فهرست مطالب mahmood vessal

Olive leaf has also medicinal benefits in type 2 diabetes. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the effects of olive leaf extract on prevention of type 2 diabetes induced by Streptozotocin and nicotinamide, assessment of the expression of liver superoxide dismutase enzyme gene and total antioxidant capacity of plasma in rats. In this study 28 healthy, mature, Sprague-Dawely male rats with the initial weight of 250 ± 50 g were divided into 4 equal groups (group1: Healthy control; group2: Healthy Trial; group3: Diabetic control; group4: Diabetic Trial). Fasting blood glucose in all rats was measured every week with glucose oxidase method. At the end of our study, after sacrificing mice, all experiments were measured. Fasting blood glucose was not significant difference in the group 4(439 ± 47mg/dl) and group 3 (445 ± 33 mg/dl) but with group1(85 ± 11 mg/dl) significant difference was observed. There was no significant difference between total antioxidant activity and nitric oxide metabolites in groups but expression of superoxide dismutase gene was significantly increased in group2 and group3 (p <0.05). Histopathological results of liver in group 4 showed macrophages accumulation and mild inflammation and apoptosis in comparison with other groups. The extract of olive leaf with a dosage of 100 mg/kg did not reduce blood glucose in diabetic rats. Therefore, traditional methods used to treat diabetes type 1 and 2 do not only prevent but also diminish the ability to reduce blood sugar and can also cause damage to hepatocytes and other complications.

It has been shown that glial activation has important role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. S100B is an astrocyte specific factor with deleterious effects on the neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system. Arundic acid is an agent that inhibits the secretion and production of S100B in astrocytes. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of S100B in the cyto-protective effects of Arundic acid against beta-amyloid in 1321N1 astrocyte cell culture.

Human astrocyte cells (1321N1) were treated with beta-amyloid (200 μM) and / or Arundic acid (50 μM) for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured using the MTT (3, 4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) method. The S100B protein level was measured by the ELISA method.

Beta-amyloid treatment reduced cell survival compared to the control-treated groups. In contrast, the addition of Arundic acid to beta-amyloid suppressed the beta-amyloid-induced cell death. Beta-amyloid also increased the S100B protein level. However, Arundic acid prevented the rise of S100B protein level induced by beta-amyloid.

The reduction of S100B protein secretion may be involved in the protective effects of Arundic acid against the beta-amyloid induced Glio-toxicity in the astrocyte culture.

Paraoxonase enzyme is attached to HDL and is involved in the maturation of this lipoprotein. This enzyme is activated by several antioxidants. These antioxidants exist in Winter cherry ( Physalis alkekengi). In fact, it contains a variety of antioxidants.
The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of a hydro-alcoholic extract of winter cherry fruits on serum lipid profile and paraoxanase1 (Pon1) activity in the rat.
In this randomized experimental study, hydroalcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi fruits was obtained by a percolation method. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rats (260 5 g), each containing 7 animals, were housed separately and fed standard rat chow and water ad libitum. Experiments were performed for 28 days on each group. Group1 (control 1) received only the standard diet, with no hydroalcoholic extract. Group 2 (control 2) received 1mL of water by gavage in addition to the standard diet. Groups 3 (experiment 1) and 4 (experiment2) received, respectively, 200 and 400 mg /kg b.w. of the extract in 1 mL of water through gavage. At the end of the experimental period, animals were fasted overnight and lipid profile and paraoxonase activity were determined and compared statistically by one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests, using SPSS version 11.5
Triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were decreased dose dependently by the extract. HDL cholesterol and serum paraoxonase activities were increased significantly by Physalis extract.
The hydroalcoholic extract of Physalis alkekengi, possibly through the presence of antioxidants, increases paraoxonase activity and this enzyme, in turn, augments the level of HDL in serum.

There are studies that indicated dyshomeostasis of oxidant/antioxidant and trace elements in breast cancer patients, but the data regarding the status of these parameters in various stages of breast cancer are limited. The aim of this study was to highlight the status of these biochemical factors in various stages of breast cancer. Fifty-eight breast cancers patients participated in this study and underwent staging work up for the assessment of disease stage. Serum total antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation were determined spectrophotometically. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed by ELISA method. The serum level of Cu, Mn and Zn was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare group means. All the patients included in the study classified as mild (stages I+II) and advanced stages (stages III+IV). Patients in advanced stage had lower serum antioxidant capacity and higher lipid peroxidation levels, but the differences were not statistically differet (P=0.690 and 0.666, respectively). Patients in advanced stage had higher, but not statistically different serum levels of CAT, GPX and SOD levels (p>0.05). Patients in both groups had to some extent similar serum Cu, Mn and Zn levels. There was no evidence of remarkable discrepancy in the status of analyzed factors in various stages of breast cancer. It seems that the severity of oxidative stress in different stages of breast cancer is similar to some extent.

