فهرست مطالب علی دشتی

In this research, polystyrene-poly (ethylene glycol)-polystyrene (PS-b-PEG-b-PS) amphiphilic triblock copolymer was synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) method. The results of FTIR and NMR analyses were confirmed the successful synthesis of the presented triblock copolymer. The experiments of hydrate inhibition performanc testing were carried out in the presence of methane gas using rocking-cell reactor at initial pressure of 68 bar and 1.5oC, respectively. The potential kinetic inhibitory effect of synthesized PS-b-PEG-b-PS copolymer was investigated at the conectrations of 0.05 and 0.1 wt% and compared with the similar data of commercial inhibitors including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and Luvicap EG as a polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap)-based kinetic inhibitor from BASF. The obtained results showed that the synthesized PS-b-PEG-b-PS at concentration of 0.1% wt had about 92% inhibitory performance, while PVP as a commercial inhibitor had up to 84% inhibitory performance. Furthermore, the rate of gas consumption in the presence of the synthesized PS-b-PEG-b-PS was decreased about 6 times compared to Luvicap EG and 2 times less than to PVP one. The synthesized amphiphilic triblock PS-b-PEG-b-PS copolymer by ATRP method could be introduced as a new potential kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor.

Islamic councils and municipalities serve as the foundational pillars of urban governance in Iran. The Islamic Councils of Cities, as policy-making bodies, play a crucial role in shaping urban management processes and performance. The decisions and policies endorsed by these councils significantly influence urban management outcomes. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate these councils' performance by scrutinizing their resolutions to identify strengths and areas needing improvement. The most effective tool for this evaluation is an analysis of their legislative outputs.During its five terms, the Islamic Council of Tehran has reviewed numerous bills and plans, resulting in a substantial number of resolutions. In its fifth term, the Council passed 878 resolutions across 315 meetings. This research aims to:1. Conduct a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the resolutions passed by the Tehran Islamic Council in its fifth term.2. Analyze and compare these resolutions with the Law on Organizations, Duties, and Powers of Councils.3. Assess the alignment of these resolutions with the key priorities and issues facing Tehran, as well as the concerns of its citizens.

Theoretical Framework:

In a local management system that emphasizes genuine citizen participation, the primary goal is planning by the people, not merely for the people. Urban Islamic councils, as representatives of the populace, embody this participatory approach through their legislative activities. Over the past two decades, there has been a paradigm shift in urban planning and management from prescriptive to participatory approaches. This shift includes moving from a focus on results to an emphasis on processes, from reliance on existing resources to capacity building, and from government-centric solutions to problem-solving methods that leverage civil society initiatives and citizen participation. In this context, the resolutions passed by Islamic councils hold particular significance.

This research is classified as basic research with a developmental focus, analyzing the resolutions of the Tehran Islamic Council from an evaluative perspective. Data and information were collected through a document-library method, utilizing sources such as the Tehran Islamic Council's approvals department and the comprehensive system of council resolutions. Given that many entries in the approval system contain flaws and omissions, a compliance method was employed to correct these issues by cross-referencing each resolution individually and extracting the missing information. Moreover, due to the nature of the research—which involves the critique and evaluation of the content of the council's resolutions in its fifth term—a content analysis approach was used.

The findings reveal that 68.1% of the fifth term council's resolutions were bills, while only 31% were plans. This suggests that more than two-thirds of the council's legislative efforts were directed towards municipal bills, leaving limited time for council members to develop and propose reformative or developmental plans. Furthermore, 93.6% of the resolutions were categorized as standard, 4.6% as urgent, and only 1.7% as highly urgent.

The results of this research indicate that the fifth term of the Tehran City Council may be considered one of the weakest in terms of its contributions to urban governance. The content and thematic analysis of the resolutions suggest that:1. A significant portion of the council's time was consumed by internal municipal matters, with few resolutions addressing urban issues, citizen concerns, or current challenges facing Tehran.2. Many of the council's resolutions involved minor amendments to existing legislation, rather than introducing new initiatives.3. The number of resolutions aimed at facilitating urban development and growth was notably limited4. The fifth term of the Tehran council was characterized by a focus on theoretical and software-related issues, with minimal emphasis on practical, hardware-related activities.5. Key provisions of the Law on Organizations, Duties, and Powers of Councils were frequently disregarded or invalidated.6. The council failed to address urban problem-solving effectively, with no significant new urban issues or innovative solutions emerging during this term.

