فهرست مطالب ata amini

Floods cause loss of life and financial losses every year, and their management is one of the essential elements of watershed management. In this research, an attempt is made to determine the flood susceptibility of the Sirwan watershed and finally the importance of various environmental factors in flood susceptibility based on historical flood events.

In this research, the maximum entropy model along with 13 topographical, hydrological, morpho-hydrological, geological, and environmental flood-affecting factors were used to model the flood susceptibility of the Sirwan watershed and determine the importance and percentage of participation of various factors in the state of flooding potential. A cellular computing unit (pixel) was chosen as the criterion for preparing the predictive factors and flood susceptibility maps. A total of 123 historical flood inundation events detected in the last decade were used as target variables in the model, of which 70% were considered for learning and the remaining 30% for validating the model results. To evaluate the performance of the model, the criterion of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was also used.

The results indicate that the accuracy of learning and validation were 98.2% and 97.3%, respectively, indicating the excellent performance of the model. Based on the visual interpretation of the flood susceptibility map, streams with a higher order near the watershed outlet, which are the conduits for the passage of the flow with a larger volume and are located in lower areas, often have a higher proneness to flood inundation. Based on the results of the relative importance test, the four factors of distance from the stream, topographic wetness index, drainage density, and land use were introduced as the most important factors in the modeling flood susceptibility, with of 17, 13, 12 and 10% participation, respectively. These results show that natural hydrological, morpho-hydrological and environmental factors (both natural and man-made) have a mutual effect in increasing flooding susceptibility. Based on the quantitative analysis of modeling, about 0.76% (5600 hectares) of the studied area is in the high and very high flood susceptibility class, which requires planning and flood management.

The high classification of flood susceptibility classes in the Sirwan watershed of Kurdistan province and the determination of the importance of environmental factors in the event of flooding make it possible for managers to take an effective preventive approach by planning relief facilities and infrastructure. To reduce the risk of flooding, flood crisis management in the Sirwan watershed should be defined based on the four main factors identified in this study. Application of the maximum entropy model in flood susceptibility analysis is suggested for flood management of watersheds.

One of the landscape management approaches is the construction of bridges along the rivers. On the other hand, the bridge scouring is a serious damage to river engineering as the main source of water and sustaining planet life. Accordingly, in this research, using field data, the accuracy of empirical methods, genetic algorithm (GA), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM), and combined method were compared in estimating scour depth of simple bridge piers. In the GA method, a number of empirical relationships were modified and the results of these modified relationships were compared with the measured scour values. In the LSSVM method, through the input of different independent parameters, model training was performed, and scour depth was predicted. In the combined method, using the LSSVM model from combining the results of different individual relations, the scour depth of the bridge piers was estimated. The results showed that modified relationships by genetic algorithm and LSSVM model have higher accuracy than empirical methods. Also, if only the parameters used in the empirical relationships are included as input parameters to the LSSVM model, the modified relationships have less error than the LSSVM model. The statistical evaluation criteria of RMSE, E, R2, and NSE for the best state of the combined method were 0.4 m, 49%, 0.88, and 0.58 respectively in the training stage and 0.52 m, 50%, 0.7, and 0.38 respectively in the test stage. In general, the combined method estimates scouring depth with higher accuracy than other methods.

Land use change reporting over time is necessary to assess and monitor the state of natural and agricultural resources. Knowing about the change of use is necessary to identify the priorities of public investment in the management of natural resources and to evaluate its effectiveness. The purpose of land change investigation is land use management. Among the management cases, we can mention the evaluation of the effect of economic activities and development on the environment. In such cases, these organized reports are the best sources of decision-making. Land use management can ensure that resources are used efficiently and people's future resources are preserved. This process is the main component of a development plan. Timely and accurate detection of land use changes is the basis for a better understanding of the relationships and interactions between humans and natural phenomena, and as a result, provides better management and more appropriate use of natural resources. Satellite images as a type of remote sensing data are well used in the field of natural sciences for quantitative and qualitative measurement of land cover changes. The construction of the Houzian dam in 2015 and also the expansion of mines and construction in the natural resources of Aligudarz city in Lorestan province and also the lack of accurate statistics on the amount of land cover/use changes in the region make such research necessary. In the present study, land use changes in Aligudarz city were investigated during nine years for the years 2012 and 2014 with the help of multi-spectral satellite images and the artificial neural network. In the structure of the artificial neural network, numerous nodes work together in parallel with the purpose of processing. Each node is a data structure. This data structure is placed in a communication network with each other and the network is taught by humans.

