فهرست مطالب ندا میرزایی

The present study aimed to detect the organic compounds of Citrullus Colocynthis L. and investigate the anticancer and antioxidant effects of four extracts of this plant on Caco-2 cell line.

The effective compounds of the air branches of Citrullus Colocynthis L. were studied using phytochemicals methods. In order to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant characteristics of this plant, the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of the plant were collected, using Soxhlet apparatus and maceration methods. The effects of these extracts on Caco-2 colon cancer cells were evaluated using MTT tests based on the ability of living cells to convert tetrazolium salt to unsolvable formazan, NBT method to evaluate the reduction of ROS using aqueous nitrotrazole and based on a completely randomized design using SPSS software and Duncan test.

The phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, vitamin C, and protein compounds in Citrullus Colocynthis L. However, no steroids, tannin, saponins were detected in this plant. The results of MTT showed that the least cell survival value of the treated cancerous cell was obtained with n-hexane extract using maceration method. The results of the NBT test also demonstrated the antioxidant properties of all extracts. The NBT results revealed the highest reduction in the percentage of free radicals belonged to the group treated with n-hexane extract by maceration methods and ethanolic extract using Soxhlet apparatus.

The existence of several chemical compounds with proapoptotic properties in the extracts of Citrullus Colocynthis L. proposes the notion that the use of the compounds of these extracts alone or in combination with anticancer drugs may be beneficial in the treatment of colon cancer.

The main benefits of green buildings for energy and water conservation have been investigated and well recognized in previous studies. However, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and human health benefits of green buildings have not been examined comprehensively. This study aimed to conduct a systematic review over the current status of green and non- green buildings on their occupants’ health and satisfaction.

A systematic search was conducted throughout the following databases: Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer. We reviewed 690 articles that examined the relationship between buildings and health. In total, after excluding the irrelevant titles and non- English articles, 40 papers were included in the final analysis. Articles that evaluated IEQ factors and occupants’ health through surveys from 2005 to 2018 years were selected for investigation.

The most important result of this study was identification of important factors in IEQ, including building design, aesthetics, and ergonomics, which have been less evaluated in previous research. Contrary to our assumption, the results of several studies indicated a further decline in IEQ parameters in buildings with Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED, USA) and Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM, Europe) certification. However, performance improvements were reported in green buildings located in Asia (especially Singapore and Taiwan).

According to this systematic review, we cannot claim that occupants of the green buildings enjoy higher IEQ, satisfaction, or health, compared with the occupants of non-green buildings.

The aim of this study was to detect the organic compounds of Onopordon leptolepis DC. and also evaluate the anticancer and anti-oxidant effects of the plant extract on CaCO2 cells.
The effective compounds of air branches of Onopordon leptolepis DC. were studied using phytochemicals methods. Using GC-MS device the components of ethanolic extract of air branches of Onopordon leptolepis DC. were isolated by Soxhlet method. Also the ethanolic extract of three parts of the plant including air branches, leaf, and stem were evaluated for anti-cancer properties using MTT and NBT methods based on a complete randomized block design.
Using GC-MS device we identified 27 components in the extract. Among them, A-Neooleana-3 (5), 12-diene (78.92%), 2 (1H) Naphthalenone, 3.5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydro-4, 8a-dimethyl-6 - (1-methylethenyl) - (13.65%), and hexadecanoic acid (1.33%), were the main components of the extract respectively. In this study, presence of alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, tannins, and steroids were confirmed in the plant. The results of cell viability analysis using MTT and free radical activity showed that ethanolic extracts of air branches, leaf, and stem of the plant had anticancer activity. The highest rate of neutralization of free radicals produced by cancer cells was observed in the extract of the air branches of the plant.
The medicinal and anti-cancer properties of this plant may be due to the presence of some of the alkaloids, glycosides, phenols and other phytochemical compounds in the plant which can be involved in the antioxidant activity of the plant. The detected chemical compounds in the plant can be used in the food industry and production of effective chemical medicines for the treatment of cancer.

