فهرست مطالب alireza sadeghi

Legal behavior in the education of elementary school students is of paramount importance. Upon reviewing the literature related to citizenship education, it became apparent that there is no suitable native model for a curriculum on psychological skills in this domain.

The present study aimed to design a curriculum model for psychological skills in the citizenship domain for elementary school students.

The present research employed a data-driven approach. The population consisted of all experts in the field of elementary education, among whom 21 individuals were selected using purposive sampling method. The main data collection tool was interviews, and the data obtained from them were analyzed through open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Data analysis was conducted using MAXQDA software version 12.

The results of this study are presented in the form of a model consisting of 11 main components, including primary conditions, performance-oriented planning, contextual conditions, performance-oriented planning in contextual domains (educational and psychological contextualization, economic, cultural, and behavioral differences in citizenship), interveners (teacher and learner characteristics), strategies (initial, instructional, and feedback), and outcomes (enhanced student performance and the establishment of a sustainable curriculum).

Given the importance of the subject, it is imperative to approve and develop a strategic program for citizenship education curriculum at the level of educational institutions and schools. This program must necessarily align with the objectives and components of the national educational system, encompassing legal, civil, political, cultural, social, and ethical aspects, as well as upper-level documents, including the comprehensive scientific roadmap of the country.

The present study aimed to design a curriculum model for citizenship rights for students in the second period of elementary education. It sought to examine the components of the citizenship rights curriculum, introduce the main components and categories forming this field, and ultimately provide an ideal model in line with needs assessment and educational context.

The methodology of this study was qualitative, utilizing a grounded theory approach. The collection and formulation of model categories involved 21 structured interviews with experts and teachers in the field of citizenship and civil rights education, followed by the validation of the proposed model using a member checking method.

The findings of this research presented a model comprising 11 main categories including causal conditions, performance-based planning, contextual conditions, contextually oriented performance-based planning (political, economic, cultural, legal, and citizenship orientations), interveners (characteristics of teachers and learners), strategies (initial, educational, and feedback), and outcomes (enhancing student performance levels and creating a sustainable curriculum).

Specialized multi-faceted planning was identified as the core category of the model. Finally, recommendations were provided.

Given the bone sensitivity to mechanical stimulus, bone-loading exercises and applying the Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields (PEMF(s)) are recommended for promoting bone strength. In this context, these two interventions 's effect on bone turnover markers (BTMs) in osteoporosis patients is yet to be clarified; consequently, an attempt is made in this study to compare the effect of these two interventions on bone turnover markers in women with Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (PMOP). This study is design as a randomized, single-center, three-arms, controlled trial. A total of 51 women with PMOP will be randomly assigned to three groups of 17, using opaque, sealed envelopes containing labels for A, B, and C groups. Group A) will receive bone-loading exercises, B) will follow the PEMF(s) and C) will be exposed to the combination of A and B. These three groups will require intervention for 24 sessions (2 sessions/week) next to their routine medical treatment (Alendronate+ Calcium+ Vitamin D). The primary outcome of this study is the serum biomarker of bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, BSALP) and resorption (N-terminal telopeptide, NTX). The secondary outcomes consist of thoracic kyphosis angle, fear of falling, and quality of life. The outcomes are measured three times: at baseline, after 24 sessions of intervention, and at 12 weeks follow-up. A primary outcome will be measured and reported by a laboratory expert who is blinded to the participant grouping.  The trial has the code of ethics for research (IR.TUMS.FNM.REC.1401.126) and the code of Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) (IRCT20221202056687N1). Study results are expected to be available by mid-2024. This trial will provide new practical knowledge on the bone-loading exercises and PEMFS(s)’s effect on PMOP women. This knowledge is of the essence for physiotherapists, clinicians, other healthcare professionals, and policymakers in the healthcare system. Level of evidence: Not applicable

The expansion of construction and industrial activities in the city has caused increased waste, problems, and numerous environmental effects. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out environmental impact assessments before implementing any urban project. In this research, the evaluation of the environmental effects of urban footpaths has been done with the rapid impact assessment matrix method. In the mentioned method, after identifying the activities of the proposed plan, their impact on each of the four dimensions, "physical-chemical," "biological-ecological," "social-cultural," and "economic-technical," is identified in two phases of construction and operation. However in the current research, to clarify and limit the dimensions, the activities of the proposed plan are examined in two dimensions "social-cultural" and "ecological-biological." For this purpose, after library studies and field observations, some urban experts selected the most important "social-cultural" and "biological-ecological" environmental factors in the Shiraz Health footpath and scored the footpath in two phases of construction and operation using the criteria of rapid impact assessment method. Finally, it was found that this project did not have any negative effects in both phases. However, the evaluation of this project in the construction and operation phase has negative scores in some of the sub-groups of the mentioned environmental factors and low scores in some of the sub-groups. Considering that the physical development of the city is a dynamic and continuous process; This urban project can bring constructions again in the future and be considered as a model for other urban footpaths. For this purpose, strategies and policies have been presented to improve the environmental quality of the footpath

