فهرست مطالب سید سجاد جعفری

One of the issues that has always occupied the human mind is the meaning of life. This issue is more important in today's world because today, despite the vast advances in science and technology, the dust of despair and sense of meaninglessness is sitting on the mirror of people's thoughts, and anxiety and worry mixed with a painful sense of fear, doubt, and absurdity have spread their shadow everywhere. For this reason, different viewpoints have sought an answer for the meaningfulness of life, one of which is the religious viewpoint. In the religious texts, there is a wave of purposefulness of creation, a believer has a spiritual life, and his life is growing and getting closer to God. Therefore, the spirituality arising from religion in general and the religion of Islam in particular, has foundations, components, and a structure that has a significant effect on giving meaning to human life. Hence, the current research, by examining the role of religious spirituality, has sought to answer this question: what role does religious spirituality play in giving meaning to human life? The research followed the descriptive analytical approach and data collection was done using library resources. After examining the foundations and characteristics of religious spirituality, its capabilities and success rate in giving meaning to life were examined. The findings of the research indicated that religious spirituality, with its foundations such as the originality of the soul, the originality of nature, the originality of the unseen world, and the originality of the Sharia, draws meaning from life for humans, which, while having a variety of individual and social functions, has features such as simplicity and clarity, adaptability and responsiveness to inner tendencies, and creating vitality and real lasting hope.

One of the important topics related to religion is its connection with rationality, around which various views have been raised; As today, a group of people talk about pure rationalism as an independent criterion for distinguishing between right and wrong, for this reason, the present study seeks to answer the question, to what extent the theory of rationality can be a suitable criterion for answering, with a comparative study of religious spirituality and rational spirituality. And replace religious spirituality? The research method is analytical-descriptive and data collection has been done using library resources. After examining the origin of rationalized religion, the basics and characteristics of the said topic were discussed and finally the shortcomings of rationalized religion were discussed. The results of the research have shown that rationalized religion relies on the foundations and features such as secularism and humanism... based on which it suffers from deficiencies such as: the lack of clarity in the definition of rationalized religion, failure to achieve the goals of the theory, and contradictions in the nature of faith. ...it has happened that in many cases, not only can it not be a gift for modern man; It has also led to pain and suffering.

always been one of the controversial issues in the history of Islam. In the contemporary period, some researchers, especially some orientalists, highlighted the violent encounters of the Prophet (PBUH) with some of his opponents and accused the Prophet (PBUH) of violence. In addition to historical sources, the most important and reliable source for recognizing the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) in relation to the opponents are the verses of the Qur'an and the interpretations and traditions related to those verses. In the meantime, Majma‘ al-Bayan fi-Tafsir al-Qur'an (compiled in 536) is one of the most important and comprehensive commentaries. This commentary is known for its comprehensiveness and fairness in examining different opinions. Therefore, the present article, relying on the interpretation of Majma‘ al-Bayan, analyzes and examines the life of the Prophet of Islam (PBUH) in the face of opponents (Pagans, people of the book (Ahl al-kitāb), hypocrites (Munāfiq) and the like). The current research seeks to answer the basic question that the method of confronting the Prophet (PBUH) with the opponents was based on what principles? The findings of the research show that the behavior of the Prophet (PBUH) in dealing with opponents was based on two main strategies of interaction with opponents and confrontation with opponents (enemies) and in line with these two main strategies, the Holy Prophet also used different strategies in dealing with opponents and adversarys of Islam. These solutions have been different according to the different nature of the actions of the opponents and adversarys of Islam.

As a research tool for understanding the truth, semiotics plays an important role in revealing hidden signs, mysteries and religious symbols. During the Safavid period, metalwork was of great importance and had cultural, artistic and religious value in material and spiritual dimensions, as Iranian artists in this period provided a connection between art and religion by using metal, for this reason, the research to investigate the semiotics of religious symbols in Safavid metalwork, the present paper seeks to answer the question, what religious symbols were used in Safavid metalwork motifs (vegetable, animal, and composite)? The method of research is descriptive-analytical and data collection has been done using documentary sources, observation and interviews. The results of the research have shown that the most important symbols in the motifs (vegetable, animal and composite) of the Safavid era were Botte Jaqqe(Paisley), Lion, Peacock and Shirokhurshid. Although these symbols have had different meanings throughout the ancient history of Iran; in this period, there have been changes in the concepts of symbols and signs in the motifs, that is, in addition to the inherent concept of the symbol, they have taken on new concepts, which was the connection with the Islamic culture and the Shia religion, and the tendency to take the mentioned symbols religiously. Increased.

ways, although the authors have only collected them and other aspects have not been considered. The study of these correspondences and letters is subject to knowing the sources and then examining their documents and text. This article has been organized with the aim of reviewing the sources and historical documents of Imam Kazem's (as) letters and by descriptive method and referring to various earlier sources. This is the question of what sources and works from the past to the present have quoted the letters of the Imam. What is the validity, characteristics and types of these sources and in what century were these letters most reflected? By examining and categorizing the sources of the letters, it became clear that the sources quoting the letters are from reliable and citationable sources, and also most of the letters in the fourth century have been quoted in hadith sources and the history and manners of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS).).

