فهرست مطالب maryam sarani

With the occurrence of recent droughts in the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province, it is of special importance to pay attention to preventive measures that can reduce the drought effects of rural farmers and increase the patience of rural farmers against risks (resilience). Due to the drought phenomenon, food prices usually increase rapidly, which in turn reduces rural access to food. Drought is one of the biggest natural calamities, which is caused by a decrease in rainfall, decrease in humidity, increase in temperature or the simultaneous effect of these factors. This phenomenon has a destructive effect on various economic, social, environmental and psychological aspects of rural communities, and sometimes its intensity is such that it has led to the destruction and poverty of rural communities (Dyke, 2011). It divides drought and its consequences into four economic, social, environmental and psychological categories. Among the economic consequences of drought can be the severe spread of unemployment, the severe decrease in income, the decrease in the level of agricultural production, the decrease in the price of arable and garden lands, the severity of the damages caused to the livestock sector, the decrease in the supply of water needed for agricultural activities, and the decrease in investment. In the agricultural sector, there has been an increase in the price of food, a decrease in drinking water and an increase in the cost of living, while in the social discussion, its consequences include an increase in the motivation for migration, the severity of the prevalence of disease, a decrease in the level of health and quality of life, and a decrease in the level of unity and cooperation among villagers and increased incidence of conflicts (especially for access to water sources). Therefore, the first step to deal with drought and adjust its consequences is to know the deep understanding of its consequences and the dimensions of vulnerability and resilience of rural farmers in order to improve their threshold of tolerance and flexibility, which in most developing countries including Iran It has been neglected (MC Manus et al., 2012). Resilience has the ability to raise the threshold of patience and tolerance of rural farmers against all kinds of natural hazards, including drought, and in the event of a drought hazard, rural farmers will be able to recover after the hazard conditions. Since the southern cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province are one of the main centers of tropical products production and have not been spared from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, in this research, the effects of drought risk management were investigated using three economic, social and environmental criteria, each of which had sub-criteria; With this aim, which of the indicators (economic, social and environmental) is the most effective factor in the field of drought risk management? And whether risk management can control and reduce the consequences of natural disasters such as drought and flood, etc.

The present study seeks to identify and prioritize drought risk management by emphasizing the resilience of rural farmers to tropical crops in the region. For this purpose, each of the economic, social and environmental factors and their sub-criteria have been identified by the experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Management and to prioritize each of the sub-criteria, FAHP fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique has been used. 42 questionnaires have been completed by experts of Jihad Agricultural Organization and Natural Resources Department of Balochistan region (Khash, Saravan, Nikshahr, Iranshahr, Konarak, Chabahar and Sarbaz). The results in MATLAB software showed that the most important research variable is the economic variable. The current research is descriptive-analytical, which is practical in terms of its purpose, because it seeks to develop practical knowledge in the field of risk management in order to reduce the vulnerability and consequences of drought among rural farmers. In terms of data collection, it was a survey and the required data was collected using a questionnaire. in order to achieve research objectives; The questionnaire created by the researcher was set using AHP and fuzzy AHP or FAHP methods. After checking the validity and reliability of the questionnaire in the form of random sampling among 42 expert experts of the Organization of Agricultural Jihad and Natural Resources in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province (Khas, Saravan, Iranshahr, Nikshahr, Kanarak, Chabahar, Sarbaz) who are in the field The production of tropical products (bananas, dates, mangoes, chico and guava) has been distributed. In this research, to measure the attitude of experts in order to identify and prioritize drought risk management with emphasis on the resilience of farmers in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province who produce some tropical products such as mango, banana, chico, guava, date, from the chain analysis process. Hierarchical (AHP) has been used.

