فهرست مطالب مهدی عباس زاده فتح آبادی

In today's world, sports diplomacy is considered as one of the most important factors for producing soft power for the countries. The purpose of this research is to compare the sports diplomacy of Iran and one of the countries of the Persian Gulf region, Qatar, which has made significant achievements in this field. The main question of this research is, what are the similarities and differences between the sports diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and Qatar? This research was done by using a comparative method, and the method of collecting information is the library. The theoretical foundations of this research are based on Joseph Nye's soft power, as the use of sports diplomacy is one of the tools of soft power. The Findings of this research show that in the field of investment in sports, the country of Qatar has made huge expenses to promote sports diplomacy. While the state of investment and sports facilities and infrastructure in Iran is experiencing disorder. In terms of power and influence in international sports forums and in terms of obtaining the privileges of hosting world-class and prestigious competitions Qatar has more ideal conditions than Iran; But in winning international sports honors, Iran has performed better due to its large population compared to Qatar. In the field of sports development, Qatar has more significant progress and development than Iran, and finally, Qatar benefits from a better media power than Iran to promote sports diplomacy and gain soft power.

ISIS is one of terrorist groups in the Middle East, which became the most dangerous terrorist group in the world between 2013 and 2017 . ISIS has used psychological operations techniques and media techniques to try to portray itself and recruit. By publishing magazines such as "Dabiq" and "Rumiyah", ISIS was trying to attract the public opinion & new members. In recent years, much research has been done on how ISIS was formed, its ideology and tools for expanding its power, but less attention has been paid to ISIS's media techniques in displaying power. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the media techniques of ISIS in inducing power using the theory of representation and applying the method of content analysis. The main question of the research is what were the themes of ISIS media techniques in inducing power (2013-2019. The research was conducted by analysing all the issues of Dabiq and Rumiyah. Resultes  show that ISIS has been able to exercise power in various fields of soft and hard power in several ways by intelligently using common media techniques.

America's strategy against Iran has been based on changing the political system since the beginning of the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution. America's interventionist approach intensified in the Middle East after September 11, 2001 and caused the security of the region of countries such as Iran. Islamic Republic of Iran seeks to maximize its smart power in the Middle East in order to neutralize it. The main goal of this article is to find the examine the impact of the coercive diplomacy of the United States of America on the formation of the smart power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Middle East. It is from September 11.The main question of this article is what effect has the coercive diplomacy of the United States of America had on the smart power of Iran? The research method is descriptive and analytical. The findings of the article show that coercive diplomacy of the United States of America has caused; Activate the power capacities of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the form of smart power to and threats and turn this into a regional power far from isolation in the Middle East. Among these capacities, in the field of smart power, it can be mentioned to inspire the Islamic awakening movements in the region, the axis of resistance as an anti-containment strategy, the role and effectiveness of GeneralSoleimani.

Due to the importance of global human rights issues, the international mechanism established in this field is of particular importance. Among these mechanisms is the Human Rights Council. The purpose of this research is to examine the performance of the Human Rights Council in Bahrain. The main research question is what has been the function of the Human Rights Council in Bahrain? The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that the performance of the Human Rights Council is under the influence of Western governments. In this research, a descriptive and analytical method was used, and the findings of this research show that the special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council are concerned with the performance of Bahrain in specific issues such as Children's rights, rights of human rights defenders, etc. and has given recommendations in this field. Also, in the global periodic review of member countries (in 2008, 2012, 2017), this council repeatedly questioned Bahrain's performance in the field of human rights and asked Bahrain to correct the mentioned cases. The government of Bahrain, in response to the special rapporteurs and periodic reviews of the governments that have made recommendations on human rights violations in Bahrain, has sometimes accepted and modified the recommendations and sometimes considered them to be contrary to the domestic laws and the modification Those recommendations have backfired.

Mass media are the most important and the most effective means of information transfer in the process of the realization of communications . Groups like Daesh considering the ability of media in effecting the minds in regional and international levels, have used media and its related technics massively for legitimating their acts and especially their political system of governing(Khilafa). So the main purpose of the present research is analyzing the Daesh's media technics in exerting power on the base of representation theory and thematic analysis method. The main question of the article is what are the main themes of Daesh's media technics in exerting power? Finding of the research based on the thematic analysis of Dabeq and Rumiyah, magazines most important media that Daesh employs, shows that Daesh exerted hard and soft power in several realms via using smartly the media techniques; 24 media technics have been used in the texts analyzed in this article. Daesh revived Islamic Khilafa by using religious rhetoric and myths and accompanied a significant range of Muslim people around the world via empowering virtual and convincing power. By presentation of universal values and norms, Daesh members asked Muslim people to join Islamic Khalifa via Hejra and Beyah and join to Holly War or terrorist acts to represent the daesh power across the world. Other elements analyzed in the research are focusing on the military power, punitive power, economic power and social and welfare services by Daesh.

The Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan have been at loggerheads over the Nagorno-Karabakh region since its inception and there have been bloody wars between the two sides. The Nagorno-Karabakh crisis began when the Karabakh parliament voted on June 12, 1988, for the complete secession of Nagorno-Karabakh from the Republic of Azerbaijan and its accession to Armenia. This region is legally within the borders of Azerbaijan, but the majority of its inhabitants are Armenians. In the last years of Soviet life, clashes broke out between the two sides and hundreds of thousands were displaced. In 1992, a full-scale war broke out between the two countries. The clashes lasted for more or less until 1994 when a ceasefire was mediated by Russia. After that, the Nagorno-Karabakh region and the surrounding areas came under the control of Armenia. Karabakh region is of strategic, geopolitical, and geo-economic importance for Iran. For this reason, this crisis has had a great impact on Iran's security and Iran has repeatedly tried to end this conflict by adopting an active policy of neutrality. The Islamic Republic of Iran has taken mediation measures to prevent bloodshed and killings in the region. Azerbaijani officials expected Iran, like Turkey, to support them and cut ties with Armenia, not to mediate. In any case, Iran sided with Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict due to the pursuit of pan-Azarist policies and the idea of unification of Azerbaijan and anti-Iranian positions by the government of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the first decade of independence. Iran's policy is more inclined towards Armenia and despite the cultural and historical commonalities with the Shiite Republic of Azerbaijan, it is more inclined towards Christian Armenia. The latest ceasefire violation dates back to September 2020, when the two countries began a new war again, despite the outbreak of the Corona Virus. In the recent crisis, we are witnessing a turnaround in Iran's policy. In this crisis, Iran supports the government of Azerbaijan and explicitly emphasizes the right of Azerbaijan to the ownership of the region. During his speech on the conflict, the Supreme Leader of the Revolution stated that all the occupied territories of Azerbaijan should be evacuated and handed over to Azerbaijan and that Yerevan should know that any occupation is condemned.

 The main question of the article is how to analyze Iran's foreign policy in the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis based on a constructive approach? This study seeks to analyze the factors influencing the turnaround in Iran's foreign policy in the face of the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis from the tendency towards Armenia to a resolute defense of Azerbaijani policy. Research Hypothesis The Hypothesis posed by the above-mentioned question is that factors such as Islamic-Shia ideology, modification of ethnic and Pan-Azarist policies of Azarbyjan and subsequently its orientation toward realism and pragmatism, reciprocally westernizing foreign policy of Armenia and intensifying the internal oppositions against the early foreign policy of Iran in supporting the Cristian Armani state caused the change in Iran foreign policy toward the crisis.

Using the qualitative method of analysis, this research wants to analyze the factors of change in Iran's policy toward the Karabakh crisis. In other words, the authors explain the factors of convergence and divergence in relations between Iran and Azerbaijan. The nature of this writing or the method of analyzing is qualitative. The data collection has been through the library method, the use of internet resources, articles, and documents.

Analyzing from a constructivist point of view, the behavior of the actors of international relations is formed during social interactions, this, in turn, determines their identity and consequently, their interests. The cultural, social, and political structures governing the structure of the political system and foreign policy of Iran and Azerbaijan and the formation of identity and interests of the two countries based on it, in the early years of Azerbaijan's independence, led to divergence in relations between the two countries. Iran turned to Armenia in the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis. Gradually, however, with the fading of ideological orientation and the tendency of the two countries towards pragmatism and realism, as well as the redefinition of the mentioned structures, more convergent relations were experienced between the two countries. In general, according to what has been said, the perspective of the relations between the two countries can be described in such a way that despite the opportunities that exist in some areas, relations between the two countries will also face challenges. The shift of Iran's policy towards the interests of Azerbaijan, especially during the recent Nagorno-Karabakh crisis and meeting the expectations of this country, as well as the adoption of realistic policies by the Azerbaijani government and reducing reliance on relations with the West and diversification in foreign relations have a more positive outlook.