In this study, several key steps were used to prepare and identify LULC changes in Aligudarz city, which include data pre-processing, image processing and classification implementation as well as validation. The required images were selected among the available images in such a way that they have minimum cloud cover and maximum greenness in the plants and trees in the area, and the date of the images are related to the same month. This study uses land use change detection in the east of Aligudarz county using Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS images. The spatial resolution of these images was improved to 15 m using the fusion technique and panchromatic band. At first, preliminary pre-processing including radiometric, atmospheric, and geometric corrections were done on the raw data. The geometric correction was done with the RMS square root error of 0.22 pixels. Radiometric and atmospheric corrections were done in ENVI 5.3 software using Radiometric Calibration and Quick Atmospheric Correction tools. The artificial neural network method was used to prepare land use maps for 2013 and 2021. The neural network structure used in this research is a three-layer perceptron neural network, which includes seven input neurons (number of satellite image bands), eleven intermediate neurons, and six output neurons (number of land cover map classes). The classification accuracy was evaluated quantitatively by comparing the LULC classes obtained from the training phase with the data obtained from the testing phase. The classification accuracy was evaluated quantitatively by comparing the LULC classes obtained from the training phase with the data obtained from the testing phase. In this study, the points taken from the ground surface and Google Earth Pro 7.3.4.8642, using the error matrix and the Confusion Matrix Using Ground Truth ROIs tool were used. Detection of changes between two classified maps was done with Change Detection Statistics and Workflow Change Image and Spear Change Detection tools.

The results of this study showed that the artificial neural network has an acceptable performance in investigating land use changes and, The Kappa coefficient for 2013 and 2021 was 0.83 and 0.71%, respectively. Due to the construction of Houzian Dam in 2016, water areas have witnessed an increase of 1.34%. Also, the construction of the dam has led to an increase in the area under irrigated cultivation, so the area under cultivation in 2021 experienced an increase of 5.53% compared to 2013. In addition, the construction of the dam has caused the highlands to decrease by 4.30 %. Because the water of the dam has been used to irrigate the highlands where there was not enough water to irrigate them before the construction of the dam. The area of mines has increased by 0.23% during the studied period. The area of uncovered regions has decreased by 1.74% compared to 2013. Also, the area of habitation regions has decreased by 1.06% to 18.18 square kilometers in 2021.

The survey of the land use map of Aligudarz showed that the heights and water areas have the largest and smallest areas, respectively. The results of this study showed that in the years after the construction of Houzian dam compared to before its construction. The total area of water and total vegetation has increased. Since the construction of a dam in an area has short-term and long-term effects, it should be noted that the increase in vegetation and the cultivated area is considered a short-term effect. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the impact of creating this water structure in the region's ecosystem in the long term by forecasting models. In the investigation of mines, the appearance of water areas indicates an increase in the depth of excavation. Since this city is an important center for stone production, the absence of a specialized regulatory body on the number of harvests and the impact of mining on the environment is felt in this region. Another part of the increase in water areas is due to the existence of errors in the classification of land use in the artificial neural network. In using the results of this research, it is important to mention that these results were obtained for the area of the dam and the increase in vegetation caused by the construction of the dam cannot be generalized to the entire basin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the climate suitability map of pistachio planting in the northwestern provinces of the country. Accordingly, the climate suitability map of pistachio planting was prepared based on long-term meteorological data using weighted overlap modeling in GIS environment. The accuracy of the mentioned map was evaluated by comparing it with the pistachio orchards map that located in this area using the Receiver Operating Curve (ROC). The results showed that 33, 33.4, 60 and 12.4% of the study area in East and West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, and Ardabil provinces are suitable for pistachio cultivation respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for the mentioned provinces were calculated as 0.9, 0.8, 0.9, and 0.62, respectively, which in general indicates the high accuracy of the results. In Ardabil province, insufficient attention to the limitation of high relative humidity in different stages of pollination, and fruit growth in the construction of pistachio orchards has caused a low area AUC. Citing the results of the climate suitability of pistachio cultivation map can be a good guide for site selection of new orchards and therefore, the reduction of crop yield due to climatic hazards will be minimized.

