فهرست مطالب mohammad taji

Residential architecture is not only literal words based on specific arrays and techniques, rather, it is a kind of colloquial language in which social contradictions and distinctions are exhibited with the same oral language. The presentational variable is one of the influential factors in the architectural body. Nowadays, dramatic architecture in society as a public affair is a barrier to policymaking with a cultural challenge in the field of architecture. From the point of view of culturalism, presentational variables are associated with culture, while culture, affected by time and field, can be derived from each of the cultural layers or areas; ideological culture (Culture of specialist forces, books, and articles), custom culture (Common culture), elite culture (Imported culture) or foreign culture (Religion and Nationality). Perceiving the relation between the presentational variable and architecture is a part of perceiving the architecture-culture relation. On the other hand, the difference between academic and daily conversation is displayed in the form of the building's skin by entering the distinction which has shown itself in “language”. The explanation of this cultural category in the duality of opinion and action on today's exterior body of housing architecture will assist the audiences in understanding it more accurately in the direction of today's housing pathology. Therefore, in the present study, the indicators of the presentational variable have been explained and then investigated on the exterior body of contemporary Iranian housing.

First, the seven proposed indicators of the presentational variables on the exterior body of a building have been explained according to variations of research literature and reasoning/qualitative analysis using the mixed method, and then the indicators and characteristics, in selected buildings from the domain of “artistic institution”, including selected buildings in architectural competitions, the domain of “public” architectures namely architectures of the artificial texture of society has been investigated using mean comparison test. Data collection for the statistical population of the first and second categories has been done by library and field methods, respectively, and the sampling model of both categories has been purpose.

Among the seven indicators of the presentational variable (modernism, prodigal, isolated, dominant, bourgeois, seducer, rupture of culture), there has been a significant difference in five indicators among the buildings of these two domains; so the most effective indicators of the presentational variable in the first domain means indicators of "isolated" and "modernism" have been the least effective indicators in the second domain and conversely, indicators of "rupture of culture" and "bourgeois" have considered as the most effective indicators in the second domain while they have considered as the least effective indicators in the first domain.

This lack of congruence has revealed an incompatible situation as it seems that public architecture has not been subordinate to the selected buildings of institutions of society and this institution has not shown the required field – according to Bourdieu – in shaping the exterior body of housing in order to gain public obedience.

By increasing the risk of explosive terrorist attacks and threats to all types of structures and buildings, a careful study of the behavior of structures under explosive loading is considered as an important matter. A simple method to protect important structures against explosive loads is to improve the security of the environment by using protective perimeter walls against explosive loading. In this research, the effect of reinforced concrete perimeter walls with and without canopy has been investigated. Different parameters such as the geometrical shape of the perimeter wall, the element removal and degradation rate, wall displacement, the scaled distance change and the explosive mass have been investigated. Finite element software (LS-DYNA (R11.1.0) has been used for modeling. For this purpose, the perimeter walls were designed in three different shapes and conditions. The results indicate that the existence of canopies for the perimeter walls under explosive loading has positive effects, so that the canopied perimeter walls with a canopy angle of 90 degrees compared to other types of wall, at different station distances and in the same conditions, reduce the displacement rate in the protected structure by about 11 percent. Furthermore, the location of perimeter walls and obtaining a safe distance in placing these walls is very effective in enhancing safety and reducing the vulnerability of the facilities and structures protected by these walls.

By stating that today the role of pedestrians in the city and especially the ancient tissues is much less than before, this research seeks to find necessary strategies for designing pedestals in historical textures. For this purpose, it is tried to evaluate the capabilities of the pedestrian-orientation of the Historical-tourism axis of Imam Street in Semnan city, using available criteria of previous studies and experiments.

For this purpose, it is tried to evaluate the capabilities of the pedestrian-orientation of the historical axis of Imam Street in Semnan city, using available criteria of previous studies and experiments.

The results showed that the strengths create opportunities for the use of opportunities on this historic axis and the ability to become a pedestrian. Then, the criteria for improving the pedestrian-centered quality of the study were prioritized using hierarchical analysis (AHP), which include permeability and access, variety of user and activity, body structure and pathway.

In the end, based on studies and analyzes, a proposed plan has been proposed to improve the pedestrian capability of the axis, which can provide a good basis for facilitating and encouraging pedestrians and tourism development.

