فهرست مطالب قاسم رمضان پور نرگسی

Nowadays, development is considered a fundamental change in economic, social and cultural variables in any society and its realization requires coordination between its dimensions. In other words, real development is a comprehensive development and cultural development is an integral part of it. Hence, no development is possible without cultural development and economic development is incomplete without cultural development. It should be noted that the main goal of development, including cultural development, is to eliminate inequalities. Therefore, the existence of inequality and spatial imbalance is one of the obstacles to the development of various facilities and infrastructure in a balanced way leads to the achievement of integrated development. In order to achieve a fair distribution of cultural facilities, it is necessary to identify different settlements in terms of the extent to which they have cultural facilities and services; In this regard, deprived and developed areas are identified and planners can take action to balance and reduce the distances between the areas. Hence, the study was conducted to measure regional differences in the level of cultural development indicators of the provinces to provide a clear picture of cultural facilities and services in the provinces to guide the budget to improve the cultural development of the country.

The research method was based on the construction of a composite indicator, the linear norm method was used to free scale, the principal component analysis method to weigh the indicators, the TOPSIS method to construct a composite indicator of provincial development, coefficients of variation and Williamson to calculate inequality, and finally GIS software as well as hierarchical cluster analysis method to classify the level of development of the provinces were applied. In this regard, 19 indicators were selected and their data were obtained from the results of the general census of population and housing in 2018 and the results of statistical yearbooks in 2018.

The results of the research indicated the indicators including "ratio of the number of book titles published to the whole country", "number of visitors to museums under the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization to the whole country" and "ratio of the number of active publishers to the whole country" and "number of cinema spectators per 100,000 population" had the highest inequality in the country, respectively. In contrast, the indicators including "share of the population covered by the TV channels of the total population of the province", "ratio of books in the Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults to the number of its members" and "per capita libraries per 100,000 population" and had the least inequality and the state of the provinces were balanced in these indicators. In addition, the provinces of Tehran, Mazandaran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, and Boushehr were in the best situation and Lorestan, Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan and Golestan, respectively, had the lowest rank in terms of the composite indicator. The findings of leveling the provinces indicated that the provinces of Tehran and Mazandaran were at a very high level of development. Most of the central, northeastern and southwestern provinces were identified at the level of high development. At the level of average development, provinces including North Khorasan, some southern (e.g., Kerman, Hormozgan), central (e.g., Qom, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari), western (e.g., Lorestan, Kermanshah), northern and northwestern (e.g., Alborz, Qazvin, Zanjan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Gilan) provinces were observed. Finally, five provinces of Golestan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Hamedan, Kurdistan, and West Azerbaijan were observed at a low level of development. The result of hierarchical cluster analysis to classify the level of cultural development of the provinces showed that two main clusters were formed, the first cluster (cluster 1-1) included only the provinces of Tehran and Mazandaran, which indicates that the distance between their cultural development and the rest is greater. In the other cluster (clusters 1-2), other provinces were located.

The findings showed that there was high inequality in the indicators related to book publishing and the number of visitors to museums which are mostly focused in Tehran. Thus, it is necessary to take those indicators in other provinces into consideration. Furthermore, the results revealed that the provinces of Tehran, Mazandaran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, and Boushehr were in the best situation and the provinces of Lorestan, Kurdistan, Sistan and Baluchestan, West Azerbaijan and Golestan, respectively, have the lowest rank. The findings of leveling provinces as well as cluster analysis confirmed the significant difference in the level of cultural development among provinces. Therefore, improving the cultural development of provinces with low-level development should be taken more into account.

Development after the end of World War II has been one of the most important issues in academic and planning circles. The main goal of development is to eliminate inequalities. Therefore, one of the important obstacles on the path of development is the existence of inequality and lack of economic and social balance at the level of the country or region. Iran also has inequality and imbalance in terms of different development indicators, so this regional inequality and imbalance is one of the prominent features of Iran's spatial development. Knowing the development levels of different regions of the country is the first step in the regional development planning process. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. Based on this, the specific objectives of the research are:Determining the importance of economic, social, cultural and infrastructure indicators;Determining the level of development of Iran's provinces;Determining the spatial distribution of development among Iran's provinces. 