The issue of the infallibility of the prophets is one of the topics that has always been disputed between the Imams and the Sunnis in its scope and scope. , Often due to the appearance of some verses do not believe in the infallibility of the Prophet. In all respects. The present article is descriptive-analytical, and using library sources to compare the views of Fakhr Razi, one of the Sunni commentators on theological issues, and Tabarsi, one of the great Imami commentators on the following verses; 105 and 106 of Surah An-Nisa '; 49 سوره مائده 43 سوره توبه; 52 سوره حج; 37 سوره احزاب; 2 سوره فتح می‌پردازد. Tabarsi, like most Imams, believes that the Prophet  is infallible and that this infallibility existed before and after the prophecy, while Fakhr al-Razi, according to the appearance of the verses, believes that infallibility is not necessary for the Prophet قبل before the resurrection, but it is necessary. It is from the time of revelation.

Modernity, which represents the novelty, the break from the past and the word to the emerging future, has affected all aspects of life, including religion, and is at odds with the role of the divine religions, including the important role that such religions play in giving meaning to life. Looking for a new meaning and purpose in life. Therefore, in the present study, by examining the role of modern spirituality in the meaning of life, it seeks to answer the question of how modern spirituality gives meaning to life and what are its strengths and weaknesses. Descriptive-analytical research method and data collection using sources The library is done. The results of research have shown that modern spirituality also considers human life to have meaning and purpose and having advantages such as emphasizing modern rationality, considering the conditions of modern man, concerns of reduction and pain of modern man ... in the first place to create an attractive meaning of life , Looks reasonable and efficient; But since modern spirituality is human-centered and uses only the rationality of the foundation itself to know spirituality, this initial image of modern spirituality is lost; Therefore, modern spirituality is content with the minimum in discussing the meaning of life and has a more pragmatic approach, which is typically a soothing and narcotic method for human beings.

One of the tenets of Islam is the infallibility of the prophets, especially that of the Last Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him and his family. According to the teachings of the Qur'an, Muslims believe in the inerrancy of the Messenger of God (s) but the exegetes differ in their opinions concerning the scope of infallibility. The Shiite scholars subscribing to complete infallibility of the Prophet (s), have portrayed his personality in a way that fits their religious doctrine.  Sunni scholars do not believe in complete infallibility of the Prophet (s) inasmuch as they rely on the literal meanings of some verses which is why they differ in their opinion about the infallibility of the Prophet (s) in all respects. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method to compare Tabari's view, a Sunni commentator, with that of Tabarsi, a Shiite commentator, on the infallibility of the Seal of Prophets (s) under verses 105 and 106 of Surah al-Nisa, verse 49 of Surah al-Māʾida, verse 43 of Surah al-Tawbah, verse 52 of Surah al-Hajj, verse 37 of Surah al-Aḥzāb and verse 2 of Surah al-Fatḥ. The comparison is intended to address the question as to what the opinion of the two exegetes concerning the scope of the Infallibility of the Prophet (s) is.  After examining the two views, it became clear that Tabari, despite having an independent school, accepts the infallibility of the Messenger of God (s). But he does not consider him infallible in all respects since he interprets some verses based on their literal meanings, which is why he believes that the Prophet (s) may err. If he happens to make a mistake or commit a sin, he should ask for forgiveness.  But Tabarsi criticizes the opposing views by accepting complete infallibility - from sin and error. He maintains that the Messenger of Allah (s) is infallible throughout his life.

In this paper, free vibration of functionally graded carbon nanotube annular sector plates is studied. Distribution of carbon nanotubes is continuous and meaningful and gradual changes of materials in the direction of thickness are in the form of volume fraction. Annular sector plate is placed on the Winkler-Pasternak two parameters elastic foundation. The motion equations of plate are derived using the Hamilton principle and the refined plate theory. These coupled differential equations are transformed to ordinary equations using the trigonometric series expansion of space variation functions and then are solved with the help of differential quadrature method. The obtained results are compared with the other researcher’s results and an excellent agreement can be observed between them. Finally, the effects of different geometric parameters, different distributions of carbon nanotubes in the thickness direction, elastic foundation, and also different boundary conditions on the natural frequencies are investigated.

The main propose of the present article is to study the second law of thermodynamics over a stretching permeable surface in the presence of the uniform vertical magnetic field in the slip nano-fluid regime. In this study, four types of nanoparticles i.e. Copper , Copper oxide , Aluminum oxide , and Titanium dioxide and also water as the base fluid are considered. Entropy generation equations, for the first time in this problem, are derived as a function of velocity and temperature gradients. Velocity profile as well as temperature distribution and averaged entropy generation are obtained using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). An excellent agreement exists between the present result and the other researchers’ result. The obtained result of present study presents that by decreasing magnetic parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction parameter, suction parameter, Reynolds number, Brinkman number, and Hartmann number as well as increasing the slip velocity parameter, the generated entropy reduces.