The change in land use in cities with the aim of reducing earthquake damage is one of the solutions that has been proven to be effective in coping with earthquake damage. Therefore, the planning of land use by urbanization by formulating the rules and regulations of zoning (altitude, congestion and functional), separation of land, allocation of sufficient spaces for types of activity, consideration of user compatibility, determining the privacy of hazardous areas, the transfer of incompatible uses , The formulation of rules and regulations regarding the appropriateness of development and, finally, the prediction of the conditions of the crisis and the requirements therein, can reduce the vulnerability of urban areas. In this research, based on the descriptive-analytical method, firstly, the urban land use planning for coping with earthquake-induced damage is firstly studied according to the three indicators of user integration, which include accessibility, plurality (density) and mode Are distributed. Then, using the activity relation diagram, the degree of necessity of the proximity of each user with another user is based on compatibility criteria, desirability, capacity and dependency of the definition, and the diagram of the relationship between the activities. The results of the research show that if urban neighborhoods are to be used in land use, incompatible uses are not to be placed together, quick discharge and assistance can be provided. Also, if users are distributed in a city that causes decentralization, it can be expected that the vulnerability of the city to earthquake will be greatly reduced.

Today’s chaotic and disturbed changes in the field of architecture in Iran have more dependent variables on cultural elements and sociology, rather than from aesthetics or necessity-based requirements of architectural engineering. In this paper, the relation between the form of the house and architecture with the elements of sociological and cultural is examined. One of the factors that affect the cultural-social aspects of the architecture is the "presentational" variable that is facing a lack of cultural considerations in our country. For the first time, the presentational variable entitled as "Dramatic Cultural" in 1959 AD was the use of the concept of the show as a metaphor of cultural demonstrations in societies. This issue in architecture, as part of material culture, defines architecture in relation to another, which reflects a wide range of meanings that are dependent on its supporting philosophy of thought. However, it covers that part of the architectural necessities that are not actually generated by the user themselves, but in response to the other, the user either requires or has to respond to the architecture. Therefore, understanding the relation of the presentational variable with architecture is part of the understanding of the relation of culture and architecture. Nowadays, the dramatic architecture in society as a public affair is a barrier to policy-making with a cultural challenge in the field of architecture. From the point of view of culturalism, presentational variable has associated with cultural while culture affected from time and field, can be derived from each of the cultural layers or areas; ideological culture (Culture of specialist forces, books and articles), custom culture (Common culture), elite culture (Imported culture) or foreign culture (Religion and Nationality). The purpose of this research is to identify the various components of the presentational variable in relation to culture and architecture. The research method in this study is an analytical-interpretative one. At first, the concepts of the Presentational variable are extracted from the texts and views of the relevant scholars (influenced by the views of the thinkers of the critical and uncritical pole), and then the components of the Presentational variable are presented in the form of a conceptual model, and finally, in a comparative view, it has been discussed and concluded. The results of the research show that the presentational variable is related to today’s cultural view, due to the "loyalty" affected by "the deepening growth of the media". On the one hand, as a reality based on power, wealth, media, and modern technologies, imposes a distinction on society. On the other hand, this issue contrasts with the traditions and customs of our society, such as simple life.  The evidence available in the architecture of today's Iranian society, shows that the presentational variable in architecture follows popular culture more than any other culture. Of course, proving this claim can be a question for future research. In conclusion, it is certain that architecture derived from customary culture was inadequate in terms of value, and in today's Iranian society, art and architecture should be supported by elite and ideal cultures.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of rational-emotional behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing on decision-making networks in people with opioid abuse disorder.

The research design was a pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all men with Nasim opioid abuse disorder in the city. Among them, a sample of 45 people was selected using cluster random sampling. For data collection, the General Decision Styles Questionnaire (Scott and Bruce, 1995) was used. Data analysis or the use of multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance tests were performed using SPSS software at a significance level of 0.05.

The results of multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance showed that rational-emotional behavior therapy was effective in increasing rational decision-making style and reducing the use of avoidance, instantaneous and dependent styles in people with opioid abuse disorder and had no effect on intuitive style. Also, motivational interviews on the intuitive and rational decision-making networks of people with opioid abuse disorder are not effective; But it is effective in reducing the use of avoidant, immediate and dependent styles. Also, the method of emotionally rational behavioral therapy based on the rational style of people with opioid abuse disorder is more effective than the motivational interview method. There was no difference between avoidance, instantaneous, dependence and intuitive styles (P <0.05).

According to the results, rational-emotional behavior therapy of rational thinking and organization of perception and thinking, has a positive effect on rational decision-making and reduces the use of avoidance, instant and dependent styles.

