investigation.
Pari is seen as Parika and Parik in Avesta and Middle Farsi, respectively. This word has roots in Indo-Europianand literally means giving birth and in some senses,it iscalled fertile and fruitful. Pari is believed to be thefeminine element, a follower of Devil who is used to deceive Mazdayasnan. Despitehaving an evil face in Zoroastrian, Pari is symbolized as the sign of romance and beauty, an ancient woman benefiting from affection and beauty as well as Farrah. Therefore, due to this public affection she is considered the opposite character to Divand Devil. Surprisingly she is an evil in Mazdisna along with Div and Devil who are seeking corruption and death to Ahoorascreations. In fact, Parihas both a positive and negative face. The former is purity and elegance which does the best to assist public and heroes to accomplish their goals. And the latter, the same as Div and Devil,is a villain, who is ordered by the Devil to destroy the Ahoorascreation.
Pari plays significant roles in different epics. Each of these roles could be contributed to each of Pari’sfunction. Pari can be found in epics such as Garshasbnameh,Samnameh,¬Bahmannameh, Borzounameh, Faramarznameh, and Banoougoshasbnameh. Besides, her features can be classified as her unimaginable beauty and elegance which could be two- sided, sometimes this grace would deceive the heroes. In turn, it might cause the enemie's making a mistake in order to assist these heroes to achieve their goals. Thus, this grace and beauty is strongly related to their function to neutralize and seduce the heroes. Another feature of Parias the goddess of birth is to bring fruitfulness and fertility, this perse, is presupposedly related to water and spring and consequently rain and aprosperous year. So, springs, wells and rivers are sights to observe Paries. Living and residing in graceful lands and castles like heavens over the mountains is another feature of Pari in legends and myths. Parideserves such places like heavens and castles made by gold and jewelries, which glitter and blink at night but disappear in a moment and vanish quickly. This feature of Pari as a supernatural and graceful creature dweling in far-far away lands and castles, beside her seducing function, which is deceiving and graceful for heroes and epics, can be assumed as anima. For this, two sides are defined: the dark side and the bright one, i.e., rightfulness and darkness. In its bright side, anima is pictured angelically in a way that man, to some extent,seeks every grace and beauty in them and dreams about them- and dealing with it may cause insight into it and in the end improves the sense of personality and self- awareness. Paries as the goddess of fertility and fruitfulness were imagined as beautiful and charming women to seduce the heroes and kings in order to get fertilized. This use of sexual- appeal is one of their most significant features, breeding from their birth- giving ability and fertility which is reflected in its real name as Pari. This definition provides the real meaning of affection and abilities of transformation. Pari is usually considered as a charming pery in confrontation of heroes in Farsi contexts and drags them toward herself. One of the features of Pari has come from the female priest of old ages and that is the capabilities of forecasting the futures and decoding some secrets. In some literatures, they are aware of the other world and this enables them to be helpful for the heroes in order to achieve their aims. The beliefs of having the ability to fly as well as the power to reconnect to the witches abilities to disappear and reappear is based on this theory that they are blessed with feathers making them fly and common different spots. This ambiguous picture makes them fly between two worlds as bird and the definition of Pari easily conveys this meaning.
The other feature of Pari is helping the heroes and epics in which the clear example of this can be seen in Saamnameh, when they assist Saam and Paridokht to reach each other following that this helpsSaam to fight enemies.
The relationship between Pari and fire isanother profound feature of Pari. In local eyes, there is sometimes no difference between Paries and Genie. And they are assumed the same with the same origin of fire. Fire is a paradox of being a factor of both Devil and Farra in epic contexts. The relationship between fire and Pari is due to birth giving abilities of Pariwhich defies of her willingness and charm to be with heroes and epics.
To put in a nutshell, the most significant features of Pari in epical contexts after Shahnameh are: the relationship with water and spring based on their fertility and heavenly gardens, celebrations and ritual ceremonies to be held and physical thirst and charm to seduce the heroes. The relationship between fire and Pari is based on her ability as the goddess of fertility in ancient Iran. Another feature of Pari is the help and assistant she gives to the heroes and her important role in achieving their goals which is a symbol of positive anima in them that causes growth and maturity and self- awareness in heroes. The ability to transform their faces, to fly, to disappear and reappear, and to foresee the other world are the other features that reminds their magical power in Avesta. In Avesta,Pari is considered the same as witches. Thus, Pari owns both positive and negative features and their dual feature is based on morality we witness in Zoarastrians toward Pariesand this causes their fall of their initial place in heaven from the goddess of fertility, fruitfulness and even turning to a magical and evil creature. However, in these epics, Pari reclaims her initial places and as an ancient woman claims her grace and romance and as a true mentor to guide heroes in achieving their goals to reach their maturity and success.

One of the topics pleasant and efficient attention to the beginning of the poem in Dari literature has attracted scholars and poetry lovers Requiem writing in Persian poetry. Considering the relation of this type of poem is the poet's own thoughts and feelings The oldest of the poets of Persian poetry in Court. Khaghani Shervani is one of the poets he most common topics of his day trial edition has And his master's words proved types. ndustry and messenger of God, in his justice, wisdom, preaching, praise isolation and discontinuity, Hbsyh and are described, Requiem, and ascribe are saying This article has been Khaghani Requiem Court. Khaghani like other people, have always been a bittersweet transition events He is full of grief Court wrote in relatives mourning loved ones. He felt burning pain Khaghani peak in Lamentations son, uncle, cousin and his wife are shown. In other words, given that the Requiem has made the right Svgnamh And elegies which is essential to the strength and elegance of the dilution effect and pleasant and Drdangyzy and Shvrafryny The elegies for the poet is feeling the fullest extent.