The method used in this research is based on the analysis of a set of indicators to create a composite index of development by using different statistical techniques. In this research, based on the statistics available in the results of the general population and housing census of the country in 2018 and the results of the country's statistical yearbooks in 2018, 84 indicators related to the analysis of regional development in four groups: a) economic (30 indicators), b) social 24 indicators), c) cultural (10 indicators) and d) infrastructure (20 indicators) were developed. In order to solve the difference in the scale of the indicators, dividing by the mean was used in the factor analysis method, the standardization method was used in the taxonomy method, and the soft linear method was used in TOPSIS. The principal component analysis method was used to weigh the individual indicators of each regional development dimension, and the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was also used to weigh the four dimensions of development. Then, the combined index of the four subgroups was calculated. For this purpose, the methods of factor analysis, numerical taxonomy and TOPSIS method were used to create a composite index of the development of the provinces. These four composite indices were combined, and the final composite index was calculated. Finally, geographic information systems and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to classify the development level of the provinces. 

The final results of determining the relative weight of the four dimensions of determining the degree of development of the provinces indicated that the economic dimension, with a relative weight of 0.536, is the most important in determining the degree of development of the provinces. After that, the infrastructure dimension, with a relative weight of 0.219, the social dimension, with a relative weight of 0.162, and finally, the cultural dimension, with a relative weight of 0.083, are located. Based on the findings of the overall composite index, the provinces of Tehran, Isfahan, Bushehr, Khuzestan and Razavi Khorasan are the best with TOPSIS composite indexes of 0.9524, 0.5428, 0.4941, 0.3449 and 0.2922 respectively. The provinces of Sistan and Balochistan, Kahgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad, South Khorasan, Lorestan, and Kurdistan were ranked the lowest with TOPSIS composite indices of 0.0113, 0.0861, 0.0886, 0.0914 and 0.0961, respectively. The results of the ranking of the provinces based on the composite index show that Tehran, Isfahan, and Bushehr provinces are in the first level of development with a composite index between 0.95-0.344. Most central provinces and some northern, southern, western and eastern provinces are in the second category, i.e. medium development level with a composite index between 0.15-0.34. In the group of provinces with a low level of development, the composite index is between 0.15-0.011. It includes eastern, southeastern and southern provinces (South Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchistan and Hormozgan), northeastern and northwestern provinces (North Khorasan, Golestan, Gilan, Ardabil, West Azerbaijan), western provinces (Kermanshah, Ilam, Kurdistan, Zanjan, Hamadan, Lorestan, and Qom) and central Zagros (Kohgiluyeh, Boyerahmad, Chaharmahal, and Bakhtiari). The result of the hierarchical cluster analysis also shows three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. 

This research was conducted with the aim of spatial analysis of the development levels of Iran's provinces. The weighting results of the development dimensions were obtained in the order of the relative weight of the economic dimension, the infrastructure dimension, the social dimension and the cultural dimension. The leveling of different provinces based on the composite index of total development showed that. The identified spatial pattern included developed areas (including 3 provinces), areas with an average level of development (including 11 provinces) and undeveloped areas (including 17 provinces). As a result of hierarchical cluster analysis to classify the overall development level of the provinces, three clusters were identified, and it was indicative of the existence of three different levels of development among the provinces of Iran, which was also confirmed in the form of GIS maps. Moreover, it indicated the existence of a development gap between the provinces of Iran. The results of this research and the pattern of development obtained from GIS techniques and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the center-periphery model is established in Iran. Therefore, based on the research results, it is necessary to prioritize less developed provinces with a low level of development in any budget allocation for the development program. 