Various fibers have been used by researchers to reinforce concrete and extend the service life of structures, also researchers are using different fibers to improve behavior of different concretes, especially high-strength concrete, against impact and dynamic loads. This study investigate the effect of different contents and lengths of steel fiber on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. In this study, wavy hooked-ended fibers of two length (30, 50 mm) with three volume fraction 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were added to concrete mixes and 150×300 mm cylindrical specimens were made, then different tests were performed for determination of compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and impact resistance at 7 and 28 days, in accordance with standards and procedure proposed. The results indicated that the addition of different contents and lengths of steel fiber caused significant change in the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. In the best case, using 1.5% of 50 mm long steel fibers, increased compressive strength and splitting tensile strength by 25% and 40%, respectively, compared to non-fibrous high-strength concrete. A remarkable improvement was observed in impact resistance of the fibrous concretes, as compared with the reference materials. By incorporating steel fibers into the mixtures, specially longer fibers, a conclusive increase in the number of blows required for first and final cracking (as compared to reference values) was observed, as well as the number of blows from the first cracks to the final failure in the high percentage of the fiber increased up to  80%. Moreover, it can be concluded that, by adding fiber, the failure crack pattern was changed from a single crack to a group of narrow crack, which demonstrate the beneficial effect of fiber reinforced concrete when subjected to impact loading.

SummaryTerrorist attacks could cause serious destruction and death by damaging to buildings and infrastructures. One of the most vulnerable mine structures are storages containing explosives, detonator caps and Detonation fuse. In this study a 6.5 x 2.5 storage of electrical caps is designed by ETABS firstly. Then its wall is modeled in finite element commercial software ABAQUS in order to investigate its behavior and resistance under blast loads. The U-shaped shear wall type with dimensions of 3x3 meter is chosen for this wall, and the wall is considered in 4 conditions: with 8, 10 and 15 cm protective shield and without protective shield. Blast loads are positioned in 10, 50 and 100cm distance of center of the shield. The results show that in the existence of the shear wall, displacements of the shear wall, shear stress of the wall and stress at the base of the column decreases up to 97.4%, 56.4% and 36.7% respectively. It’s concluded that reinforcement of shear walls with protective shields provides sturdy structures in order to store explosives and detonator caps in mines.IntroductionIf an explosion takes place outside of these detonator caps and detonation fuses, the of the blast wave effect could cause a blast at explosives inside the storage and lead to a great damage. Hence, it’s important to study these effects on this kind of structures. In this study, a 3.5x6.5 storage of electrical cap, whose walls are designed as U-type shear walls protected by concrete shield. In order to investigation behavior of the wall and the effectiveness of the shield against blast loads, a wall with dimensions of 3x3 is modeled in ABAQUS under 4 distinct conditions: with various 8, 10 and 15 cm shield and without shield. Methodology and ApproachesTo design the walls, the software ETABS is used, and finite element commercial software ABAQUS, which has great ability to solve explicit dynamic problems, is employed to simulate the behavior of walls and shields under blast loads. Results and ConclusionsBy protecting the wall against blast loads, Concrete shield was able to reduce the displacement of the wall, stress of the wall and stress at the base of the column up to 97.4%, 56.4 and 36.7 respectively. Besides, it keeps explosives and detonator caps inside the storage safe by degrading the energy of the outside blast wave.

Since buildings are constantly exposed to threats, it is necessary that they be fully prepared to confront with all threats and their damages. Therefore, using the passive defense basics and principles in designing and constructing the buildings are considered obvious and undeniable. To prevent or reduce disasters caused by flood, earthquake, and war and so on, solutions such as using smart buildings may be used. Making smart buildings is a way to strengthen the buildings, increasing construction’s longevity, reducing the buildings’ maintenance cost after construction as well as reducing energy consumption during construction.

This descriptive-analytical research is used library studies. First, probable threads to buildings and making smart constructions, as an effective way to reduce risks with passive defense approach, were studied and identified. Then, equipment to making smart buildings in architectural part, in order to preserve defensive assets, was prioritized by using similarity decision making method to ideal option or TOPSIS.

According to the performance of the smart system in buildings, it can be said that regarding the security of the users, the application of this system in the architectural part of building considering the basics and principles of passive defense will have a greater impact on its protection and security and increase its defensive assets than other parts of the buildings. Therefore, the subsystems of architectural parts in making smart building have been evaluated.

According to the results of TOPSIS analysis in prioritizing the equipment for making smart buildings, smart glasses, smart doors and CCTV, respectively, are introduce as new and dynamic technology which combination with passive defense objectives, facilitate crisis management in each three conditions of before, during and after crisis.