In the current research, the effective factors on drought risk management and resilience of rural farmers producing tropical products such as banana, chico, guava, date and mango in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province regarding each of them using each of the economic, social and environmental variables. This variable has the highest coefficient with the average sum of normalized coefficients of items equal to 0.077. The highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to the item of the intensity of unemployment. The social variable with a total normalized average of items equal to 0.029 is the second variable affecting the factors affecting rural farmers' resilience to drought risk management. Finally, the environmental variable with an average total coefficient of items equal to 0.0158 is in third place. Among the factors affecting the resilience of rural farmers is drought risk management in the province, and the highest coefficient in the items of this component is related to increasing the motivation of migration. Therefore, it can be concluded that farmers are more vulnerable to economic factors. And risk management and resilience in economic fields can be of the greatest help to rural farmers in this region. Proposals are presented according to the obtained results Due to the fact that farmers become unemployed during a drought, it is suggested that the government sector help farmers in this field by using credits given to farmers before, during and after the drought. Provision and support of farmers affected by drought by the public sector, as well as the presence of the private sector in this sector; Because private sector investment is one of the requirements for the progress of societies in this era. In order to prevent the decline in the health and quality of life of the villagers in Baluchistan region, it is necessary to provide adequate support to the health and treatment sector by the government sector so that the villagers do not face any problems in this field. In order to prevent conflicts over water resources in most villages that are engaged in the cultivation of tropical crops, it is necessary to pay more attention to the way water is distributed.

Since the fisheries sector is one of the important economic sectors that plays a significant role in providing income and employment for the coastal people of the country. In order to maintain the stability of aquatic resources and access to numerous economic, biological, social and planning goals in aquatic resources, it seems inevitable (Rezaat Kish and Badam Firoz, 2017). One of the important goals in fisheries management is to maintain the process of fishing and harvesting from Aquatic resources and sustainable fishing levels. In order to measure the achievement of goals in the process of sustainable development, a series of indicators should be used. Fisheries management for sustainable development is a multi-dimensional activity that should be investigated in a wide area that requires information and data, or indicators other than fish stocks and fishing activity (Wang et al., 2014). Increasing awareness by economic experts, formulating policies, principles, rules and regulations and also expression of scientific models and strategies appropriate harvested and productivity of natural resources, suitable field for the growth and development of other sectors (industry, commerce, agriculture and services) provided and will lead to a stable outlook in country.

One of the most important management tools and solutions that can play a constructive role in the sustainability of natural resources is the use of advanced economic models. For this purpose, in this research, after presenting a method to estimate the net value of resource extraction, a dynamic model was designed to optimize the extraction values. The Lagrange coefficient method was also proposed as another solution in this research. This method is essential for optimizing resources that are harvested in the long term.Estimating the present value of net benefits from natural resourcesThe present value of net benefits (NPV) in economics is one of the standard methods for evaluating economic projects. In this method, the cash flow of income and expenses is discounted to the daily rate based on the time of occurrence of income or expenses. In this way, in the cash flow, the time value of spending or earning income is included. Net present value in natural resource economics is used to estimate the present value of resource extraction.The exploitation of natural resources due to rapid population growth and meet the basic human needs of growing and developing. This growth in addition to, production technology developed and harvesting of resources in large scale, emphasis to sustainable economic and environmental activities. According to the vulnerable renewable and non-Renewable resources of countries require that exploit them, for removal existing needs in a manner to be achieved that these resources remain sustainable for coming generation. Achieving this goal requires strong leadership on utilization of existing resources in nature. In this regard, the use of dynamic models for determining optimal amount of harvest and right resource management in the short term and long time periods, necessary to proving to be true this goals and the important role in assist to farmers. For the design of the dynamic optimization model was used Lagrange multiplier method In Chabahar area of Sistan and Baluchestan province in 2021. Excel software was used to solve the model.