There is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

One of the salient features of Iran's spatial development model is the existence of unbalanced economic development among the provinces of the country which will lead to imbalance growth among regions. The first step for better planning and management in order to achieve balance economic development is to study economic development inequalities among provinces. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze spatial imbalances of economic development in Iran. This research has been applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The statistical population consisted of 31 provinces of Iran and the research method was based on combining 30 economic indicators in a final composite indicator. The inequality of each indicator was calculated applying the coefficient of variation and Williamson coefficient, the weight of each indicator was obtained by the principal component analysis method, and the final composite indicators were calculated and the provinces were ranked employing the three methods of TOPSIS, factor analysis and numerical taxonomy. Furthermore, the leveling of the composite indicator was carried out using cluster analysis. Findings showed that the indicators of "the share of production of the province's service sector in the production of the country's services" had the highest inequality whereas "provincial indicator of business space of the province 2018" had the lowest inequality. Furthermore, the indicators including "the share of production in the industrial sector of the province out of production of the country's industry" and "per capita production of livestock products had the highest and lowest weight, respectively. The result of calculating composite indicators revealed that the provinces including Tehran, Isfahan, Bushehr and Khuzestan had the best situation, respectively, and the provinces including South Khorasan, Charmahal and Bakhtiari and Ilam had the lowest rank. In addition, the results of GIS maps and cluster analysis indicate gaps and inequalities between the provinces of the country in terms of economic indicators so that the core-periphery model is established in the process of economic development. Finally, in order to eliminate this inequality and economic development imbalance, some appropriate solutions have been recommended.

One of the most significant factors affecting the regional development is having infrastructure. Therefore, the present study aimed at assessing the development of the country's provinces in terms of infrastructure indicators which based on 20 indicators, 31 provinces were ranked. First, indicators were collected. Then, extracting the weight by principal component analysis method, the indicator was combined using TOPSIS method and the composite indicator of infrastructure development of the provinces was calculated. In order to investigate the regional inequality, the coefficients of variation and Williamson were applied. Also, zoning the provinces was carried out. Data analysis was performed using SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS software. According to the results, the highest inequality was the infrastructure related to the country's transportation whereas the lowest inequality was related to indicators of the rural infrastructure. The findings of composite indicators revealed that the provinces of Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan have the best situation whereas Sistan and Baluchestan, Hormozgan, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, South Khorasan and Alborz have the lowest rank, respectively. Based on the results of zoning, provinces including Tehran, Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Gilan and Hamedan placed in the first level of development, most of the northern, central and southern provinces were in the second level, southern and southeastern provinces were in the third level. Furthermore, according to the hierarchical cluster analysis, the provinces were divided into three groups: developed, semi-developed and underdeveloped. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of spatial distribution of infrastructure development is not balanced among the provinces of Iran and in any decision to invest in the infrastructure sector; underdeveloped provinces should be more taken into consideration.

Planning for spatial agricultural development and formulating future scenarios for regional development in the agricultural sector requires understanding the trend of changes in agricultural development differences among provinces. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the trend of changes in agricultural development among provinces. In this regard, by compiling 49 indicators of agricultural development and using data from the two periods of 2011 and 2019, the trend of agricultural development in 31 provinces was evaluated. The methodology of this research is based on combining a set of individual indicators in the final composite indicator based on weighting by principal component analysis method and calculating the deviation from the optimal value. Finally, ArcGIS10.2 software were applied to level the provinces. The results showed that in both 2011 and 2019, the provinces of Gilan, Fars, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi and Tehran were ranked at the first 5 provinces, while in 2011, Semnan, Zanjan, Kurdistan, Hormozgan and Bushehr provincesand in 2019, Bushehr, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Ilam, Hormozgan and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad provinces were in the last ranks, respectively. In addition, agricultural development in most provinces has decreased in 2019 compared to 2011. Based on the findings of leveling the provinces three levels of agricultural development including low, medium and high were identified. Hence, the agricultural sector and its development should be taken more into consideration by policy makers, planners and those in charge of the country's development, particularly in provinces with a low level of development.