The use of controlled fermented legumes along with the aqueous extract of aromatic plants is important in terms of improving the quality characteristics of wheat bread. In the present study, after spontaneous fermentation of mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, the predominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolate was used as a starter culture in controlled fermented sourdough, and then the characteristics of the produced wheat breads in terms of texture, surface expansion of fungi and overall acceptability were investigated. Sequencing results of PCR products led to the identification of Levilactobacillus brevis as the predominant LAB isolated from sourdough. Processing of wheat bread with mung bean sourdough containing mentioned bacteria and saffron petal extract not only improved the textural features and overall acceptability of the produced bread, but also increased their resistance towards the surface expansion of Aspergillus niger. Based on the results, wheat bread containing fermented mung bean and saffron petal extract showed the best textural features compared to other samples with crumb hardness of 10.21 N and porosity of 16.16%. Furthermore, the mentioned sample with 44.33% inhibition had the highest ability to inhibit the growth of the indicator fungus compared to other samples. Although the use of mung bean and saffron petal extract alone in the formulation of wheat bread did not show a great effect on reducing the surface expansion of fungi, but their combined application was significantly (P<0.05) effective in reducing the surface growth of fungus. Due to the appropriate techno-functional capabilities of controlled fermented mung bean sourdough containing saffron petal extract, it can be used as a natural improver in the bakery industries.

Measuring urban resilience can help develop appropriate strategies and policies for cities facing unexpected shocks and their consequences. Since urban resilience is a complex concept and difficult to operationalize, developing a technique or method to actualize this concept is a major milestone in understanding the factors and interactions that help create and maintain resilience. Tehran's metropolis has a high concentration of industries, government organizations, services, and facilities, which makes its management very complicated when a natural disaster occurs. Previous conditions or inherent socio-economic characteristics show that Tehran is not immune from flood forces. In fact, it is important to measure resilience against urban disasters for areas located on rivers in Tehran due to its inherent characteristics and spatial-temporal changes of floods in the region. This research focuses on measuring the resilience of the areas located on the rivers of Tehran. The measurement approach is based on creating a composite index based on six dimensions of social, economic, institutional, infrastructure, social capital, and environmental resilience against floods. This research has been done by developing a mixed multi-criteria decision-making method. The AHP model has been used for prioritizing the selected indicators and the TOPSIS model has been used to rank the areas located on the rivers of Tehran city based on their resilience levels. The results show that region 22 is the most resilient region, while regions 4, 5, and 14 have the lowest resilience levels. The findings of this research can help urban planning organizations such as Tehran Research Planning Center to integrate disaster resilience in urban planning and change from reactive plans to preventive urban adaptive strategies such as risk-sensitive urban land use planning.

The aim of this study was to identify and explain the aesthetic components of the curriculum based on the spiritual Masnavi, to introduce the coordinates of the Islamic-Iranian aesthetic curriculum. This research is a qualitative research and in terms of method is qualitative content analysis with a conventional approach. The field of this research is the book of Masnavi Manavi, in the amount of twenty five thousand six hundred and fifty five verses. Which has identified the explicit and aesthetic meanings and concepts of the curriculum in the verses of Masnavi Manavi through coding. After analyzing the content of the poems in the book Masnavi Manavi, finally 10 main components of the aesthetics of the curriculum were identified and discovered. Accordingly, the aesthetic components of the curriculum derived from the spiritual Masnavi include: self-knowledge, insight, appropriateness, love, freedom, criticism, respect for differences, perfectionism, holism and initiative. The components of aesthetics extracted from the spiritual Masnavi as a valuable source of Islamic-Iranian education, is able to provide a complete global model in the direction of using the valuable dimensions of the aesthetics curriculum in all areas of education. A species that, with its indigenous characteristics, is more relevant and acceptable to philosophical, Islamic-Iranian concerns.

 Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune-driven chronic systemic inflammatory disease. It could result in miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and preterm labor, among other unfavorable pregnancy outcomes. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with RA.