IntroductionIt has been recently stated that phosphorite deposits are in fact marine biogenic materials, due to bacterial activity producing bio-apatite. In addition, Phosphorites contain 15–20 wt.% P2O5 (Tzifas et al., 2014). In this deposit, phosphate mineralization has occurred as phosphorite lenses with Eocene age within the Pabdeh Formation, with thickness up to 1.5 meters and width of 15 meters and its hosted rock is black shale. According to the presence of indices of fossils such as Globorotalia, Hantkenina, its age can be attributed to the middle Eocene. The Pabdeh formation is a very rich organic matter in addition to the presence of phosphate (Damiri, 2011). The formation due to planktonic foraminifera rich in organic matter is like the hydrocarbon source rock (Daneshian et al., 2012). In marine basins where upwelling and productivity are limited, phosphates may develop outside of microbial cells and also within bacterial cellular structures, formed by slow bacterial assimilation of phosphorus from assaying organic matter in areas of restricted sedimentation (O’Brine et al., 1981). It is therefore suggested that the upwelling currents did that in the recycling of phosphorus from dead organisms such as fishes and other marine vertebrates. The aim of this study is investigation of organic matter’s species and their roles in deposition and phosphate mineralization in the Kuh-e-Sefid phosphate deposit using XRD, FTIR and Rock-Eval pyrolysis.
Materials and methodsIn field observations, 12 samples were selected and they were taken from units of phosphate and shale host rock in the Kuh-e-Sefid phosphate ore deposit. Ten cross sections were studied by conventional microscopic methods. Rock-Eval analysis was used in order to determine the organic carbon in the geology Department of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. The Phosphorite samples were determined by XRD at the Kansaran Binaloud Company in the Science and Technology campus in Tehran. FTIR analyses were carried out on the phosphorite samples in the chemistry department of the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
ResultsOrganic matter appears to be essential for phosphogenesis in two ways: 1) as an energy supply for redox change and 2) as a source of phosphate. Similarly, bacteria are important on two levels: 1) they provide a mechanism for the release of phosphorus from phospholipids and other high-energy phosphorus compounds by organic phosphate cracking and organic carbon oxidation, 2) they are capable of concentrating and precipitating phosphate (Jarvis, 1992).The sedimentary organic matter is first decomposed exclusively by aerobic bacteria. When O2 is completely utilized, further decomposition occurs via sulfate reduction until the oxidants are exhausted, then phosphorus and carbon are released from organic matter during decomposition (Ingall and Cappellen, 1990). Field observation and microscopic studies indicate that phosphate-bearing layers mainly consist of shale, marl, limestone with textures varying from wackestone to packestone forms. Also, phosphate components such as plettal, ooid, intraclast, fish skeletal fragments and microfossils are present. In additions to phosphate and biogenic component, nonphosphate minerals such as glauconite, calcite, pyrite, iron oxide and quartz, are present in different forms and sizes. The results of XRD analysis show the mineral phosphate (fluorapatite) besides calcite as one of the nonphosphate components in the Kuh-e-Sefid ore deposit as the main constituents, while the minerals montmorillonite and quartz are minor constituents. FTIR studies reveal qualitative information about the bonding pattern and nature of the components of the organic matters. Thus, phosphogenesis in marine phosphate deposits resulting in the destruction of areas around the continents that contain different components of phosphate and non-phosphate, and the resulting destruction of organic materials as well. Therefore, according to data from the Rock Evil, samples of the deposit represent more continental carbon. In general, it can be shown that, most of the phosphate mineralization in this deposit is mainly of a continental origin, and it is partly as a result of decomposition and oxidation of organic matter by bacteria and microorganisms that occurs.
Discussion- Since shales rich in organic matter are capable of transferring sedimentary phosphorus as organic materials, it can be concluded that the deposits shale as the phosphate deposits host were the main factors of phosphorus transmission and the most mineralization occurs in parts that are rich in organic matter.
- Rock-Eval results showed that more samples contain continental carbon and this suggests that phosphate mineralization is of continental origin in this deposit and it is partly achieved by biodegradation of organic matter by microorganisms.
- FTIR, XRD studies have proved the frequency of fluorapatite minerals with calcite and organic materials that are most probably associated with phosphate mineralization in the deposit.
- FTIR studies reveal mineral-organic bounds such as OH, Carboxylic OH, Carboxylic acid C=O, C≡C Alkaline, group CH2, C=C aromatic, CH Aliphatic and aromatic stretching associated with identified mineralization.

Echinops (Echinops dichorus L.) from the Asteraceae family is a plant which obtained from the kind of insect activity on some species and generated a compound that is called "mann".
Identification of the main chemical compounds of plant, solvent and different methods of extracting in extraction of these compounds is evaluated.
Isolation and identification of extracts constituents is done with GC/MS. In order to evaluate anticancer characteristics, ethanolic and n-Hexane extracts from Manna has been obtained using Maceration and Soxhlet Apparatus methods. The effects of these extracts on CaCO2 cells have been evaluated using MTT and NBT values.
The results of phytochemical investigations showed that saponin, steroids, glycoside cyanogenic, tannin and alkaloid compounds are existence. In the GC-MS analysis of extracting showed that fatty acids and terpenes as major constituents in Manna. Based on results, 27 different components in the Maceration method, 30 different components in the percolation and 10 different components in the Soxhlet Apparatus method were identified. The results of MTT showed the least cell survival value of treated cancerous cell was concerned to ethanolic and n-Hexane-derived extract using Maceration method. NBT test results represent the antioxidant properties of ethanolic and n-Hexane extracts using Maceration method.
The use of ethanol and Percolation are the best approach for extracting organic compounds of Manna, but to extract the fatty acids and terpenes of plants, Soxhlet method is proposed. All the extracts of Echinops (Mann) showed good cytotoxic properties that represent the presence of antioxidant compounds these extracts.