Knowledge-based companies play an important role in economic growth. However, due to inherent risks, their success is challenging. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the success of knowledge-based companies. The incubators of Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology and the Science and Technology Park of Guilan Province were selected as the case of study. The research method was a mixed approach and data were collected through instruments including semi-structured interview and questionnaire. Data analysis in qualitative and quantitative phases was performed using MAXQDA10 and SPSS25 software, respectively. According to the results of the qualitative phase, two factors including internal and external were identified. Internal factors including three levels of "individual", "micro", "macro" and external factors were identified in two levels of "incubator", "national and transnational". In the quantitative phase, the results of Friedman test showed that the factors of "The country's economic policies"; "Improving the international situation"; "Marketing and marketing research" were in the first ranks (most important) and "Generating extra revenue"; "Family support", "Joining large companies" were in the last (least important) ranks. Therefore, considering "The country's economic policies" and "Improving the international situation" by policymakers, paying attention to "Marketing and marketing research" by knowledge-based companies and supporting by incubators and Science and Technology Parks can be the keys for knowledge-based companies to achieve success.

Nowadays, various knowledge-based companies (KBCs) have been formed in science and technology incubators to commercialize ideas in Iran. If these companies fail to achieve the desired growth, their losses for incubators and the country will be doubled. The purpose of the study was to develop a model for the growth of KBCs to determine the indicators of entry into incubators, growth stages of under studied KBCs and also to determine the features of each growth stage. The incubators of IROST and the Science and Technology Park (STP) of Guilan Province were selected as the case of study and a mixed research method was adopted. Data were collected through two instruments including interview and questionnaire. In the qualitative phase, 43 interviews and in the quantitative phase, 75 questionnaires were applied. Data analysis in qualitative and quantitative phases was performed using MAXQDA10 and SPSS25 software, respectively. The results showed that the indicators of entry into incubators were divided into three levels: individual, company and Incubator, so that the indicators of company level and incubator were the most and the least important, respectively. Based on the findings of the growth stages of KBCs, there are 4 stages including "center of prosperity and creativity", "pre-growth or initial growth or research core or technology core", "medium growth or growth or technology unit" and "post-growth or high growth or tenant unit" were identified. The findings of this study can help managers in making their policy in supporting KBCs at different stages of their growth

The development process is multidimensional and includes various dimensions. The social dimensions of the development include different indicators such as educational, health indicators and migration, which have received less attention. The first step in solving the problems arising from inequality is to recognize and level the regions. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of assessing the provinces' level of development in terms of educational, health and migration indicators in which 31 provinces of the country were ranked based on 24 indicators.

The data of 24 educational, health and migration indicators were acquired through the results of general population and housing census as well as statistical yearbooks in 2018. SPSS, Excel and Arc GIS software were used to analyze the data. Williamson coefficient was applied to evaluate spatial inequality; principal component analysis method to weight indicators and TOPSIS method to construct a composite indicator of provincial development were applied. Finally, the development level of the provinces was classified by GIS method as well as hierarchical cluster analysis.

The results showed that there was the highest inequality in the indicators of the "dropout rate in elementary school" and "ratio of rehabilitation centers to population", and lowest inequality in "junior high school passing rate" and "male literacy rate", respectively. The results of ranking the provinces revealed that the provinces of Charmahal and Bakhtiari, South Khorasan, Semnan, Ilam and Yazd were in the best situation whereas the provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, Alborz, Tehran, West Azerbaijan and Hormozgan had the lowest rank. This finding, together with the results of hierarchical cluster analysis and GIS maps, confirms the existence of a gap and difference among the provinces of Iran in social development in terms of educational and health indicators such as "ratio of technical and vocational centers to population", "mortality rate among children aged under five years", "net migration rate", etc.

In order to establish balanced development, it is suggested that any budget be allocated to the less-developed provinces identified in this study.

One of the factors that determines which technology valuation method should be selected, is the set of special features of that technology in point and the context around it. This paper aims to identify technology valuation methods in the field of fermentation within the field of biotechnology as an important and widely used technology and rank the valuation techniques for them accordingly. The research methodology is based on a survey carried out and the data collection methods are interviews and distribution of questionnaires. After reviewing the literature, the paper presents its findings which shows 36 indicators identified as key indicators affecting the selection of appropriate technology valuation methods. These indicators are categorized in organizational policies, political and legal environment, and market and industry characteristics, as well as technology features category. Then, the technology valuation methods are ranked within the field of fermentation, by using the questionnaires of the TOPSIS decision-making model completed by technology management experts. The results show that "binomial model," "bargaining power," "Black Scholes" and "market-oriented" are, respectively, the foremost appropriate methods for technology valuation within the field of fermentology.