 Two cohorts of pregnant women with and without RA referred to the Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital's Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic in Zanjan, Iran, during 2019-2020 were enrolled in a retrospective matched cohort study. Using their medical records, each participant completed a checklist of study variables. We used binary Logistic regression, chi-square test, Analysis of Variance, and independent samples t-test to analyze data using SPSS v.23.

 The study included 280 pregnant women. The mean age of the RA and control group (pregnant women without RA) was 32.4 ± 6.6 and 29.5 ± 6.7 years, respectively. The most prevalent adverse outcome was spontaneous abortion (54, 19.28%), which was significantly higher in the RA group (25% vs. 13.6%, P= 0.015). Cesarean section (24.3% vs. 10.7%, P= 0.003) and low birth weight (LBW) were both significantly higher in the RA group (15% vs. 5%, P= 0.005). RA increased the probability of spontaneous abortion, cesarean section, and LBW by more than 1.3 (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.45-5.46; P= 0.017), 2.2 (odds ratio, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.29-6.54; P =0.004), and 2.6 (odds ratio, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.86-7.05; P= 0.008) times, respectively.

 Pregnant women with RA are more likely to experience spontaneous abortion, cesarean section, and having LBW infants comparing to pregnant women without RA.

With the increase in population and urbanization, the cities expanded with an uneven trend and without paying attention to the quality of urban design. This has caused many problems, including social dissociation among citizens and a decrease in presence in urban spaces, including historical structures (buildings and surrounding spaces). One of the ways to promote presence in urban spaces, including pedestrian streets located in historical structures, is to use various events. Shiraz's Hafeziye walkway, with its proximity to the historical element "Hafeziye Tomb", can be one of the suitable event-oriented spaces.For this purpose, in this research, the measurement of quality of eventfulness in urban pedestrian streets with the application of urban design audit was done. After library studies to compile and field observations to verify the factors of event orientation in urban pedestrian streets, using the snowball sampling method, a focal group consisting of a group of city experts was identified. By attending in the Hafeziye walkway, they scored the mentioned criteria.The results indicated that although the Hafeziye walkway has some deficiency in reaching the event-oriented space, but due to the existing potentials has a unique and memorable character that allows the establishment of various events. These existing potentials include having a great cultural and historical background, numerous event halls, event-oriented open space, safety movement of pedestrians in the area, maintenance and conservation of the Hafeziye facade, air quality, width, length and suitable slope of the walkway. In addition, at the end of the research, the authors noted strategies and policies to promote eventfulness in the Hafeziye walkway.

Natural honey is a proper substrate to isolate probiotic bacteria. Characterization of probiotic and antifungal properties of microorganisms isolated from food ecosystems such as natural honey that have been less studied is an interesting task. In the present study, after molecular identification of a predominant lactic acid bacterium (LAB) isolated from the natural honey, its probiotic properties and antifungal effect were investigated. Then, the antibacterial (spot method) and antifungal (overlay method) activities of the LAB isolate were evaluated against some foodborne microorganisms. Sequencing results of the PCR products led to the identification of Enterococcus faecium. Survival rate of the isolate in simulated gastrointestinal conditions was equal to 20.68%, and its antibacterial and antifungal effects on Salmonella enterica and Aspergillus niger were also 31.06 and 32.35% inhibition, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the other foodborne indicators studied. Furthermore, the isolate had a proper antibiotic resistance profile, and it had no hemolytic activity. Auto-aggregation ability of the isolate was also equal to 32.34%, and its co-aggregation with Escherichia coli, S. enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus was 34.29, 21.35, 15.58 and 14.98%, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the E. faecium isolated from honey can be used as probiotic and/or protective culture in food industry.

In recent years, resilience has become a fixed concept in the analysis of dynamic systems. Also, this concept is widely used in dynamic spatial systems such as cities. Due to the fact that the urban areas located along the rivers have always been under the threat of flooding; Therefore, this article aims to investigate the resilience of districts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality located on the river course against floods. The current article is of an exploratory type, which was carried out with a descriptive-analytical method, to collect information from the library and survey method using a questionnaire, and to measure the resilience of selected localities, the factor analysis technique and the T-Test statistical test were performed using the SPSS software. The research findings show that the highest average value of 3.59 is related to the economic dimension and the lowest average value of 3.20 is related to the physical dimension. At the same time, the overall average level of resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality is 3.39, a number lower than the theoretical average (4); Also, the findings of the research indicate that from the combination of 46 variables, ten factors have been identified, which explains 70.15% of the variance of the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality. Among these ten extracted factors, the economic and financial factor is the most important, and the first factor, with a specific value of 8.65 has been able to explain 18.81% of the research variance alone. Finally, the result of the present article shows that the physical dimension is very important in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality; Because six of the ten factors: planning and preparation, recovery and self-organization, compliance with principles and laws, critical infrastructure, fortifications and vulnerability, and access to open and safe spaces and centers related to crisis management, are physical. These six factors together explain and interpret nearly half (49.60%) of all the effective factors in the resilience of the neighborhoods located on the rivers in areas 1, 2, 3, 5, and 22 of Tehran municipality.