The purpose of this descriptive survey study was to measure agricultural paradigmatic preferences of agricultural faculty members in west of Iran. The statistical population consisted all 288 faculty members of agriculture at public universities (Razi, Bu-Ali Sina, Lorestan, Kordestan and Ilam) in west of Iran. According to the Krejcie & Morgan table, a sample size of 165 was selected using stratified random sampling method. Based on findings, the sustainability score mean for faculty members was 71.13. The range of sustainability score means for all the respondents was 40 to 109 and agricultural paradigm type of faculty members was moderate. There was a significant difference between sustainability score means male and female faculty members and of faculty members graduated from within the country universities and those universities abroad. There was a negative and significant relationship between sustainability score with age and job experiences. Analysis of variance showed that there was no significant difference between sustainability score means of faculty members with different agricultural disciplines and significant difference between sustainability score means of faculty members in the different faculties of agriculture. Based on ordinal regression analysis, six variables including gender, employment in agriculture, graduated from universities abroad, age, academic rank and job experiences were influencing on agricultural paradigm evaluation of faculty members.

The goal of this studying was evaluation of anticancer and anti-oxidant properties of four types of extracts from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L) spongy tissue on colon cancer cells Caco-2.
Subjects and The phytochemicals of spongy tissues of pomegranate were identified by phytochemical methods. In order to evaluate cytotoxic and anti-oxidant characteristics, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts from pomegranate spongy tissues were collected, using Soxhlet apparatus and maceration methods. The effects of these extracts on Caco-2 colon cancer cells were evaluated using MTT, NBT and TBA tests, as well as catalase enzyme levels.
The photochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids, tannin, alkaloid, terpenoides, aldehyde, ketones and vitamin C compounds, but no steroids, saponins and protein were detected. The results of MTT showed the least cell survival value of treated cancerous cell was obtained with n-hexane-derived extract extract using Soxhlet method. Furthermore, NBT results demonstrated that the n-hexane extract using Soxhlet method exhibited peroxidant characteristics and droves the cancerous cells toward apoptosis. On the other hand, TBA results showed that the highest cytotoxicity belonged to n-hexane extract by Soxhlet and ethanolic extract by maceration method respectively. The highest catalase enzyme activity was observed in treatment by maceration ethanolic extract.
The existence of several compounds with pro-apoptotic properties in the extracts of spongy tissues of pomegranate propose the notion that using the compounds of these extracts alone or in combination with chemotherapy may be beneficial in treatment of colon cancer.

The purpose of this descriptive study was to analyze the professional skills agricultutral of facultiy members and natural resources in Razi University from the students perspectives and non-effectiveness analysis This method. The statistical population consisted of senior undergraduate students at the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resourses (N=300). Samples were selected using stratified random sampling method (n=170). A questionnaire was developed and used to collect data. Face validity of the questionnaire was established by a panel of experts. Ordinal theta was calculated to measure reliability of items of instrument (θ = 0.76 - 0.87). The results showed that the level of communication skills was moderate, but the level of teaching skills, personal, evaluation, and information technology skills was inappropriate. Kruskal-Wallis test applied revealed that there was a significant difference between professional faculty skills of different agricultural departments. So that faculty members of Water Engineering, Agricultural Extension and Education and Plant Protection Department were better than of the other Departments. Mann Whitney test applied revealed that between male and female students in the field of teaching and individual skills showed significant difference on their perspectives toward professional faculty skills condition. Based on ordinal regression analysis, five variables including average, number of probation semesters, coursed cancelation due to the student's absence, removal courses, and argument between teacher and student, were influencing on professional skills evaluation of faculty members.

Since the beginning of time¡ man has been affected by climate. The first humans built shelters and lived in caves to protect themselves from the weather elements. With the help of new climate technology¡ many developing countries¡ including Iran¡ have made use of climate responsive architecture to keep humans comfortable.
Architecture and climate are two human-made and natural systems that closely affect each other¡ in such a way that examination of the impact of climactic elements and their feedbacks on architecture is unavoidable. In general¡ factors such as sunshine and the resulting temperature¡ humidity and the level of precipitation and different winds interfere in climactic issues and put an impact on humans’ living environments. These elements can cause architectural limitations as well.
In this paper¡ the climate of Mashhad has been analyzed by means of climate diagrams and methods. To do so¡ the statistics of the Meteorological Organization in a period of 30 years (from 1984 to 2014) have been studied. Based on the results¡ Mashhad’s climate is cold and arid. The paper draws on thermal comfort indices such as¡ Mahoney¡ Olgyay¡ etc. to study Mashhad’s climatic conditions and consequently investigates proper solutions to achieve a higher compatibility of the climate and architecture and sustainable development in Mashhad. The results will contribute to the design¡ the buildings’ type of placement¡ selection of the type of building materials and architectural elements in constructing new buildings in this city.