In this paper, free vibration of carbon nanotube-reinforced functionally graded circular plates with hole has been investigated. Distribution of carbon nanotubes are continuous and the gradual and graded changes of materials through the plate thickness are considered as volume fraction. Considering the linear and non-linear variation of circular plates through the radial direction and also considering the proposed function for the thickness, the plate thickness can be convex or concave. Moreover, the motion equations of plate were obtained based on the third-order shear deformation theory. These equations are coupled differential equations which can convert Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) using the Trigonometric series expansion of displacement fields such that they satisfy the axial symmetry condition. Solving the converted ODE equations is too difficult. For this reason, the differential quadrature method is employed to solve these equations. The obtained results are compared with the results reported by other researchers and an excellent agreement is observed between them. Finally, the effects of different geometric parameters as well as different volume fracture of nanotubes on natural frequency have been studied.

In this paper, a new analytical model has been presented for energy absorption of aluminum-foam sandwich panels under ballistic impact. The panels consist of hexagonal honeycomb core sandwiched between two aluminum skins. In analytical model cylindrical rigid projectile with flat ended has been considered. In the quasi-static loading, by using the springs-mass model, energy absorption of Aluminum skins with considering difference energy absorption mechanisms calculated. Energy absorption of honeycomb has been determined by wierzbicki model. Energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of striker. The results of ballistic limit and residual velocity of striker computed by new model have good agreement with experimental results. Also the effects of projectile mass and diameter and cell diameter of honeycomb in energy absorption of sandwich panel has been investigated.

In this paper, a new analytical model has been presented for energy absorption calculation of aluminum-foam sandwich panels under high velocity impact. The panels consist of foam core sandwiched between two aluminum skins. In analytical model, cylindrical rigid projectile with flat ended has been considered. In the quasi-static loading, by using the springs-mass model, energy absorption of aluminum skins with considering difference energy absorption mechanisms has been calculated. Also foam absorbed a partial of projectile energy by crushing. Energy absorption of aluminum-foam sandwich panel was calculated and energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of projectiles. The results of ballistic limit and residual velocity computed by new model presented good agreement with experimental and numerical results. Also the effects of foam density, projectile mass and diameter in energy absorption of sandwich panel has been investigated.

In this paper, an analytical model has been presented for energy absorption of sandwich panels under ballistic impact. Aluminum-foam and composite-foam sandwich panel are investigated in this paper. In analytical model three types of sticker including cylindrical projectile with flat, hemispherical and conical ended have been considered. It is supposed that top and bottom skins and foam core failure by mean resistive pressure. Energy absorption of sandwich panels is the sum of the energy absorbed by the skins and foam. Energy absorption of sandwich panel is calculated and energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of projectiles. The results of ballistic limit and residual velocity computed by new model have good agreement with experimental results. Also the effect of projectile shape in energy absorption of sandwich panel has been investigated.

In this paper, a new analytical model has been presented for energy absorption of aluminum-honeycomb sandwich panels under high velocity impact. In high velocity impact, striker with initial velocity penetrates into target and perforates it completely and exits by residual velocity. The panels consist of hexagonal honeycomb core sandwiched between two aluminum skins. In analytical model cylindrical projectile with flat ended have been considered. It is supposed that aluminum skins failure by mean resistive pressure. Energy absorption of honeycomb has been determined by wierzbicki model. Energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of striker. The results of ballistic limit and residual velocity of striker computed by new model have good agreement with experimental results. Also the effects of projectile mass and diameter and cell diameter of honeycomb in energy absorption of sandwich panel has been investigated.

In this paper, a new analytical model has been presented for energy absorption of aluminum-foam sandwich panels under ballistic impact. The panels consist of foam core sandwiched between two aluminum skins. In analytical model two types of sticker including cylindrical projectile with flat and hemispherical ended have been considered. It is supposed that aluminum skins failure by mean resistive pressure. Also foam absorbed a partial of projectile energy by crushing. Energy absorption of aluminum-foam sandwich panel is calculated and energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of projectiles. The results of ballistic limit and residual velocity computed by new model have good agreement with experimental results. Also the effects of projectile mass and diameter in energy absorption of sandwich panel has been investigated.

In this paper, an analytical model for impact of flat-ended projectiles onto the composite – foam sandwich panel is presented. The panels consist of foam core sandwiched between two composite skins. In the quasi-static loading, by using the springs-mass model, the load at failure of top composite skin and the energy absorbed due to failure of the top skin have been determined. The absorbed energy during the perforation of the sandwich panel is calculated and the energy balancing equation has been employed for determination the ballistic limit and residual velocity of projectiles. The load at failure of top composite skin, energy absorbed due to the top skin failure, ballistic limit and residual velocity have been compared with the available experimental results. The good agreement between analytical model and experimental results has been observed.