In recent years, with the change of use and development of agricultural lands in the country's basins, the rate of erosion and sediment production has increased. Given that in most sub-basins, the long term data of sedimentation stations have not been recorded, it is difficult to estimate the amount of sedimentation and erosion. The objectives of this study was to determine the factors influencing erosion and sedimentation and to determine the quantitative values of erosion in the Khorkhoreh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. For this purpose, first, using topographic maps, geology and aerial photographs in GIS environment, type and shape maps of erosion were prepared and evaluated by field survey. Based on the MPSIAC model, the nine factors influencing erosion for all sub-basins were identified separately and the scores of each factor were determined. By summing the factors, the degree of sedimentation for each sub-basin was determined and the amount of sedimentation and special erosion and total erosion in each sub-basin were calculated. The results showed that the topographic factors and the current state of erosion have the most role and the weather factor has the least role in the sedimentation rate of the basin.Moreover, 92% of the total basin has a high degree of sedimentation in the fourth order erosion class. The amount of Sediment Delivery Ratio of the basin (SDR) varies between 32 and 50 percent. The lowest and highest specific erosion rates in different sub-basins were 10 and 35 ton/ha.yr, respectively. Also, the amount of special sediment and special erosion of the whole basin was 6.4 and 17.4 ton/ha.yr, respectively.

In order to plan and recognize the destructive condition of the watershed, it is indispensable to know the extent of erosion and sedimentation produced from each basin. In this study, the soil erosion and sediment estimation of the Khorkhoreh basin using Sediment Rating Curves were investigated. By integrating geological and geomorphological layers in GIS and removing polygons under 6 ha, 24 working units and 68 sub-basins were attained. To identify the erosion type through field visits, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) scoring was carried out in each work unit. Using the sediment curve, the amount of total suspended load in the basin was obtained as 2990 ton/yr. With the calculations performed, the amount of specific sediment yield in the Khorkhoreh basin was found to be 25.3 ton/km2. All types of erosion were seen in the portions of the basin, while most of the basin area belongs to the “sensitive” and “very sensitive” to erosion classes. Examination of erosion types showed that in most of the basin’s working units, all types of erosion such as Sheet erosion, Rill erosion, Gully erosion, Channel erosion, and Stream Bank erosion can be observed.

In this study, quantitative changes in groundwater in Bijar-Divandere plain with MODFLOW code in GMS software were investigated. Aquifer simulation was performed for a period of six years and a monthly step from October 2010 to June 2016. The SPI annual drought index was calculated for the statistical period of 1987-2015. The results of groundwater simulation showed that during the annual simulation period, there was a decrease of about 0.5 m water level in the aquifer, the intensity of which varied in different areas. Therefore, due to the decrease and taking into account the area and the average amount of storage capacity of the aquifer, the volume of the aquifer has been reduced by about 1.3 MCM per year. The results showed that if the current management process continues, over the next few years we will see a sharp decline in the aquifer and irreparable damage. The results of SPI index also indicated that the drought situation was close to normal, which means that drought has a much lesser effect on the groundwater level of the aquifer in different years.