agricultural higher education in our country is not enough productivity and students will not prepare for adapt to changing circumstances world، it could be due to lack of sufficient attention to be experience-based learning because experiential learning can be a source of stability learning and crystallization of human talents. The aim of this study was the investigate students'' viewpoint about the situation experiential learning Status in agriculture higher education at faculty of agriculture and natural resources، razi university، design for this study was a descriptive research. The Statistical research consisted of all undergraduate and graduate students at their last semester of their education in the fields of agriculture، razi university (N=373) that Appling systematic classified random sampling method and using Krejcie and Morgan table، 185 students were selected. Based on the findings the situation experiential learning status in the faculty of Agriculture was assessed moderate. Among the status، attention supervised agricultural Experience، the rate of utilization of existing laboratories in the faculty of agriculture and establish an atmosphere twain with criticism، Thinking، discussing and challenging educational lessons، were assessed at the better level. there was no significance difference between undergraduate and graduate students viewpoint about experiential learning status and satisfaction levels.

There is an obvious difference in cesarean section rate between the world and Iran. Cesarean section rate is included 50-60% of the delivery modes in Iran and 10-20% in the world. This study was done to survey cesarean sections base on their causes and type of hospital that the delivery has been done.

This cross sectional study was conducted on data collected about delivery modes has been done in hospitals affiliated to Mashhad university of medical science, Iran in 2011. Data were collected based on a single form that was notified by obstetric department of deputy of treatment affairs of Mashhad university of medical science to all hospitals. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 and central measures (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation).

Total deliveries in hospitals affiliated to Mashhad university of medical sciences were 103348 during 2011 that 45% of them were performed in academic centers and 55% in other places. Of total deliveries were performed, 37% of the deliveries in academic hospitals, 72% in private hospitals, 64% in charity hospitals, 44% in social affairs hospitals, 55% in other hospitals and 75% in Azad university hospitals have been done by cesarean section.

Total deliveries and cesarean section in other hospitals were higher than university hospitals. The most important cause of cesarean section was repeated cesarean after first cesarean and number of elective cesarean section was significantly higher in non academic hospitals than university hospitals.

Barley flour is one of the cheap، nutritious and rich fiber food stuff and has many applications in food industries special in cooking products. Nowadays، regimen fibers role is very important on human health and preventing diseases such as fatness، heart and blood vessels diseases، diabet and digestive cancers. In this research، in the first stage، barley flour in levels of 15، 30 and 45 percent was added to wheat flour that used in toast breads. Then in order to evaluation of barley and wheat flour، different chemical experimental were done and results showed that wheat flour with 29. 75% wet gluten and barley flour with 6. 5% of fiber had the best quality of nutrition. Then dough prepared in two different stages. In the first، barley flour was added in different amounts and in the second، barley flour which had listed with 25% of sourdough that made of lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC43332). Then the rheological properties of dough were evaluated by Farinograph and Extensograph. Based on the results، B3 (45% barley flour) had the most rate of water adsorption and control treatment had the most rate of development time، dough stability، quality، valorimetry number and energy consumption. Staling rate and sensory properties were evaluated by Instron and panel groups respectively. B1 (15 percent barley flour) and BS1 treatment (15 percent barley flour with 25 percent Sourdough) had the least staling rate in comparison with other existed samples، also BS1 was the best in sensory evaluations.

Cigarette smoking may affect saliva, oral commensal bacteria and fungi, mainly Candida that causes oral candidiasis. This study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of Candida colony count in smokers and non smokers based on clinical and preclinical findings.

This case control study recruited 72 subjects, 36 smokers and 36 non-smokers who were selected after a primary clinical examination and completion of a questionnaire. The saliva was collected by spitting in sterile test-tubes after tooth brushing. Samples were transferred to a lab for culture and colony count. The colonies were counted after 48 hours and results were analyzed by using T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient.

The mean number of colonies in smokers was 140 and in nonsmokers were 67.25. This finding shows that the mean number of colonies in smokers is significantly higher than non-smokers (P=0.01). Also, there was a significant relationship between the number of daily cigarette smoked and the number of colonies (P=0.039, r=0.346). Another finding of this study showed that the number of colonies increased with age among smoker's group (P=0.039, r=O.346). There was no significant relationship between the number of colonies and age in nonsmokers (P=0.822, r= 0.039).

Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that, there is a direct relationship between cigarette smoking and increased growth of Candida in the mouth of smokers. It was also demonstrated that, the higher the number of cigarette smoked, the higher was the number of Candida in the mouth