The present research aimed at the research synthesis of multicultural education studies in Iran. The research had a qualitative research synthesis method, and its statistical population consisted of domestic multicultural articles from 2002-2022. A total of 35 articles were selected as research samples using purposive sampling until theoretical data saturation. The scientific sources were analyzed through six steps adapted from Gough, Oliver, and Thomas (2012). Further, the results were coded and categorized based on Klein's nine curriculum levels, and then the model was designed. Based on the results, the objective element comprised justice orientation, revival and development of culture, and unity and solidarity. The content element comprised content flexibility and multicultural content. The learning activity element included multicultural activities and tasks. The teaching-learning strategy element comprised diverse teaching, recognition of ethnic groups, and teaching multicultural teachers. The grouping element included group strengthening and multicultural grouping. The educational content element included the diversity of sources and multicultural knowledge. The time element comprised time diversity, and scheduling. The place element included spatial diversity and multicultural diversity. Finally, the evaluation element comprised diversity in evaluation, and multicultural evaluation. Based on the results, the model had the necessary validity.

Schizophrenia is the most devastating psychiatric disease characterized by psychotic symptoms and individual dysfunction in different dimensions. Considering the burden of the disease on the family, society and healthcare system, proper planning to provide mental health services requires basic information and knowing the volume and characteristics of the problem in any population is an important issue. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the demographic and clinical characteristics of schizophrenia patients.

In this descriptive study, all the available files (216 files) of patients with schizophrenia hospitalized in the Panj-Azar Medical Education Center in Gorgan in the period from 2019 to 2021 as the total number of cases  were investigated. Demographic information and clinical characteristics collection form was used to collect data. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 16 software and descriptive statisticsand analytical .

The findings showed that the majority of affected people were women (69.2%). Also, the demographic status of the patients includes single (53.4%) with an age range of 31-40 years 35.1%), Fars ethnicity (59.1%), unemployed (55.3%), with a intermediate Education (25.5%), with birth rank 1 (20.7%), paranoid form (32.7%), with an average of 25.31 days of hospitalization and an average number of hospitalizations of 4.38 times.

Considering that most of the patients are female, young and unmarried, these findings can be used for health planning such as screening, identification, referral of patients, preventive measures according to the above variables and identification of high-risk people.

Urban planning in developing countries is limited to providing strategies and policies which are seldom efficient. The lack of preparation in facing crises will lead to an increase of material and moral damages, and the process of recovery from the crisis will take time. Since one of the basic human needs affected by the crisis is having access to a shelter and receiving services in the first hours of the crisis, crisis management support shelters become very effective in providing relief to the survivors. Accordingly, this study investigates the role of urban planning in post-disaster recovery and the site selection of crisis management support shelters in District 3 of Shiraz Municipality. This research is of descriptive-analytical type done through library method to collect the required data. Use of theoretical foundations and research literature as well as the majority of experiences in site selection of crisis management support shelters or temporary settlements would lead to 11 components including population density, land value, type of land use, building quality, neighborhood, building density, multipurpose usage, distance from dangerous activities, access to open spaces, site accessibility and efficiency of infrastructure related to urban transportation in three main criteria, including demographic and economic characteristics, physical and functional characteristics, as well as transportation, accessibility, and urban infrastructures, with the study being evaluated based on these components. In this process, experts' opinions about the components have been obtained by a researcher-made questionnaire and the components have been valued using the ANP method. Then, in the ARC GIS software, base maps have been prepared and integrated. The final output was presented with eight susceptible areas. These areas can be presented in three prioritizations. The priority is allocated to the plannable lands of the Shiraz University of Technology, the plannable lands of the Natural History Museum, and the plannable lands located in the middle of the site. The second priority is Jahannam Garden, Shiraz Central Library, and National Park, and the third priority is Hafiziyah Stadium and the University of Science and Literature.