The issue of the intervention of the armed forces in the elections has always been criticized by the people and candidates due to the dependence of these institutions on the government and due to the organizational nature of the armed forces, their neutrality in the elections. All over the world, elections must be held impartially. Because in the constitution of each country, the duties and responsibilities of the armed forces are defined to maintain territorial integrity, and political affairs are left to the civilian population. In this article, I intend to examine the democratic system of the United States of America regarding the involvement of the military in elections and political activities.

This paper is a research in terms of purpose, application and development that the data were collected by library method and analyzed qualitatively.

The United States of America is one of the countries where many elections are held, although its presidential election is a combination of direct and indirect elections, but the president is also in charge of choosing and commanding the armed forces through national elections. By examining the directive 1344.10 of the US Ministry of Defense, we came to the conclusion that the US legal system considers the involvement of the armed forces in elections and political activities as harmful to democracy. However, in the 2020 presidential election, Donald Trump intended to use the army and suppress democracy in order to stay in power, which was thwarted by widespread protests.

With the ever-increasing expansion of cities and their managers' authority increases beside the existing inconsistency in their financial powers and duties, these authorities have faced challenges in collecting financial dues and its fair distribution in national and local level. Executive expenses funding and urban projects financing requirements have forced city managers to sell density and use unstable financial resources to cover costs and debts. Therefore the urban management system is supposed to plan for city development and its construction to implement programs, plans and projects. This system can provide appropriate solutions by recognizing financial and urban challenges. For this purpose, we addressed these challenges and obstacles to provide a suitable solution for supplying resources and collecting local financial dues regarding other countries successful experiences. Accordingly financial decentralization can cause rapid economic growth and urban poverty reduction which will lead to transparency, equality and fair financial distribution as well as appropriate financial planning in local area. By using these experiences, urban managers in Iran can adapt financial resources to local preferences and improve efficiency and competitive performance in public sector.

The legitimacy or acceptability of political systems is created through general elections and the will of the nations, and some governments consider their legitimacy extraterrestrial and the only acceptability of the political system from the people. Like the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is stated in the preamble of its constitution, "Government, from the point of view of Islam, does not arise from the position of class and domination of an individual or group, but is the crystallization of the political ideal of a nation of the same religion and like-minded people, which organizes itself in the process of intellectual and ideological evolution. Open your way to the final goal (moving towards Allah). However, the acceptance and holding of elections in all parts of the world is dependent on an electoral system based on which governments manage democracy. In this article, we seek to present a desirable election model based on general election policies by studying the German and American electoral systems.

This research article is applied and developmental in terms of its purpose, and the data was collected by library method and analyzed by qualitative method.

Concerned about making the election system of the country fundamental, the Supreme Leader announced the general election policies in 18 paragraphs to the officials of the country on October 24, 2016, and no comprehensive election system has been developed and implemented in this regard. Considering that the electoral system of Germany and America is also proportional and majority; By studying international standards based on the 18 policies announced by the leadership, we have presented a "proportional democratic" electoral system with a specific and comprehensive structure.

The abundance of cases in the commissions of Article 100 of the Municipal Law in Iran and their complexity in the manner of adjudication and settlement of disputes between individuals and representatives of public power, the need to amend the relevant laws and regulations in the field of monitoring and dealing with construction violations is inevitable. It seems. This issue is fully and accurately addressed by effective enforcement guarantees and the use of legal leverage, including compliance, demolition, closure, fines and imprisonment in Singapore under the Building Control Act of 1 May 1989 with the latest amendments and additions. Dated March 1, 2019. In addition, violations of legal entities and government agencies have been considered and in some cases, regulation and grievance redressal jurisdiction (Minister-Minister) due to its progressive, innovative and effective Makes it important and necessary to investigate the experiences of this country in managing and dealing with construction violations by amending the relevant laws and regulations, especially Article 100 of 11/27/1345 of the Municipal Law approved on 11/04/1334.

The present article tries to design the present topic from the perspective of qualitative strategy and take advantage of the content analysis and research data using semi-structured interviews with several experts in the field of oil industry and selected using the theoretical sampling method. The theme network method has been analyzed and described through the process of theoretical coding in order to discover the basic, organized themes and model design. The findings of the research showed that out of four overarching themes: 1- Non-fulfillment of the rule of law in dealing with corruption 2- Existence of systematic corruption in the oil industry 3- Management weakness in the oil industry 4- Lack of sense of belonging and responsibility of citizens in dealing with corruption It has been considered and two evaluation methods have been used in the communication method and reliability audit with repeatability and generalize ability