One of the problems of watershed erosion control is the lack of sediment data to accurately estimate erosion and sediment yield. Sediment estimation using empirical models is common due to its ease of use, which has somewhat remedied the lack of statistical data, but it is essential to ensure the accuracy of models. To evaluate the efficiency of MPSIAC model in Zaribar watershed, a number of sediment check-dams that were at least ten years old, were selected. After determining the depth of sediments and preparing a map using surfer software, the volume of sediments in check-dam reservoirs was calculated and the results with the estimated sediment of the hydrological unit upstream of the check-dams obtained using the MPSIAC model, were compared. The results indicated that the average of observed data of ten selected hydrological units was 0.38, the minimum sediment was 0.03 and the maximum sediment was 1.18 m3/ha.yr. The estimated amount of sediment in the model is an average of 2.02, a minimum of 0.61 and a maximum of 2.96 m3/ha.yr. The results of analysis of both methods using paired t-test showed that the difference between the means for the sedimentation values estimated using the model with the measured values at the level of 5% is not significant. Also, determining the efficiency and RMSE showed that the MPSIAC model is not suitable in study area.

Accurate estimation of dam lake evaporation is of great importance in reservoir water management. This factor has led to the installation of meteorological stations in most dams. At the meteorological station, the rate of evaporation from the lake surface is measured using an evaporation pan. Remote sensing methods are cost effective and can be generalized to the whole area. In this study, the daily evaporation rate from the surface of Suleiman Shah Lake was calculated using a combination of SEBAL algorithm and meteorological data and using five Landsat 8 satellite images. The obtained results were compared with the evaporation rate obtained from different methods. The results showed that among the combined methods, Penman Kimberly 1996 method, among other methods, Blanche-Kridel method had the highest agreement and Hafner method had the least agreement with the measured data indicated with R2, RMSE and MAE equal to 0.96, 2.78 and 5.66, respectively. The results of this study can be used to estimate evaporation in other regions with similar climates.

This study focuses on simulation and management the various hydrological responses to climatic changes. The semi-distributed hydrologic model SWAT (soil and water assessment tool) was used to evaluate runoff and water balance due to climate changes in Siminehroud and Zarrinehroud watersheds. The simulation period was selected between 1990 and 2014. The assessment results in the calibration and validation periods using the NS and R2 obtained 0.75, on average. Using statistical multisite downscaling of LARS-WG climatic models MIROC-ESM-CHEM، GFDL-ESM2M and NorESM1-M the future climatic condition entered to the model using two optimistic RCP2.6 and pessimistic RCP8.5 scenarios. The largest changes in runoff in the upcoming period, May, reduced by 2.4 m3 s-1 and in April, increased by 1.49 m3 s-1 in the optimistic scenario. In RCP8.5 pessimistic scenario in May and June, also the highest runoff was observed. The rate of actual monthly evaporation will increase in the optimistic scenario up to 3 mm and in the pessimistic scenario up to 8 mm increase will have a negative impact on the available water resources in the watershed. With estimation the climate changes and its effect on the stream flow discharge is possible performing a suitable management in Siminehroud and Zarrinehroud watersheds.

In this study, changes in flood characteristics due to the failure of Vahdat Dam (Gheshlagh) in areas where the cross section of the river has changed, because of human activities, were investigated. For this purpose, the HEC-RAS model was used to simulate the failure of the dam and the resulting flood flow. Data on the dam structures and flow of the Gheshlagh River in Kurdistan Province, on which the Vahdat Dam is located, were obtained from the Kurdistan Regional Water Company. Using the ArcMap software, after converting the digital elevation model (DEM) to a three-dimensional model (TIN), the required parameters and lines related to the cross sections on the river were drawn. This data was transferred to the HEC-RAS model. Through field studies, cross sections were corrected and Manning coefficient was measured in different zones. After preparing images of bridges and embankments along the flow path, the height of the bridge and the embankments in the flow path were measured using station GPS. The Grize Bridge and the location of the studied embankments in this study located 23 and 33 km downstream of the Vahdat Dam, respectively, were selected to investigate the changes in flood characteristics due to local narrowing. Changes in water height and width in the study areas were investigated. At the site of the Grize Bridge, the peak of flooding due to dam failure and water depth was 4773.79 m3/s and 10 m, respectively. These values ​​at the embankments were 4330.04 m3/s and 10.8 m, respectively. Comparing these numbers with the data calculated in the previous sections of these contracted sites indicates a significant reduction in the flow capacity.