Indentifying the main factors of Irian’s Auto Industry faliure in competiion at global markets is the main aim of this paper. Evolutionary Institutional Theory and Historical Comparative Method are the theoretical framework and research method of this study. Statistical society includes all of the late comer automobile producers and statistical sample includes Iran, China and Mexico. The resulted data and comparative comparison shows that the conventional hypothesis (rent of oil incomes, lacking of comparative advantage at the time of establishing the industry, high tariff on Auto imprtaion at the first stage of industry and state ownership of the firms) are rejected and the hypothesis of inability of state in getting to sustainable high economic growth, re engineering the economic products through industrial policy and national/sectoral innovation system is confirmed. The last part of paper provides the conclusion and policy implications at three level of national, industry and firm.

The purpose of this study is to conceive the potential effects of universities on economic development that can be connected to input and output. The socio-economic environment of universities is analyzed. A quick review of the third generation and fourth generation development follows. In addition to education, research and utilization of knowledge, proactive, future-oriented economic development is also a goal regarding “Fourth Generation” universities. The indirect purpose of our study was to make the basis of a further research, thus the analysis of “Fourth Generation” universities – the confirmation or the denial of their existence – can be continued. As we emphasized in our study, the naming and topic of “Fourth Generation (Quadruple Helix)” universities cannot be considered scientifically proven unless mainly focus on the academic element of the Triple Helix model. As in this case the university can necessarily be a dominant actor regarding local economic development. It is true that the “leaps” between the first-second, and second-third generations are more dominant. However we are sure the discussion of fourth generation universities can advance our concepts and thinking in connection with university-oriented economic development, especially in less developed countries. As a result the connection between universities and industry strengthens, so there is an opportunity of the local utilization of knowledge created in universities, which increases the competitiveness of enterprises. We presented the diamond model of modern universities and introduced a virtual university model consisting of success factors that basically affect the competitiveness of the given region.

Economic prosperity depends on knowledge-based development, and therefore the establishment of knowledge-based companies (KBCs) has received serious attention. The purpose of this study is to identify and explain the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the process of the establishment of KBCs by the faculty members of the Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST). The data gathering instruments of this study were in-depth and semi-structured interviews and the qualitative content analysis technique was used to analyze the extracted data. The statistical population consisted of 23 faculty members of IROST who were founders of KBCs which were selected by purposeful sampling. The triangulation techniques, including the use of confirmatory sources, researchers and various methods were used to determine validity during the data collection and analysis process. Also, the guidance of the interview flow, the creation of a structured process for conducting and interpreting the interviews and the formation of a specialized committee were used to confirm the reliability. The findings were presented in four main themes (concepts) including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) and 46 sub-themes (codes). The results of the qualitative content analysis showed 13 strengths, 14 weaknesses, 9 opportunities and 10 threats in the process of establishment of KBCs by the faculty members of IROST which can be used in the development of strategies and action plans for the prosperity and development of KBCs.

The corporate social responsibility is a concept that has found a place for itself in the world today, and especially large organizations. The corporate social responsibility is linked to the responsibility of participating in society, the people and the environment in which it operates, and this responsibility extends beyond the economic and financial objectives. As a result of this study, the effect of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty and Brand position considering the mediating variable is the customer value in the tourism companies based in Tehran. This research is descriptive-correlational in terms of purpose, applied and research method. The statistical sample was the visitors of tourism companies based in Tehran in the summer of 1396. The sample size of 200 people is selected through easy and convenient sampling. Data gathering tool was a standard questionnaire. The validity of the convergent and divergent narrative methods was used to assess its validity. From the two criteria, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using SPSS and PLS software.The results of the research show the positive effect of corporate social responsibility on customer loyalty and brand standing, as well as the positive effect of customer value on customer loyalty and brand standing in tourism companies in Tehran. The results also show that customer value is a mediator variable that plays a role in the relationship between corporate social responsibility and customer loyalty and brand position.