The purpose of the current research is to extract the components of teachers' cultural knowledge. The research method is the synthesis of related research works in the period from 2000 to 2020 taken from internal and international databases. A number of 533 scientific researches were identified and after the necessary checks, 34 researches were included in the first stage of synthesis. Using the evaluator to recode the findings, clearly state what has been done, and the presence of definite and defensible indicators to select the input studies was used to improve the credibility of the research. According to the findings, 11 components were identified in the field of teachers' cultural knowledge; component of intercultural issues; students' culture; general culture; indigenous culture; culture and social issues; multiculturalism; culture and education; cultural values; cultural identity; Organizational culture and culture and teacher education.

Recurrence of ALL in the central nervous system, CNS Relapse, is known as a poor prognostic factor. Few studies have been performed on the CNS Relapse in adults with ALL. This study aimed to evaluate the recurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the central nervous system, CNS relapse, in adults with ALL.

Seventy newly diagnosed patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia aged 15 years and older referred to Seyyed Al-Shohada Hospital in Isfahan between 2014 and 2019 were included in this study. All patients treated with the Hyper-CVAD regimen underwent prophylaxis for the central nervous system based on the risk of CNS relapse. All study participants with CNS relapse underwent intrathecal chemotherapy.

The median age of patients was 34 years. Four patients (5.7%) had primary central nervous system involvement. Out of 70 patients receiving the Hyper-CVAD regimen, 59 (84.2%) achieved complete remission. Of the 59 patients achieving CR, ten (16.94%) developed CNS relapse.The median duration of CR before CNS relapse was 21 weeks. Out of 10 patients with CNS relapse, seven (70%) achieved complete remission. Of seven patients achieving CR in the central nervous system, one had a second recurrence in the central nervous system, but finally achieved CNS complete remission. The median survival of patients after CNS relapse was four months. The results also showed that out of 10 patients with CNS relapse, four (40%) survived one year.

This study shows that the prognosis of CNS relapse in adults with ALL has not improved much. Limited studies have been conducted on the recurrence of the central nervous system in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Therefore, further studies on CNS relapse after complete remission of ALL are required to clarify more details.

Psychological factors might play a role in the onset and exacerbation of cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to determine the relationship between Alexithymia and Emotional Maturity with the mediation of Attachment Styles among cardiovascular patients in Zanjan, Iran. The present study has a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population of this study encompassed a range of 670 patients with cardiovascular diseases who were referred to the Cardiology Clinic of Ayatollah Mousavi Hospital in Zanjan from March and August 2019. The sample size was estimated to be 244 people using Cochran formula. Data collection tools included Hazen and Shaver’s standard adult attachment style questionnaire, Toronto’s ataxia, and Singh and Bhargava questionnaires. The Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analyses were done using SPSS 24 software. There was a positive correlation between alexithymia with emotional instability (r=0.14, P<0.01), personality decay (r=0.36, P<0.01), and emotional maturity (r=0.38, P<0.01). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that emotional instability (P=0.009), personality decay (P=0.016), and emotional immaturity (P=0.009) significantly predicted secure style. Additionally, difficulty in describing emotions significantly predicted avoidant style (P=0.034). Emotional maturity (P=0.006) and difficulty recognizing emotions (P=0.009) also significantly predicted ambivalent style. Personality traits and emotional alexithymia can be used as indicators for predicting attachment styles and social behaviors, and specifically, lack of emotional stability, personality disintegration, and emotional alexithymia can predict secure and ambivalent styles to some extent. Also, difficulty in describing emotions and emotional immaturity have the ability to predict the avoidant style. These results can help to better understand individual behaviors and design solutions to improve behavior.

The Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the largest countries that accommodates Afghan immigrants. However, the Iranian government lacks a unified and national policy towards accommodating immigrants.  Initially, the government pursued an open-door policy towards immigration, but after a decade it shifted its stance towards limitations, repatriation, and even deportation of immigrants. It appeared as if the government was identifying individuals who should be removed from Iran. It would be beneficial to integrate ideas and resources from a variety of academic disciplines and fields of study to gain a deeper insight into the broader dynamics of how immigrant groups are perceived as others in Iran. By concentrating on this level of analysis, policymakers can better comprehend how the overarching social structures and phenomena impact individual attitudes and identities. Likewise, this approach allows for an understanding of how people’s attitudes and identities, in turn, affect social structures. In this respect, the primary question of the present study is: What mechanisms are at play in the process of labeling immigrants as others, according to the Iranian political science experts and political sociologists?