Local scour around bridge piers is the most common reason for bridge failures. many bridges have fractured because the lack of attention to the importance of hydraulic factors every year. Despite extensive researches on local scour, there is no precise method for predicting scouring because of the complexity of the scour mechanism, especially in bridges with complex piers. In this research the effect of pile cap's shape on the scour hole dimensions was investigated by using physical simulation. Laboratory data were extracted of three scaled down models of complex piers with different pile cape's shape. The experiments were conducted in clear water conditions with uniform sediment and constant discharge. The models were made with an appropriate scale from real piers of bridges. During experiments water depth was kept constant and it provided shallow water depth condition. The variation of scour hole's length, width and depth was recorded. A 3D illustration of the model for each experiment was drawn. The length, width and depth of the scour hole coordinates were measured in three directions. The results illustrated that the length and width of the scour hole, the same as depth, are also significantly dependent on the shape of the pile cap and its elevation. Results showed that The maximum length, width and depth of the scour hole were,11lpc, 8.5bpc and 9T respectively. These results can be used by engineers and researchers in order to attain at a pattern for predicting the dimensions of the scour hole in the complex bridge piers.

Virtual water concepts and water productivity are considered as powerful tools for analyzing issues related to water resource management. This research was conducted to use the indicators of physical and economic productivity of water, in water resources management in Talvar Watershed, Kurdistan, Iran. The data from field observation, meteorological and climatic, water resources, agriculture, irrigation and watershed management were collected. The crop area of the irrigated products in the watershed was identified and their cultivation percentage was determined. Data on the growth of these products and their water consumption were calculated using CROPWAT software and field data. Using the results of data analyzing, management indicators such as physical productivity and economic productivity of products were calculated. Results showed that five crops of wheat, potato, barley, alfalfa and clover make up more than 93% of the irrigated products area of the watershed. It was found that the potato and wheat were with highest and lowest physical efficiency, respectively. The potato is with highes productivity as 3.46 and wheat was with lowest one as 0.43 kg m-3. Despite of low physical efficiency for wheat, the major part of water consumption in this crop was from green water, while the potato is using the lowest rate of green water. In terms of economic productivity, barley and potato products were with most net economic benefits. The results of this research can lead to proper management and appropriate water resources in the basin.

One of the air pollutant indices includes particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μg/m3 (PM10). Particulate matter has extensive effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Dissemination of such particles for a longer period can lead to increased mortality and hospitalization. In this study, the data of PM10 pollutant were gathered from the Kurdistan Department of Environment. Furthermore, PM10 effects on the total mortalities, cardiovascular mortalities, respiratory mortalities, and hospitalizations caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were analyzed using AirQ software. The results reported the highest mean concentration of PM10 in 2014. This software predicted a total death toll of 57, 60, 57, 51, and 55 cases per 100,000 people during 2010–2014, respectively. Moreover, it was estimated that 3.4, 8, 1.2, 10.8, and 11.5 percent of all deaths could be attributed to the concentrations >20 μg/m3 of PM10. Due to the lack of suitable database for recording death toll attributable to air pollutants, this software could be considered as an alternative for estimating the health effects of air pollutants.

Corrosion is a physicochemical reaction occurring between the metal and its surroundings, which usually has an electrochemical nature and results in changes in the properties of the metal. The corrosive water dissolves the pipe’s material during flowing and this causes many problems. This study investigated the potential of corrosion and scaling of 46 water supply resources in the villages of Sarvabad, west of Iran during high-water (HW) and low-water (LW) periods. Parameters including pH, temperature, alkalinity, calcium hardness, and total dissolved solids (TDS) were measured and the Langelier, Rayznar, Aggressive, and Puchorius indices were calculated using the data collected. The zoning maps for the indices were prepared using ArcGIS (Ver. 9.3) software. The results showed that the mean value and standard deviation for the Langelier index were 0.23 and 0.28, respectively, while for the Rayznar index, they were 7.12 and 1.18, respectively. The values for the Aggressive index and Puchorius index were 11.6 and 1.84, and 7.03 and 1.45, respectively. The Langelier index in some water supplies showed a tendency to dissolve calcium carbonate, and meanwhile in some areas it tended to precipitate calcium carbonate. Moreover, based on the Rayznar index value, water potential for corrosion increases in steel pipes; based on the Aggressive index, the potential for corrosion is medium, whereas based on the Puchorius index, there is a potential for corrosion. A brief description about the zoning maps is also given.