The main aim of this paper is to modleized a logical theoretical framework for the relations among governance, national innovation system and absorptive capacity, and technological catching-up. With this aim and using the analytical and deductive method or content based resoning method, relations among these factores are identified and with separating non- price factores from price variables, the model is conceptualized. The results show that 1. all of variables and factors are indigenous except the shock price policy; 2.There is an increasing circle between absorptive capacity and technological cathing-up (cumulative casualty); 3. In absence of this circle Neoclassical price polices fail in improving the technological learning and cathing-up process.

According to successful experience of industrial development in several countries, the most important instruments of industrial development infrastructure are the industrial estates. They promote industrialization in order to provide common facilities to a number of small and medium-sized industries. In this survey, the present resources in the libraries and internet are studied; meanwhile, the conditions of industrial estates in Iran for the impact of key factors on their success are evaluated. So, the goal of the research is to determine the influential key factors on the success in this respect. Industrial estates have almost a long history in Iran, they have played an important role to facilitate and promote industrial, economic development, and also employment. The related experience in Iran is not completely successful. There are several inactive and semi active industrial estates that have not done any industrial activities, therefore many industrial projects have been stopped in different phases (such as allocation of land as well as installation of equipment and machinery).These are regretful indications of difficulties in the research and development process of industrial estates in Iran. No independent research has been done on the effects of success and failure in this regard. For this reason, we have designed a conceptual framework to assess the success factors for managers, policy makers and researchers of industrial development in Iran.

Considering the importance of alternative gasoline and diesel fuels in relation to reducing environmental pollution and reducing reliance on liquid fuels, the present article seeks to study and analyze the formation and growth of natural gas vehicle technology in Iran, along with an examination of its failures using the functional framework of the technological innovation system concept. To this end, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods for analyzing the technological innovation system of natural gas vehicle has been used. In the qualitative section, using interviews with experts and activists of the field and analyzing the documents and activities carried out in this area, the path of the formation of natural gas vehicle technology in the country has been drawn up by using the technique of historical data mapping. On this basis, based on the literature reviewed, its functions and indicators were extracted as a conceptual model and confirmed by a confirmatory factor analysis method. Then, using structural equations modeling, the path and the effect of the functions on each other were analyzed. The results of this study indicate that there is some evidence of the formation of an imperfect system building motor.

The sanctions against Iran have affected the country in many respects, but most of the assessments carried out so far have been in the field of trade and economics and a few studies have examined the impact of sanctions on science and technology. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of international sanctions on the development of the photovoltaic technological innovation system in Iran. The evaluation framework of this paper is innovatively based on the theories of internationalization of the technological innovation system. 32 respondents answered the questionnaire and then semi-structured interviews were conducted with 5 experts. The results of the evaluation show that international sanctions have significant effects on most of the functions of the photovoltaic innovation system. The "resource mobilization" function has been weakened more than other functions due to sanctions. Also in "research guidance" function, international sanctions have led to a narrower attitude to the transnational dimension and the global integration and coordination are not considered in fulfilment of functions and there is no look at the status of the country in the global value chain.