There are inconsistent reports related to the role of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its renal complications. To identify the association between AT1R A1166C variants with the risk of T2DM and also with diabetic nephropathy (DN). Patients and In a case-control study, the AT1R A1166C polymorphism was detected in 135 T2DM patients with and without DN and in 98 healthy subjects from Western Iran. The genotypes of AT1R A1166C polymorphism were detected using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The frequencies of AT1R A1166C genotypes and alleles were not significantly difference between patients with and without DN and controls. The frequencies of rare allele of 1166 C were 10%, 16.5%, 15.9% and 15.3% in micro-, macro- and normo-albuminuric patients and in healthy individuals, respectively (P > 0.05). The systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine level in DN patients were significantly higher in carriers of AT1R CC compared to carriers of AT1R AA genotype. In the presence of uncontrolled hyperglycemia (HbA1c > 7.5%), there was a trend toward increased risk of macro-albuminuria in carriers of AC+CC genotype (OR=3.66, [95% CI: 0.81-16.58], P = 0.092). Our study indicated the absence of an association between AT1R A1166C polymorphism with the risk of T2DM and DN. It seems in carriers of AT1R C allele systolic blood pressure and serum creatinine level to be higher compared to the A allele carriers.

Nephrotoxicity is considered a significant cause of patient morbidity following chronic Cyclosporine A (CsA) treatment. The exact mechanism of CsA-induced nephrotoxicity remains to be fully clarified. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is widely regarded as a major pathway of CsA toxicity; therefore, the role of integrins as regulators of collagen in the extra-cellular matrix can be deemed pivotal. The objective of the present study was to observe the expression levels of alpha2beta1 integrin following CsA treatment +/- antioxidants. Adhesion assay, immunofluorescent and flow cytometric analyses were performed on kidney fibroblasts obtained from rats after administration of CsA (25 mg/kg/day) +/- Vitamin E (vit. E) and Quercetin (Q) for 4 weeks. Total RNA was collected from the aforementioned fibroblasts for semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis of α2 and β1 integrins. We found that α2 and β1 integrins were both markedly reduced following treatment with CsA, i.e., 25% and 13%, respectively, but were normal following subsequent consumption of the antioxidants vit. E and Q. Attachment and spreading of the CsA-treated fibroblasts declined from 82% to 50%; however, this effect was partially reversed to 70% following antioxidant treatment. Similar results were observed in the spreading assay in which the level of spreading decreased from 73% to 21% and was subsequently restored to 46%. We conclude that cell adhesion, mediated by binding of integrin to collagen, which is a prerequisite of normal cell viability and collagen regulation, may be a novel pathway further explaining the nephrotoxic effects of CsA.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder resulting from defects in insulin secretion and function. Walnut is used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. In this study we evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of walnut male flowers in streptozocin diabetic rats and its probable side effects on the liver. Eighty adult male Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into 4 subgroups including a control (N=8) with no intervention, witness group receiving normal saline and another 3 groups of rats each receiving either 2, 4, or 6 g/kg of the extract per day for 15 days. Diabetic groups of rats each treated with the above doses of the extract for the aforementioned period of time, and a group of 8 diabetic rats without any further treatment. Eight rats were also used to determine the LD50 of streptozotocin. Diabetes was induced in rats by injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin. At the end of the experimental period, blood was taken from the experimental and control groups and the serum levels of insulin, glucose and liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) were measured. Results showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of walnut male flowers increased the levels of insulin, decreased blood glucose, AST and ALP enzymes in the treated diabetic groups compared to the non-treated group (p<0.05). The anti-diabetic effects of the extract were not dose dependent. The effectiveness of the hydro-alcoholic extract of walnut male flowers in diabetic rats through prevention of liver damage and reduction of blood glucose.

Melatonin, found in high concentrations in the pineal gland, organs within the digestive system and in some plants and fungi, acts as an antioxidant which decreases reactive oxygen species in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats, raises insulin secretion by the pancreatic β-cells and increases the number of insulin receptors on hepatocyte membranes. The protective and therapeutic effects of melatonin feeding in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. Streptozocin administered rats were gavaged with melatonin, pre- and post-treatment, at a level of 5 mg/kg body weight daily for a period of 15 days. Levels of plasma glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, oral glucose tolerance test, and some hepatic enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism including insulin inducible glucokinase, hexokinase and glucose 6-P dehydrogenase were measured using standard methods and compared with the values in normoglycemic and diabetic control groups. Both pre- and post-treatment of the streptozocin administered rats with melatonin normalized plasma glucose, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol, improved oral glucose tolerance test and increased hepatic glucokinase, hexokinase and glucose 6-P dehydrogenase specific activities to the levels seen in normal rats. Melatonin pre-treatment prevents the injurious effects of streptozocin in rats. In streptozocin induced diabetic animals, post-treatment with this antioxidant normalizes both blood and liver constituents which were ameliorated by streptozocin.

Background and Objective – Hepatotoxicity associated with the hypoglycemic effects of an aqueous extract of Teucrium polium was previously described. In this investigation, the effects of the extract on oral glucose tolerance test, regeneration of pancreatic islets and hepatic glucokinase activity of streptozocin-induced diabetic rats were studied.Methods – An aqueous extract of T. polium was fed by gavage tube to healthy and streptozocin-induced diabetic rats for several days. Oral glucose tolerance, number of pancreatic islets and hepatic glucokinase activity were measured using standard methods and compared between diabetic and healthy rats. Results – In diabetic animals, the aqueous extract caused a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the level of serum glucose during oral glucose tolerance tests. The number of pancreatic islets per unit area significantly increased (p < 0.01) and glucokinase activity was significantly elevated (p < 0.01) in diabetic animals treated with the extract. Conclusion – Although aqueous extract of T. polium contains some hepatotoxic compounds, it also contains components that are beneficial in the treatment of streptozocin-induced diabetes.