Literature Review:

In general, when discussing the dynamics between immigrants (referred to as newcomers) and the host population (the dominant group), the concept of other is commonly employed, specifically in reference to newcomers. The presence of a national identity implies the existence of other groups, nations, or individuals that are not part of the host group, prompting group members to emphasize their distinctiveness.The specific concept of nation–state leads to the formulation of specific immigration policies and strategies for integrating minority groups within host societies. Based on this assumption, several major integration models have been proposed. First, the model of assimilation, which does not grant special rights to minorities, primarily intends to fully integrate all immigrants into the society and foster the development of a homogeneous society.The second is a pluralistic model known as multiculturalism, which operates on the premise that successful integration is ensured if the public tolerates the plural identities of minorities and immigrants and recognizes their unique needs.This model manifests itself in two primary forms. In the United States, cultural diversity and ethnic communities are officially recognized, but the government does not actively play a role in enforcing social justice or supporting the preservation of ethnic cultures.The second variant of multiculturalism is a matter of public policy, in which efforts are made to promote integration and eliminate the barriers that immigrants might encounter in the host societies, thereby erasing the otherness they may experience. The third model is the differentiation approach, which is distinct from integration and instead emphasizes the differences between the native population and immigrants. The primary objective of this model is not to facilitate the integration of future immigrants into the host society but rather to isolate them. The differentiation model perceives immigrants as foreign and temporary components of society, rather than as a permanent and inseparable part.According to this model, minorities may face poor employment conditions, low income, and high poverty rates. Such conditions can result in densely populated, low-income areas and increased residential segregation. In this context, the presence of isolated and marginalized communities is seen as evidence of a lack of integration that poses a threat to the target society.

The study used a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. The  target population of the study comprised professors of sociology and political science at four universities in Tehran, namely the University of Tehran, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Kharazmi University, and the Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies. The purposive sampling was used to select the participants who had authored a book, article, or research project. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, involving ten professors to address the research question. The interviews continued until data saturation was reached. After conducting seven interviews, data repletion became apparent, but an additional three participants were interviewed to ensure data saturation. The collected interview data was manually analyzed following Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method in three key steps: 1) Generating and categorizing similar codes, 2) identifying sub-themes, and 3) Identifying main themes. Feedback from the respondents was sought to validate the research quality. Furthermore, to avoid misinterpretation, an independent reviewer was asked to evaluate the codes derived from the data.

The data gathered from the interviews revealed various othering mechanisms. These encompassed the main themes of economic, cultural, and legal mechanisms. The economic mechanisms included the sub-theme of the exploitation of migrant labor force. The cultural mechanisms included social stigma, cultural stigma, and the neglect of immigrants' cultural capital as sub-themes. Finally, the legal mechanisms were comprised of three sub-themes: the deprivation of bank card access, the denial of health insurance services, and the restriction of access to driving licenses.

According to the findings, one of the primary mechanisms for categorizing immigrants as others is the exploitation of migrant labor force, which is a component of the economic mechanisms. It appears that the vulnerability of the migrant labor force is deeply rooted in the long-term changes in Iran’s political economy. These changes have gradually resulted in the weakening of government support for the immigrant working class on one hand, and the normalization of using cheap labor to meet the needs of employers as a legitimate goal of neoliberal capitalist development, on the other hand.The cultural mechanisms of othering involved criminalizing immigrants through the use of social stigmas. Immigrants are frequently portrayed and blamed as the cause of increased crime and order-related challenges in the cities. Furthermore, immigrants are sometimes perceived as threats to national security.Another mechanism used to label immigrants as others is portraying them as inferior through the cultural stigma often referred to as Hazareh. Given the fact the residents of Hazareh have endured centuries of persecution by various Afghan groups due to their ethnicity and religion, this kind of labeling further subjects them to the double otherness. Neglecting immigrants’ cultural capital constitutes another mechanism for cultural alienation. Neglecting the cultural capital leads to the disregard of other forms of capital, such as economic and symbolic capital, ultimately hindering the integration of immigrants into the host society.The interviewees expressed the belief that various aspects of the law contribute to the alienation of immigrants. Since most Afghan immigrants are seeking better economic opportunities in Iran, financial services play a significant role in achieving their goal during their stay in Iran. However, their legal status has led to the exclusion of many immigrants from the formal, mainstream financial sector. Consequently, they are compelled to turn to alternative services offered in the informal sector. Moreover, due to their restricted legal status, most immigrants are unable to access any insurance services. In general, the prevailing cultural climate in Iran, coupled with legal constraints and the shortcomings in policy formulation, has contributed to the immigrant other and hindered the integration of immigrants into Iranian society.