The water demand is rapidly increasing due to economic and social development and population growth. In keeping with the freshwater restrictions, the allocation of water needs to take a comprehensive view and integrated management approaches are vital in different sectors. This study was implemented in the Gamasyab Watershed, which is the main sub-watershed of the Karkheh River. Much of the watershed is located in the Province of Kermanshah, while its headwaters are in the Province of Hamadan. In this study, the WEAP Software was used as a powerful tool to assess an integrated water resources management for investigating an applied management in the Gamasyab Watershed, and evaluating the effect of upstream dams on the performance of the Bistoon reservoir. Long term hydrological data were used to model the water resources and demands in the watershed. The water demands were obtained using the data of population, agriculture, and industries, and the environmental flow requirements determined using the Montana Method. Different management scenarios were defined in accordance with the current conditions and watershed development perspective. The results indicated that the demands maybe fully met under the present conditions; however, the demands will exceed the available water in the Bistoon Reservoir if the planned dams come in to operation. Its regards to the importance of considering the principles of integrated water resources management, the results of this study may be used with certainty by the researchers and decision-makers in the water sector in Iran.

In basins where the water demands surpasses the available resources, water shortage crisis occurs and the deficiency balance is essential to be reciprocated. In such basins, inter-basin water transfer has been announced as a method to supply new water resources. In such projects the potential of donor and recipient basins are not assessed properly. In this study, the inter-basin water transfer project from Sirwan to Sefidrood and Karkheh basins was evaluated. The assessment is based on the ability of donor basin to meet current needs and maintain water resources for future development. For this purpose, while the areas prone in the basin were identified, different scenarios were defined for agricultural development and water consumption in the Sirwan basin. In determining agricultural development scenarios the quantitative criteria with the utmost impact on the development of agricultural land were identified as maps in the GIS software. Water consumption scenarios were determined based on estimated net irrigation requirement for agricultural crops using Cropwatt software. The results showed that the basin enjoys a high potential for agricultural development. So that the annual water restoration will be less than the future water needs in the basin. These results advocate the need to reassess the inter-basin water transfer projects in Iran.

The land use programming is vital since inappropriate land use can endanger soil and water resources in a region and reduce their quality and quantity for future generations. While land development based on its ability are always facing limitations. This research is conducted with a sustainable approach to manage water resources and land programming in line with make optimal use of limited land, soil and water in the watershed. For this purpose, the required information to prepare a development model based on the land potential, were collected. Using the ArcGIS software, essential maps including map of slope, altitude, driving directions, land form, hydrographic, soil and vegetation, and density, were derived. By combining layers of information, the lands abilities were extracted in term of 107 ecological units. The meteorological data, hydrometer and the sources and consumptions of water resources of the watershed were collected and analyzed. The results showed that 88.2 percent and 11.6 percent are currently the area of agriculture and orchards. While the watershed potential for these practices are as 78.9 and 19.1, respectively. However, lack of attention to the potential water resources of the region, which is mostly as groundwater, caused a drop in groundwater level about 0.85 m per year and consequently the risk of soil and water resources in the region. The results indicate the importance of integrated water resources management and natural potentials in sustainable development in the watershed.