E-government is a natural product of the technological forces that improve government performance and provide citizens with better and faster access to government services. E-government is interpreted as the digitization and computerization of government affairs. As governments engage in innovations in organizational structure, guidelines, capacities, and the use of human resources, Government services, and oversight of public affairs. The states have used e-government to innovate, modernize, increase productivity and improve their performance. E-governance in its capacity provides the foundations of political democracy and direct participation of citizens in political decision-making and promises the promotion of nation-state to e-government-e-citizen. Government openness to the economy and the people refers to the transparency of government actions, the availability of government services and data, and government accountability for ideas and demands. The present study used a prescriptive–explanatory as well as the library data to answer how e-governance will play a role in achieving open government. The main finding is In addition to achieving transparency, accountability, service delivery and greater efficiency, faster and higher quality in e-governance, it also raises the level of more informed and intelligent participation of individuals.

In this study, the effect of different accelerators on curing characteristic and physical-mechanical properties of chloroprene rubber were investigated. In preparation of rubber compounds some accelerators such as CBS, MBTS, TMTD and sulfur in combination with ethylene thiourea (ETU) were used. The carbon black N550 was used as filler. The curing temperature and curing time were 150℃ and 30 minutes respectively and was constant for all compounds. The physical-mechanical properties of vulcanizates including hardness, modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength were measured. The rheometer results showed that torque and scorch time were increased when CBS and sulfur were combined with ETU toward ETU alone system. The vulcanizates with TMTD and ETU had higher tensile strength, tear strength and modulus. Addition of sulfur in the presence of ETU curative could increase the mechanical properties such as hardness, elongation and modulus in comparison to ETU alone curing system.

In the present paper, based on case study, risk measurement using failure mode effects analysis (FMEA1) methodology was performed in 4 chosen water and wastewater treatment plants in Mashhad. In this method, first the chlorination units were categorize to 6 classes including cylinders storage, chlorination room, gas cylinders, transportation of chlorine gas, joints of chlorination equipment, and educational systems of employee and management. The different potential modes of failures of these water and wastewater treatment units were listed and the severity rating, occurrence rating, and detectability rating were determined with interviewing the experts. According to these, risk priority number was calculated and the risk of mode of failure was prioritized in the parts of the water and water treatment plants. The results indicate that in general, the first priorities corresponded to the risks in terms of electrical and transportation; and using standard equipment and appropriate means of transport were suggested.

Urban good governance approach put the suitable framework for analyzing urban management structure. The first aim of this research is to analyzing strategic ur-ban management structures of Tehran metropolis base on urban good governance.In this article the internal and external factors effective management structures of Tehran have been evaluated via SWOT technique and also QSPM quantitative ma-trix. To exploring the mentioned internal and external factors affective on management structures of Tehran the points of national and local mangers and experts views have been recognized.The results of this research by using of Delphi tech-nique shows that the management structures of Tehran putted in structural problems and unsustainability posi-tions. The consequences of strategic adopting of urban management of Tehran and urban good governance in QSPM matrix showing Tehran positions in reformistic scenarios; therefor need to take authorities and oppor-tunities redistribution strategies of urban management on the base of reducing internal weaknesses and using external opportunities; This strategies include Tehran’s management structure reform, Development of super-vision, regulation and people-based planning, adherent to urban spatial requirement and also take the needed decision to gain urban Income and expenditure sustain-ability.

One of the new methods for improving the mechanical properties of bioplastics is the production of blending based bioplastics. Recent studies show that proteins, in combination with starch, form a strong network of hydrogen bonds and intermolecular interactions that resulted stable 3-D materials. The big problem in the commercialization of blending based bioplastics is the lack of industrial machinery for the continuous production of bioplastics with the direct use of biopolymers. Industrial production of bioplastics is accompanied by increasing heat along with applying the pressure. It is necessary to know the kinetics of thermal degradation of bioplastics to study thermal behavior at different temperatures in order to design bioplastics processing devices and molding machines, software modeling of processes, mass and energy equilibrium, and optimizing energy consumption in the production process along with improving the thermal properties of the bioplastics. In this study, the dynamics thermal decomposition of bioplastics prepared from a mixture of potato whole flour-gelatin and glycerol with a control sample consisting of potato whole flour and glycerol was investigated and compared. The gelatin was extracted from chicken feet using chemical methods. In this research, two isoconversional models including Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) models were considered. Using each of these models, thermal decomposition kinetic parameters were calculated for bioplastic samples. The results showed that the maximum activation energy of the mixed bioplastics determined 162 and 150 kJ/mol by FWO method at the conversion ratio of 0.9 and 0.5 respectively, while it was 217 kJ/mol at the ratio of 0.6 for control bioplastics. The amounts of kinetic parameters calculated in this study, were able to determine the thermal behavior at different temperatures and the thermal decomposition process. Also, it can help to redesign and optimize the methods of molding and shaping of potato-gelatin based bioplastics by the use of existing machinery in the industry.