The problem of allocation of financial resources in projects is one of the most important problems of mathematical optimization. Incorrect allocation of financial resources can lead to project failure, increased costs, and reduced profitability. The importance of this issue has led to the modeling of a financial resource allocation problem for sustainable projects under uncertainty in this article. A fuzzy programming method was used to control model parameters and GSSA, GA, and SSA algorithms were used to solve the model. In the mathematical model, the goal was to optimize the objective function consisting of predicted return, investment risk, and project sustainability. Mathematical calculation results showed that meta-heuristic algorithms have high efficiency in achieving optimal solutions in a short time. so that the average time to solve them was less than 10 seconds. Also, the calculation results showed that increasing the uncertainty rate leads to increasing the value of the objective function and creating a distance from the optimal point. This is due to increasing costs and decreasing profits in sustainable projects. Finally, usage the TOPSIS method, the ranking of solving algorithms was done, and the GSSA algorithm was the most efficient algorithm among other algorithms with a desirability weight of 0.846.

The aim of this study was to identify the components of social capital from domestic and foreign validity and evaluate its position in upstream documents and social studies books of elementary school. The studied samples included three categories of external and internal resources related to social capital, upstream documents (document of fundamental transformation of education, document of national curriculum and approved goals of elementary school) and textbooks of social studies textbooks for third to sixth grades. The research method used was meta-combined, during which quantitative content analysis was used to evaluate upstream documents and social studies books in elementary school. Findings from meta-composition indicated that social capital can be evaluated in the form of 10 major components: evaluation and selection of information resources, social communication, social trust, social participation, social cohesion, social responsibility, social justice, acceptance of cultural, linguistic and religious diversity. Social support, social norms and 49 sub-components. Analysis of the content of upstream documents also showed that the conceptual framework mentioned in the Transformation Document and the National Curriculum has been considered to the desired extent, but the approved goals of the elementary school have not been able to move towards them and have been neglected in social studies textbooks. The main negligence has been in the components of evaluating and selecting information sources (using the media, knowing the environment, trying to discover the truth of information) and social cohesion (solidarity with others over the interests of the country and commitment to society).

The relationship between religion and political power is one of the important issues regarding the intellectual system and political action. The current research with analytical-comparative method is the relationship between religion and politics in the works and writings of Tensor and Machiavelli. Therefore, with a comparative method and also with the application of Skinner's method in understanding the internal logic of the texts, Tensor's writings have been examined by focusing on his religious-political ideas in accordance with Machiavelli's opinions in his books. Therefore, the main research question is what is the relationship between religion and politics from the perspective of Machiavelli and Tensor? The findings of the research show that Machiavelli believed that religion and politics are two separate elements, and in cases where they intersect, politics has special precedence over religion. In general, it can be said that the main essence of Tensor's and Machiavelli's works is that there should be a serious difference and distinction between religion and the necessities of politics. Although in Tensar's works, the alignment of religion and politics is quite tangible, but in the relationship between religion and politics, religion has always been left aside in favor of politics and power, under the guise of expediency and heresy.

The purpose of this study is to Designing an Intercultural Curriculum Framework for Teacher- Students at Farhangian University. The present study was based on a qualitative approach and phenomenological method with the presence of 18 participants among curriculum and sociology specialists using purposive sampling method and semi-structured interviews. The analyzes were based on open, axial and selective coding. In-depth analysis of the interviews resulted in identifying and categorizing the features of intercultural education curriculum. It can be argued that Intercultural training curriculum framework consists of 4 elements of purpose, content, teaching-learning methods and methods of evaluation. Themes oversee the objectives of the Intercultural education curriculum in three basic dimensions (cognitive, emotional / attitudinal, and skill). Promoting respect for values and differences in the educational content section; Emphasis on the preservation and transmission of cultural heritage; Emphasis on social interaction; The disadvantage of emphasizing the avoidance of racism; Adaptation to the local historical identity of different ethnic groups; Paying attention to the role of Iranian ethnic groups in maintaining national independence; Attention to national and ethnic cohesion; Attention to cultural diversity; Attention to teaching indigenous and local languages; Attention to cultivating cultural self-awareness; Promoting justice and equality; Attention to different heavenly religions; Accept differences. In the section of teaching-learning methods, role-playing; Demonstration method; Project method; Collaborative teaching method; Scientific teaching method; Reliance method; Brain Enhancement Method; Problem solving method; The method of the courts; Group discussion method. The element of evaluation, as the last element in the intercultural curriculum from the perspective of the study groups in the form of: functional test; Observational evaluation; Oral evaluation; Paper pencil test; Skill-based tasks; Self-assessment; Peer assessment were identified.