Abstract
This paper analyzes the part of innovations systems studies that focus on cognition of international dimension of such systems. The theoretical and practical studies on innovation system internationalization have increased from last of first decade of 21 century. In this paper 39 scientific articles, published from 1991 to 2017 have investigated, by using qualitative content analysis method. The approach of content analysis was deductive and for structured categorization we use quadruple notions of innovation systems (national, sectoral, sectoral and technological) beside internationalization approaches. After organizing analyzing of collected data we conclude that literature of innovation systems internationalization can divide to 8 different types. Also in recent years, we can see a conversion between different types of internationalization and a prominent example of this conversion is the notion of "global innovation system". The investigated literature about new industrialized countries, as successful samples, indicate this countries for the fulfillment of catchup process, have applied innovation systems attitude along with international involvement and attendance in global innovation networks and global value chains. The concept of innovation systems was introduced by Freeman and Lundvall in the 1980s with emphasis on the need for attention to institutions. This concept was quickly addressed by other researchers and many theoretical and experimental works were done on this subject.
In recent years, due to the development of globalization processes on the one hand and the expansion of innovation systems in developing countries, on the other hand, the internationalization of innovation systems has attracted the attention of many researchers and there is many critiques for not paying attention to it in the past. So far, various proposals have been presented by researchers to consider the international dimension in studies of innovation systems.
Since each scholar has different background and motivations, various types of internationalization of innovation systems have been created. In this paper, we try to present a typology of this emerging literature using the qualitative content analysis method.
Research The present study was conducted on the basis of qualitative content analysis with a structuring approach, using a deductive method. The unit of analysis is manuscript. First we identify the works in the field of internationalization of innovation systems. Then two groups of theories were chosen as the basis for drawing up structured categorization matrix. First group of theories was the approaches to the innovation system (national, sectoral, technological and regional) and, second group of theories was the approaches to internationalization of the innovation system that we can distinguish between two approaches. In the first approach, named transnational bonds, innovation systems are created within the national boundaries, but as open systems, they have inputs (scientific, technological, financial, and ...) from outside the country. In the second approach, we have transnational (international or global) innovation systems consist of at least two or more countries.
By combining two internationalization approaches and four innovation systems approaches, we can reach to the structured categorization matrix. We evaluated 39 studies carried out in the field of internationalization of innovation systems (theoretical and empirical), and then organized them based on the categorization matrix: 1. National innovation system by transnational links; 2. Transnational innovation system; 3. Sectoral innovation system by transnational links; 4. Transnational sectoral innovation system; 5. Regional system by transnational links; 6. Transnational regional innovation system; 7. Technological system by transnational links; 8. Transnational technological innovation system.
In addition to the predicted 8 type of studies, the concept of "global innovation systems" was a completely new conceptualization in innovation systems studies that introduced by Binz and Truffer in order to combining and converging various approaches to the innovations systems internationalization. Innovation systems perspective, is one of the most popular approaches in the past two decades for analyze the status of countries and suggest policy intervention for development. In recent years, various scholars with the help of other approaches and concepts in the literature, such as global production network, global value chain, and etc. develop the concept of innovation systems and considered the international dimension for it.
Literature review shows that in recent years there is a convergence between different types of internationalization, and the obvious example is the concept of the "global innovation system". Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that newly industrialized countries like Korea and Taiwan have applied the attitude of innovation systems with international participation in global production networks and global value chains. Instead of producing purely indigenous knowledge, these countries have gained knowledge through international partnerships and increased their capacity for innovation.
International participation is possible in various functions of innovation systems (knowledge production, knowledge diffusion, guidance of research, resource mobilization, entrepreneurial experiments, market formation and legitimacy). The creation of diverse international links accelerates the development of innovation systems. Targeted use of international links alongside the national innovation system will lead to the promotion of industries towards more value-added activities.

Entrepreneurial activities depend on encouraging environment to increase the number of entrepreneurs, and growth of businesses. Studies proved that business environment has direct effect on entrepreneurship development. Therefore, improvement of environmental factors are vital for sustainable growth of private sector. This research has been designed to investigate the effect of 1) entrepreneurship and business environment policies on entrepreneurship development and 2) assess the status que of these policies. Conceptual model comprises entrepreneurship policies, business environment policies and short and long term development.The research is applied based on aim and a correlation survey based on data gathering tools. Questionnaires were distributed among 417 specialists and mangers of public sector including: Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance; Ministry of Cooperatives, Labor and Social Welfare; Ministry of Industry, Mine & Trade; Ministry of Science, Research and Technology; Country’s Program and Budget Organization, and the Islamic Parliament Research Center. Data analyzed based on confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and t-test. The results proved the relationships of conceptual model to be acceptable but entrepreneurship and business environment policies faced barriers for development of entrepreneurship.

There is the lack of sufficient attention to theoretical identification of real-life policy making strategies in Iran. The policy describes a strategy for coming prescriptions. One of the most controversial policies in our country is the self-sufficiency policy; a policy that has faced with different interpretations and preferences in each era and has led to several outcomes. There are several justifications for political differences in the policymaking literature (the researchers reviewed all the speeches, critiques and related contents regarding self-sufficiency policy consisting of 1398 documents to identify the origins of the policy making controversies) and in this paper by enumerating the most important items according to Rein and Schon’s theory, we will explain those items (scientific approach, competing interests among the parties and policy controversies as frame conflict) and we will measure their effectiveness in the study of research topic.