Hypothesis: The pyrolysis process of bioplastics, prepared from a mixture of two animal proteins and whole potato flour, was studied and their kinetics and thermodynamic behavior during pyrolysis was investigated. The proteins used in this study included whey protein and bovine gelatin, which were extracted from the wastes of animal breeding and processing industries. To study kinetics of thermal decomposition, various isoconversional methods including Friedman, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, and Starink were used and the kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition were calculated for bioplastic samples consisting of bovine gelatin-whole potato flour (BG), whey protein-whole wheat flour (Wh) and whole potato flour (P) as control. The results showed that the variation in activation energy calculated by the Friedman method for BG, Wh and control (P) bioplastic samples was 60.15-214.65 kJ/mol, 59.16-264.07 kJ/mol and 50.38-216.68 kJ/mol, respectively. Prediction of reaction model using Criado’s method in the conversion ranges of 0.1-0.4, and 0.1-0.9, in order to cover the behavior of the bioplastics in two modes of processing and producing renewable energy, respectively, showed that in all investigated bioplastics, Valensi model (D2) in processing mode and Jander model (D3) in the second mode had the best linearity coefficient (R2) between theoretical master plots and experimental reduced rates. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the maximum enthalpy change for BG was observed in the conversion of 0.5 and was equal to ~210 kJ/mol and for the control and Wh bioplastics were observed in the conversion of 0.6 and were equal to ~259 kJ/mol and ~212 kJ/mol, respectively. The results of this study not only determined the thermal behavior of potato-based bioplastics at different temperatures and the thermal decomposition process, but also helped to generate renewable energy from bioplastic wastes.

The amount of the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important parameters in geochemical evaluation of hydrocarbon source rocks and subsequent petroleum system modeling. We proposed a three- step approach in predicting and modeling TOC content from well log data. Initially, TOC evaluated for 92 core and cutting samples by Rock-Eval pyrolysis method. In the next step the TOC were predicted using intelligent neural network with back propagation algorithm from well log data. Correlation coefficient between the network output and target data in the training, validation and testing steps for the optimized model is 0.9, 0.88 and 0.91 respectively which indicate the satisfactory approach in predicting TOC. Finally geostatistical methods were used to 3D modeling of this parameter in the field study. The proposed methodology is illustrated using a case study from the world's largest non-associated gas reservoir, the South Pars Gas Field, the Persian Gulf basi

In present work, poly(vinyl alcohol)-g-acrylamide was synthesized with two initiator systems, which contain ceric ammonium nitrate and ammonium persulfate/sodium metabisulfite redox systems. The structure of the graft copolymers was confirmed by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy and ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA). The inhibition effects of produced graft copolymers (as new kinetic hydrate inhibitors) and polyvinyl alcohol were investigated on gas hydrate formation with a methane-propane mixture which forms the structure II of the hydrate. In all experiments, the initial pressure was adjusted at 23 bar, temperature at 2 ˚C, and the stirring rate at 400 rpm. All of the tested materials reduce hydrate formation rate and their inhibition strength was PVA-g-AAM1<PVA<PVA-g-AAM2, respectively. Experimental results and kinetics of hydrate formation showed that the PVA-g-AAM1 graft copolymer decreases the average growth rate of hydrate to 11% in comparison with hydrate formation with pure water. Also, PVA-g-AAM2 graft copolymer decreases this rate to 29% which show its more suitable potential as an environmentally friendly new kinetic inhibitor.

The effects of process conditions and their interactions on the catalyst activity in 1-hexene polymerization were studied with design of experiments by response surface methodology (RSM) using a commercial Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalyst in the form of TiCl4/MgCl2/Di-n-butyl phthalate. The effect of different operational variables on the catalyst activity was examined by performing the primary experiments of 1-hexene polymerization. Among different operational variables, three variables including monomer concentration, polymerization temperature and cocatalyst/catalyst molar ratio (Al/Ti) were considered as the main parameters which affected the catalyst activity in the 1-hexene polymerization. The Box-Behnken model with three main parameters in three level responses for each factor was applied to analyze the parameter relationships. After demonstrating the reproducibility of the experimental results, the statistical analysis of experimental data showed that the monomer concentration and Al/Ti molar ratio affected the catalyst activity significantly. It was found that, at room temperature, by increasing the monomer concentration from 80.0 mmol to 239.9 mmol, the activity of the studied ZN catalyst increased from 75.2 to 265.1 gpoly(1-hexene)/gcat. In addition, by changing the Al/Ti ratio from 45.9 to 136.8, the catalyst activity increased from 145.2 to 265.1 gpoly(1-hexene)/gcat. The maximum activity of catalyst was obtained at the polymerization temperature around 25°C, and by increasing the temperature the activity of studied catalyst decreased. Based on the RSM, the best polymerization condition was obtained at a polymerization temperature of about 35°C, Al/Ti ratio of 136.8, and monomer concentration of 239.9 mmol, which resulted in maximum productivity of the catalyst.