Neoliberal policies have changed the urban realities in the informal settlements of the impoverished in Iran, affecting the struggles of the lower classes to provide and improve housing. However, scholars in the great majority of urban studies, without considering the broader context of political economy, use conventional conceptual tools that are insufficient for comprehending the dynamic and complicated lives of the poor in these settlements.  These studies are largely silent on how the implementation of Structural Adjustment Programs via new urban policies such as privatization of public properties, price liberalization, and deregulation may result in significant changes in informal settlements and, as a result, in the housing practices of subaltern residents in these areas. This study, which focuses on one of the post-liberalization periods (2011-2013), addresses the central question of how the informal housing politics of Iran's urban poor have changed following the Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment. This research’s theoretical starting point is the quiet encroachment of the ordinary, which has been rethought in light of its findingsUsing a qualitative research design, the poor communities of the cities of Golestan and Nasim Shahr in the suburbs of Tehran are the primary focus of this study. Observation, personal interviews (with ordinary people, officials of urban organizations, and local informants), and document review (people’s letters to authorities, archives of local and national newspapers, administrative correspondence, official reports, and journals and books) were used to generate and collect data.The findings of this research indicate that the increasing marketization of the informal realms has significantly prevented the impoverished from illegally acquiring the resources, facilities, and opportunities necessary for constructing shelter or has made achieving this objective costly and difficult. The substantial shift in the disenfranchised’s strategy from horizontal encroachment on lands to vertical encroachment on homes, as well as the expansion of tenancy in the deprived and marginalized settlements, are indicative of this reality. Even in remote areas, the pervasive presence of market forces throughout the socio-spatial configuration may aid state surveillance apparatuses and prevent the occupation of uncontrolled holes by impoverished people. According to the evidence, there is a significant population of poor tenants in deprived villages, where it is easier to violate the law to seize land and construct housing.Under neoliberal policies, “informal” or marginal areas, which Bayat views as a potential alternative to enduring the hardships of the modern world, have increasingly become a battleground for the incursion of disempowering market forces.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the lived experiences of students from the culture of virtual education in higher education. This qualitative research was carried out using the phenomenological method. The method of collecting information was using semi-structured interviews. For this purpose, using criteria-based and chain method, data was collected by interviewing 17 students who were familiar with the phenomenon in question and were analyzed through content analysis. Lincoln and Guba’s evaluation criteria were used to ensure the credibility of the research. The analysis of the interviews indicated 1 global theme, 3 organizing themes at the first level, 11 organizing themes at the second level, and 27 basic themes. The results of the research indicated that the influential items in the culture of virtual education in higher education include: the loss of student identity, the loss of student associations, the loss of student scientific circles, the loss of professors' identity, lack of effective communication and networking. between professors, the loss of collaborative scientific projects, an angled view of virtual education, unfamiliarity with virtual education, the loss of the physical structure of the university, dry and one-sided communication, the increase in superficial learning, the increase in the amount of scientific fraud, the promotion of academic freedom, the loss Scientific dictatorship, the disappearance of academic exploitation, the disappearance of the covert power of some professors, the increase of cooperative learning, the opening of technical language, the improvement of student satisfaction, the lack of familiarity with technology, the perception of virtual education as a trivial matter, the sameness of learning in face-to-face education and virtual, the fruitlessness of the war between virtual and face-to-face education, delegating authority to students in choosing the type of education, lack of structures for both virtual and face-to-face education, planning based on conditions, emphasizing the principle of learning.

The aim of this study was to identify the priority educational needs of nomadic preschool students in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province using exploratory mixed method type of tool development model. In the qualitative section, 12 specialists and experts with experience in teaching in the nomadic field were selected as potential participants by purposive sampling, and initial qualitative data were obtained through interviews. The data alignment criterion was used to measure the initial validity of the data. Also, with the content analysis method, the initial framework of the model of nomadic preschool educational needs was formed. In the second part, in the form of a descriptive-quantitative research method through a questionnaire created from the qualitative part, the opinions of 150 nomadic preschool teachers and educators of the province who were selected by available sampling method by Friedman formula, 58 educational needs were prioritized in three areas of cognition, skill and attitude. The results showed that the highest educational needs in the field of cognition related to (teaching the alphabet to recognize words both beginning and end), environmental education and creativity education; In the field of skills related to formal (spoken) language teaching, personal and public hygiene education and family communication and life skills training; In the field of attitude related to the training of individual independence and choice, training tends to discipline and of training self-esteem.