The challenges in the relations between the two countries regarding the legal regime of the Caspian Sea, the development of relations with Armenia, and the proximity of Azerbaijan to the United States and Israel should not be overlooked. In this regard, especially the issue of establishing a US military base in Azerbaijan can have a decisive impact on relations between the two countries. However, the Azerbaijani government has realized more than ever the importance of relations with Iran. In recent years, mobility in relations between the two countries has increased. There are many economic opportunities around Iran, one of which is the transfer of Iranian gas through the Caspian Sea to Georgia. Development of investment in the Caspian Sea, which is demanded by Azerbaijan, is not possible without the presence and cooperation of Iran. In general, compared to the early years of Azerbaijan's independence, a more favorable environment has been provided for the improvement and development of relations between the two countries.

During the last two decades, the concept of fragile state, has been appeared as one of the most important concepts of international politics. This phenomenon is one of the characteristics of middle east states. These states have elements such as military intervention of other states, violent and hard kind of regime change, legitimacy crisis, environmental problems, dysfunction of economic and legal system and spread of terrorism. Although internal effects of fragile states have been so more under the focus of researchers and analyzers, regional effects of these states especially in environmental field have been rarely under focus. Iraqi state has been evaluated as a fragile and unstable state from 2003 until now. The aim of the present research is to examine the effect of Iraq fragile state on environmental security of Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question of the research is “what are the effect of Iraq fragile state on environmental security of Iran?ˮ Findings of the research show considering the characters of fragile state, Iraq has an important role in environmental threats such as water deficit crisis, dust haze storms, air pollution, soil erosion caused by desertification and deforestation in neighbor state, Iran, especially in west parts.

Because of the importance of Human Rights issues, Mechanisms and organizations established in this field have an especial importance too. Human Rights Commission and Human Rights Council substituted the former are two important mechanisms established in this respect by U.N. The major functions of these organizations are development, promotion, protection and supervising human rights in member states of U.N such as Islamic Republic of Iran. The investigation of human rights situation in Iran started when Human Rights Commission was established and continued when Human Rights Council substituted in 2006. The main goal of the present research is to compare the practice of these two organizations toward Iran for finding the similarities and differences. Findings of the research show that despite of the organizational changing and developments in Human Rights Council there are not considerable differences in the practice of Human Rights Council comparing to Human Rights Commission; this means that the general political atmosphere and criticisms against Iran experienced in Human Rights Commission practice toward Iran continued in the practice of its substituted organization. Meanwhile Iran's strives for establishing channels to effect on the decisions of both organizations have not been successful. Research method in this research is analytical- descriptive and data gathering is based on library way.

The Persian Gulf is one of the most important regions of the world in strategic terms that has long received the attention of great powers. Huge oil and gas reserves in the region have added to the importance of the region. Among the great powers, the United States has expanded its presence in the region following the British withdrawal, but what has gained significance during the 21st century is the rise of China and its efforts at making reforms in order to play an active role in the world’s strategically significant areas including the Persian Gulf. Since this Asian country is highly dependent upon the region’s cheap oil resources, it seeks to enlarge its influence by establishing vast trade relations with the regional nations. Hence, China’s presence poses a threat to long-term U.S. interest. The main question of the research deals with the impact of Chinese foreign policy in the Persian Gulf region on U.S. interest. The hypothesis indicates that the rise of China in the Persian Gulf and moving from the margins of the region into its core have undermined U.S. vital interest in the region. The authors draw upon the conceptual framework of power cycle to conduct this research.

In the era of globalization, the importance of women's rights, efforts regarding the role of women in peace processes have taken place in the macro and micro levels. Peace issue in Afghanistan has become important due to the changes that have been taking place in the past three decades. According to varying circumstances that affect women in different countries, and this, in turn, affects the role of women in peace processes, this research focuses on women's role in peace processes in the age of globalization. With emphasis on Afghanistan. The main question of the present research is: What have women in Afghanistan done in peace processes in this country? The study first briefly examines international measures on the role of women in peace processes, and examines the role of women in the peace process in Afghanistan later in this chapter. Findings of the research indicate that women in Afghanistan have had a different situation during different periods, and in some courses they have been deprived of many of their basic rights, This in turn has impacted on their role in the peace process. Women have been more involved in the peace process over the last few years. This research is a descriptive-analytic study and the method of data collection is through the use of library and virtual resources.