Climate prediction demonstrates that the earth temperature has increased due to increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases. So that led to significant changes in meteorological elements. In this research the effect of climate change on rainfall and temperature at stations of Gorganrood-Gharesoo watershed for the period of 1987-2008 were examined. Daily data output by HadCM3 and ECHAM4 under scenarios of climate models using LARS-WG were downscaling and predicted for the period of 2030-2011. The results showed that based on HadCM3, the amount of rainfall 12.6, 3.3 and 3.5% and temperatures as 0.5, 0.3 and 0.31 °C respectively in the scenarios A2, B1 and A1B increased compared to the base period. Moreover, ECHAM4 model shows increases in temperature in all three scenarios. However rainfall by -11.6% under scenario B1 decreased. The results of this research could be used in water resources management planning and agriculture sector.

Flow sediment load is a useful indicator in predicting soil erosion in watersheds. As a result, developing a model to estimate sediment load can be useful in the management and operations of watersheds and river engineering projects. In this study, the data classification was studied as a way to increase the accuracy of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model for estimating suspended sediment. For this purpose, the amount of suspended sediments in the Khalifa-Tarkhãn and Chehelgazi Rivers in Gheshlagh watershed, Kurdistan, Iran was predicted in three modes using an ANN with multilayer configurations. The measured data were also modeled without such classification. Then the runoff data were classified as high and low flows and the sediment data based on sediment concentration were classified as high and low concentrations. The observed runoff and sediment data were used to calibrate the models. Then the calculated values were compared with observed data and the models efficiency was examined using statistical tests. The findings indicate the effective role of data classification in improving the ANN efficiency in sediment estimation. So that classification based on sediment concentration promoted the model efficiency in Chehelgazi and Khalifa-Tarkhān by 16.6 and 30.5% respectively. The comparison of classifications showed that in comparison with flow, the sediment classification has more affective role on models estimations. The results of this study can be used to improve the management of the basin by more accurately estimating suspended sediments transporting in the rivers leading to Gheshlagh Dam Reservoir.

Corrosion in general is a complex interaction between water and metal surfaces and materials in which the water is stored or transported. Water quality monitoring in terms of corrosion and scaling is crucial, and a key element of preventive maintenance, given the economic and health hurts caused by corrosion and scaling in water utilities. The aim of this study is to determine the best model for zoning and interpolation corrosive potential of water distribution networks. For this purpose, 61 points of Sanandaj City distribution network were sampled and using Langelier indices, we investigated corrosivity potential of drinking water. Then, we used geostatistical methods such as ordinary kriging (OK), global polynomial interpolation, local polynomial interpolation, radius-based function, and inverse distance weighted for interpolation, zoning and quality mapping. Variogram analysis of variables was performed to select appropriate models. The results of the calculation of the Langelier index represented scaling potential of drinking water. Suitable model for fitness on exponential variogram was selected based on less (residual sums of squares) and high (R2) value. Moreover, the best method for interpolation was selected using the mean error and root mean square error. Comparison of the results indicated that OK was the most suitable method for drinking water quality zoning.

The current study was conducted to estimate of orchards water requirements based on various climate zones in Kurdistan province، Iran and to compare those requirements of the same crops based the province cities. Basic information and essential data such as meteorological and vegetation data were extracted from reports and available maps. The Kurdistan climate was derived using De Martonne method and the water requirements in each climate were determined using CROPWAT8. 0 model. Cities water orchards requirements having synoptic station were estimated using this model. Recognizing of various climates in a city level revealed that water requirement estimation studies based on climates give better results than those were conducted based on the cities in the province. As the calculated water requirements values based on city’s border can be trusted while the whole city located in a climate zone such as the Ghorve and Bijar. The findings of the research indicated a significant difference between the calculated water requirements based on cities and those derived considering the climate zones distinguished in the same city، such as Sanandaj، Saghez and Marivan. The most visible differences in calculated water requirement based on climate zone revealed in group 1of orchards in semi-arid climates for Sanandaj which were increased as 22% more than that estimated based on the city’s border. In addition، the 0. 9% increments in water requirements in group 2 for humid zone in Sanandaj were the slightest changes obtained in this research due to altering of the calculation based on city’s border to climate zone. The results would be of interest of researchers and those who are involving in agriculture and water resources management fields through the allocation of limited water resources based on the climatic conditions.