This paper attempts to examine the issue of which criteria relevant to the relations between national government and good urban governance are in keeping with the criteria of good urban governance in the Iranian constitution. By reading the constitution, it attempts to analyze its contents as the main resource for planning at the local and national levels. From a theoretical aspect, the theoretic framework was designed through the employment of an approach for good urban governance in relation to Iran’s local requirements. The main indices that were selected consist of eight indices: effectiveness, decentralization and attention to local requirements, equality, right of participation and citizenship, coordination and consensus-orientation, regulatory compliance, accountability and transparency and truthfulness. Content analysis was used as the qualitative method of the research for description of the constitution through coding and systematic classification procedures. The use of this approach allowed us to describe the real nature of data using a qualitative method. The results show that in the Iranian constitution, suitable governance indices have been emphasized. The right to participation and accountability show the highest level of compatibility with the Iranian constitution while decentralization and regulatory compliance show the lowest level. Therefore, this approach was supported by the legislators at the time of writing of the Iranian constitution; attracting citizen participation, accountability, government structure response to the councils, and decentralization in the administration of the country’s affairs through local councils. In conclusion, on the basis of what was stated in the constitution regarding local and national governance is compatible with good urban governance criteria.

Pore network characteristics control the fluid condition in reservoir rocks. In carbonate reservoirs, fluid flow status is independent of primary depositional texture, so network properties must be directly included in the process of facies determination to accomplish them and make them be applicable for analyzing the reservoir real conduct. A compilation of petrographic, petrophysical and reservoir engineering studies is carried out to characterize pore throats and lithofacies using Self-organizing Map Neural Network in Dalan and Kangan formations of South Pars Gas Field in this paper. Five pore-facies with unique petrophysical, geological and reservoir features are determined by the applied network. A sharp decreasing trend in reservoir quality recognized from pore-facies 1 toward 5 based on their extracted properties. Meanwhile, Support Vector Machine (SVM) which was used for prediction of pore-facies identified in previous steps from wireline well logs. The accuracy of the model in prediction of pore-facies is 78% which indicates an acceptable result for the model in the South Pars Gas Field.

Upper Dalan formation, is a complex of carbonate reefs-evaporite, and Kangan with dominant lithology of limestone and dolomite is associated with anhydrite layers; Permo-Triassic succession of the South Pars gas field hosts the largest none-associated gas reservoir in the world located in the offshore of the Persian Gulf between Iran and Qatar. The geometry and distribution of high energy facies (shoal facies) are the main constituents of field reservoir quality, which is controlled with sedimentary environment. This study deals with the assessment of geological facies and their relation with petrophysical properties in incorporation with wire line logs to propagate the reservoir schemes. Core and petrographic analysis were carried out with the aim of recognizing the distribution of sedimentary facies and facies associations. Twelve microfacies were categorized into 4 major facies associations: tidal flat, lagoon, shoal, and open marine. The reservoir quality of facies associations was evaluated based on core porosity and permeability. In un-cored wells, facies associations were predicted as logfacies based on wire line logs by using intelligent neural networks. The sequence stratigraphic framework in the field was used to correlate facies in a two dimensional model. The 3D distribution of facies associations is assessed as logfacies by geostatistical modeling and sequential indicator simulation.

Islam includes teachings acting upon them would lead to human perfection and consolidation in human society. The foundation of these teachings is the desirable growth of moral virtues in society; so that, it can be said that one of the goals of prophets’ mission was developing and consolidating these virtues in society. Therefore, addressing the moral virtues and fostering a moral based spirit in society is crucial to the growth and stability of community. If this issue degenerates, the stability of the community will also be faltered.
In this paper, based on the verses of Quran and exploration in Allameh Tabatabai’s comments, some moral virtues analyzed to see if they are institutionalized in the society, an Islamic and prophetic society would be closer to achieve; a desirable one that social relations are organized based on the morals and performing moral commands. Analytical-descriptive method as well as library resources employed in this research.