This research, which is practical and descriptive -correlational in terms of purpose and data collection respectively, aims to investigate the effect of intellectual capital on competitive advantage with the mediating effects of technological entrepreneurship. The research population is managers and experts working for the Companies located in science and technology parks in Tehran, which are 375 persons. Using stratified sampling method and Cochran formula, 190 persons were selected. Data analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) software Smart PLS was performed. The result of a hand showed a positive and significant effect of intellectual capital on technological entrepreneurship and competitive advantage and on the other hand, the indirect effect of intellectual capital on competitive advantage through technological entrepreneurship. The findings of this study suggest that improving the intellectual capital of the organization and its dimensions can be the context provides for an entrepreneurial technologies And in this way to improve the competitive advantage.

The purpose of this qualitative study was identifying and analyzing factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the field of ICTs. Therefore, using the opinions and viewpoints of experts in the field of ICTs, including experts and managers of the ministry of ICTs, the Delphi technique was used in three phases(n = 47). The instrument of collecting data was open questionnaire and structured questionnaire. Findings showed that 8 factors were effective in development of entrepreneurship in the field of ICTs. The identified factors were ranked based on the answers of experts. Based on research findings, the factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in the field of ICTs in order of importance were: Support for technology and innovation in the field of ICTs, policy-making and implementation of ICTs entrepreneurship development programs; support entrepreneurs in the field of ICTs, development of small and medium size companies in the field of ICT, support, technical and management services in the field of ICTs, promoting the entrepreneurship in the field of ICTs; financial support in the field of ICTs and infrastructure development.

The present survey investigates the trend development of research projects of laureates of Khwarizmi International Prize (KIP), with an overview of EU & OECD policies for innovation support is studied.
The type of this study is descriptive by using questionnaire for data collection and/or personal interview by this performer with the performer of the prize winner's project. The data analyzed in this survey are based on responses received from the laureates who are sent the questionnaires inquiring the condition of their research project. The data analyzed were from 70 questionnaires and the qualitative data analysis method is used for description.
Analysis of data suggests that 97% of the laureates are male, 57% of the laureates are engineers or university graduates at M.Eng. level. 27% of them have completed their graduate degree in Electronic and Electrical Engineering; 31% of executive organizations are universities and 31.8% of the laureates have completed their studies at Sharif Industrial University; 71% of the organizations are public; and 50% of the projects are at industrial stage. It was found that 52% of problems were financial. "Lack of protection" is the most significant challenges to laureates (53%). At the Industrial stage, 50% of the projects at the highest level need financial support.
The European ::union:: (EU) has adopted a system approach based on innovation policy and provides direct financial and services support for innovators. The innovation policy aims to support an increase in the productivity, profitability and market share of European firms through the development and adoption of new or improved products, processes and services. Moreover, the EU intends to improve innovation support and also helps in understanding specific drives and barriers to innovation at sector level.
In OECD countries, public policy has direct or indirect impact on factors that affect innovative activity. All OECD countries use significant amounts of public money to support innovation activities that intend to stimulate innovation.
It is a long time since in almost all countries the general idea of IP policy has been directed to greater protection for the rights of IP holders, especially for patents. Indeed, the availability of sufficient human resources for science and technology is an important factor for innovative activities. Education and training policies have an important impact on innovation.

Since organizarional aspects and specifications directly influence the productivity of academic technology transfer centers, this study investigates organizational factors influencing the productivity of academic technology transfer centers. The statistical population of this study includes professors at University of Tehran's Faculty of Engineering with a scientific and executive experience in technology transfer. This sudy applies forcastive assessment approach. In this regard, a number of experts were requested to discover the factors influencing productivity of academic technology transfer centers based on factors investigated in literature. Of all the questionnaires distributed, 126 questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was performed applying One-tailed Mean Test and Friedman Test using SPSS 22. The results show that technology transfer center's organizational structure, number of employees, age and previous experience, reward systems, office space and available resources are all the factors influencing the productivity of academic technology transfer centers.