The change in the concept of power that some describe as “Soft Power”¡ is used as a method of analysis in international politics and as an instrument of utilizing foreign policy of states. Soft Power is a new model based on synonymous concepts like influence¡ authority and legitimacy. This type of power is the power of conducting¡ attracting¡ persuading and framing agenda. Today using the soft power in domestic and foreign policy has been emphasized more than the past. Earlier conceptualizations about soft power were based on elements such as culture¡ political values and popular foreign policy. Author analyzes the political elements of soft power in Islamic Republic of Iran from a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings of the research show that having popular political values (such as divineness¡ morality and justice)¡ charismatic leadership¡ political legitimacy on the basis of religious democracy model and popular foreign policy on the basis of antihegemonic discourse together with an effective diplomacy¡ Islamic Republic of Iran has high potentials of political elements of soft power in the regional level and Islamic World.

This paper argues for a broader emphasis on sustainable security and smart power، and for examining both opportunities as well as threats to security. Sustainable security is a new concept in the security studies. Deep attention to all possible threats against human life is necessary for continuation of security in a sustainable and dynamic base. This aim can be achieved in a highest level by merging the negative and positive discourses of security. In the negative discourse security is required having hard power and force to encounter with deferent kinds of threat. In other words، the authority of a security system depends on it’s ability to confronting with hard threats. In the other hand according to positive discourse، soft power is necessary for eliminating the internal defects and encouraging the system’s values. The main question of this research is: what is the connection between smart power and sustainable security? Accordingly، our hypothesis is: there is a direct connection between smart power and sustainability of security. In fact to attain the sustainable security، soft power and hard power should be merged and create the smart power. This research recommends emphatically that systematic and network attitude، theoretically and practically، is necessary for designing and putting into effect the sustainable security. In this way we are going to use fuzzy logic and systematic attitude in a new approach called fuzzy-systematic. The results of this research are also confirming this point that using the fuzzy systems can enhance the possibility of gaining the sustainable security through smart power. The information of this article gathered by using the library and internet sources and we analyzed our data through descriptive-analytic method.

The coming into power of development oriented politicians in Turkey led to change in economic and political development indexes in the last ten year. An examination of the process of development of Turkey shows the Islamist government under the leadership of Justice and Development Party has been able to remove the obstacles on the way of economic growth and development and lead the country towards economic and political development. The important factor in this regard is sound planning for domestic production with export orientation. In this context the government has acted like a marketing agent for manufacturing industries. With this objective in view the government has pursued an active economic diplomacy in the region as well as world. The dimension of this economic diplomacy consist of solving problems with neighbors، making use of economic experts، guiding private sector companies and active and effective presence in international economic organizations. The finding of the study shows that economic diplomacy had improved the micro and macro-economic development indexes and today Turkey stands as the 16th economic power in the world.

Since the beginning of the unrest in the Middle East and North Africa in 2011 Syria has been continually subjected to instability, unrest and civil war between Assad government and opposition groups. Syrian problem has turned to a dilemma for the international society. Arguing about the roots and causes of unrest in Syria has been undergone in academic community until now. Given the diversity of causes and complexity of conditions in this country, every approach and theory can explain just some part of the issue. Author in this article views the issue from the lens of Huntington's “Unbalanced Developmentˮ theory. Research findings show that in Bashar Assad era, the trends of economic development and political development have not been balanced or harmonized; this means that despite of the moving toward the economic liberalization, Assad government tilted toward the authoritarianism in political realm. And this unbalanced situation led to the reaction of the society in the forms of protests, instability and unrest in Syria. Besides this structural factor, the role of foreign actors via protecting the government or opposition groups is very important in deteriorating the situation and continuation of the crisis.

This research is based on explaining the relationship between globalization and al-qaeda. Author believes that al-qaeda as an anti-globalization terrorist movement does its activities against the U.S hegemony over the world especially Muslim world. From the other perspective al-qaeda uses professionally the globalization tools like information technology. Describing globalization and reactions against it, composes the first part of the article. Then author explains the conditions of Islamic countries in the era of globalization and also Muslim views about globalization. The last part is devoted to explaining the relationship between globalization and al-qaeda terrorism against U.S as the leader of globalization project.

In current research the relationship between two phenomenones namely globalization and Al-Qaeda would verify. Author believes that Al-Qaeda as a terroristic movement of anti - globalization has been formed to respond to America mastery in global level specially Moslem countries, and so this movement effectively benefited from tools which globalization field has offered about informational and communicational technologies. In this study first globalization phenomenon and then its effects, consequences and resistances is explained. Then it emphasized on Islam world conditions or Islamic countries in globalization age. After that, the cultural globalization and various sights about it, with concentrating on view points of some Islamic authors, will be studied. In this subject also will study the attitude of Islam and Arabic worlds about globalization. The end one devoted to explain the correlation of globalization and Al-Qaeda anti-Americanism terrorism.