Today, the exploitation of natural resources is growing and developing due to the rapid growth of the population and meeting the basic human needs. This growth is in such a way that in addition to the development of the technology of production and harvesting of fishery resources on a large scale, it also emphasizes the economic and environmental sustainability of the activities. In this research presented model to determine optimal amount harvest fishery resources in future periods. This model due to changes in discount rates in various periods of time was to be able to allocate resources in a way that in all periods have maximum profit and net benefits. And causes reduce speed to empty store resource and assist to sustainable of resource. The results showed that the storage of a fishery affected by factors such as the amount of storage, the harvest of the source, the discount rate, rate of return on investment and saving rates is a renewable source. Also the result showed that harvest fish from a fishery over 10 periods with fixed-rate of about 0.05 percent, and started from the second year Total value of net benefits in this case is the equivalent of 15.29 million rials. While that after implementing dynamic planning model amount of fish of resource changed of 0.05 to 0.124. After optimization amount harvest of resource, total net present value by model dynamic planning to estimate 22.75 million rials that indicating increase net present value 7.46 million rials regard to present state. Also the net present value of benefits (NPV) of fish harvested during the 10 consecutive periods reduced to increase discount rate and with discount rate cut has increased. In other words, the relationship between changes in the present value of net benefits and the discount rate indirect or reverse. In addition, by increasing and decreasing the rate of return on investment, increase and decrease the amount of storage. This suggests the existence of a direct relationship between changes rate of return on investment and save the fish is over 10 consecutive periods. And relationship between the rate of return on investment and change of net present value of harvesting fish during 10 consecutive periods.In the end, is recommended the use of dynamic programming models due to its flexibility and ability to calculate time series data in order to allocate renewable natural resources during consecutive periods harvesting of resources. The use of these models to determine the appropriate and schedule program for the harvest of natural resource renewable, cause to protection and stability this resources in long term. In the end, the use of dynamic planning models is recommended due to their flexibility and the ability to calculate time series data in order to allocate renewable natural resources during successive periods of resource extraction. The use of these models, in addition to determining a suitable and scheduled program for the extraction of renewable natural resources, causes the preservation and sustainability of these resources in the long term.

Case finding and malaria foci management is significant strategy for the prosperous performance of amalaria elimination program. Therefore, detection, treatment. and follow-up of all cases (symptomatic & Asymptomatic) in malaria elimination program is necessary. This study aimed to find an active cases of malaria in Bashagard (With a previous history of local malaria transmission) with emphasis on the use of molecular methods in order to successfully implement the malaria elimination program. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine more precise the positive cases reported and to identify possible cases of additional malaria. In the first stage, all eligible residents of the community were sampled. In the next step, the villagers who had moved to work in the neighboring city were identified and sampled. In this study, 230 people participated to be tested for malaria by microscopic, Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Nested- PCR techniques. In the first phase of the study, three positive cases of Plasmodium vivax were reported using microscopic and RDT methods. In the second step of the survey, an asymptomatic malaria reservoir was identified using molecular technique. The results of this study emphasize the important role of active cases finding using molecular techniques along with routine diagnostic methods in malaria control and elimination programs.

 Diarrheal diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries and the second most common cause of death in children under five years. The main objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites in diarrheal patients in Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran.

 This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated factors among patients with diarrhea in the major hospitals of Bandar Abbas. A single fecal specimen was collected from 170 diarrheic patients from October 2018 to May 2019. The diagnosis was made based on the direct wet mount and formalin-ether concentration method. Trichrome and modified acid-fast staining methods were used for the better detection of protozoa. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software.

 A total of 170 stool specimens were collected from diarrheic patients. Of these, 57.6% were males and 42.4% were females. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 12.9%. The most prevalent parasite was Blastocystis spp. 10 (5.9%), followed by Giardia lamblia 7 (4.1%), Cryptosporidium spp. 3 (1.8%), Entamoeba coli 1 (0.6%), and Hymenolepis nana 1 (0.6%).

 Overall, the results showed that intestinal parasites, especially helminth infections, have significantly decreased in recent years.

Malaria Elimination Program Has Launched with the Technical Support from The World Health Organization Since 2007 in Iran. In Order to Achieve The Elimination of Malaria, All Positive Cases Should Be Diagnosed and Treated Promptly, Especially Asymptomatic and Low Parasitic cases. This Study Was Conducted to Determine The Effectiveness of The Molecular Method in The Detection of Asymptomatic Malaria Cases towards the successful Malaria Elimination Program in Iran.

In This Descriptive-analytical Study, 210 Samples Were Randomly Collected from Residents of High Risk malarious Areas of Hormozgan Province. The Rate of Asymptomatic Plasmodium Infection Was Evaluated Using Microscopic, RDT, and Nested-PCR Techniques (using18 ssrRNA).

According to The Results, No Positive Asymptomatic Cases Were Observed with The Microscopic and RDT Methods, But by Using The Molecular Method, Three Positive Cases (1.4%) Were Detected.

The Results of This Study Showed That The sensitivity of molecular methods to detect asymptomatic parasitic reserviors is higher than other diagnostic methods and Nested-PCR is a good technique for detecting asymptomatic cases of malaria, therefore Use of a Sensitive Molecular Techniques With Wicroscopic and RDT Methods Is Necessary for The Detection of Asymptomatic Malaria Cases.