The husseiniye is a religious place in Shia Islam, where the mourning ceremony of Imam Hussein (PBUH) and the martyrs of the Battle of Karbala is mainly held. Apparently, the husseiniye has come into existence as an extension of the structures of the mosque and religious places such as the zaviye and the tekiye and as a result of integration and reproduction of parts of their structures and functions. Many concepts have been lost in the design of the contemporary husseiniye as a single building, which is open to the public only in the months of Muharram and Safar. The husseiniye and the tekiye are among the entities that are responsible for the important celebration of the Battle of Karbala. Sanctuaries have always had a particular status as internal organs of any city or village, and religious buildings have always been regarded as one of the most fundamental components of the fabric, structure, and shape of a city. Therefore, the mosques, religious buildings, worship centers, and social and cultural centers in a city constitute a long-standing identity that can never be separated from its social and urban structure. Moreover, man is a social being, and needs social interactions and communication with others. Urban spaces play a significant role in the realization of this characteristic, and the courtyards of mosques and religious places such as the husseiniye are among these spaces. The Iranian husseiniye or tekiye is a symbol of the link between time, place, and people, with an identity distinct  from that of public places with the same function in other countries due to its quality as an urban space. It is also unique as the only open urban space with a religious function in the Islamic urban development culture. Given the cultural characteristics of our country, particularly the role of Islam and religious beliefs in Iranians’ national and social identity, the necessity of investigating the physical qualities of the husseiniye seems obvious. The purpose of this research was to recognize the effect of the Ashura rituals on the configuration of the city of Na'in, Iran based on the pathway pattern. On that basis, it can be stated as the research hypothesis that the pathway pattern of the groups of Ashura mourning, routinely held in the city, has such a significant effect on the formation and spatial organization of the city and locations of the husseiniye buildings that it cannot be disregarded in their analysis. According to what was stated, the research question concerns the aspects of the social and religious identification by the rituals in Na'in. Therefore, we conducted a structured study of seven husseiniye buildings in Na'in to examine the physical indicators of the husseiniye and their adaptation to the factors influencing the formation of buildings as open urban spaces and to analyze human pathay in the husseiniye using the pathway pattern. The research results indicate that the factors effective on consideration of open religious places like the husseiniye as open urban spaces include the general quality of convenience and communication with the surrounding passages, multiple entrances, the interaction established between the people, and urban life spirit. Thus, Nowgabad Mosque has the greatest number of alternative pathway patterns with six entrances, and the Husseiniye of Gowdalu has the lowest with two entrances. Better recognition and employment of the principles for design of such spaces, including location, flexibility in form and function, and rich symbolic concepts, can greatly contribute to persistence of the physical expression of a culture in the environment and identification of the Iranian city.

Earthquake can be the source of many secondary disasters. Fire is one of the most important secondary hazards after the earthquake. In some cases, post-earthquake fires, in urban areas, may cause far more severe damages than the earthquake itself. After the earthquake, the risk of fire is greatly increased due to the existence of sources of fire, such as arteries of gas and electricity, with the possible presence of gas storage or distribution stations. On the other hand, the general conditions of the around urban environment may play a very important role in fire behavior.</div>

 In this study, by using descriptive-analytical research method, in order to determine the evaluation of post-disaster fire risk, among the various available methods in this field, the effective criteria and sub-criteria on the post-earthquake fire and vulnerability of urban areas were extracted. These criteria included four main criteria of access, structures, methods of confronting, and risk factors, so, each has sub-criteria. These sub-criteria were then prioritized by the expert group using paired comparison method. At the end, in order to study the impact of structural material on the vulnerability, the phenomenon of post-earthquake fire in the steel building is modeled and analyzed.</div>

 The structural index increases the risk of post-earthquake fire in buildings. The extent of the fire does not have a significant effect on the structures that have fire-proof cover on their columns, and the type of damages depends on the characteristics and resistance of the beam to the fire. In non-fire-proof construction, the fire scenario will have a significant impact on the structure’s overall behavior. As the fire spreads, the whole function of construction will be disrupted and will not withstand the loads.</div>

 The results of the study showed that in order to assess the risk of fire caused by earthquake, structural criteria, number of urban main gas valves and structural height have the most significant role to be considered. In the case of failure or not considering any of the above criteria, the accident may extend and fatalities and loses will increase. It is also recommended to use fire-proof covers on the pillars to reinforce existing buildings after the earthquake due to economic and technical constraints.</div>

Various methods and methods of providing temporary housing for homeless people after recent disasters in Iran due to non-compliance with the conditions of the disaster area are not effective in practice. One of the issues of concern today is the lack of open spaces available in times of crisis. So that there is no necessary proportion between the level of built space, the building density and the open space usable in times of crisis. The central courtyard of many of our country’s historic mosques is now covered by light ceilings, often with poor detail, inappropriate performance, and Nazi views due to the granting of new functions or the expansion of communal spaces. This descriptive-analytical research method tries to provide a model for post-crisis temporary accommodation planning by integrating modern structural systems and using the mosque’s outdoor space and finally the most appropriate one provided a temporary housing arrangement for the affected. Therefore, after defining the basic concepts, the effective criteria for designing each system are prioritized by the AHP method. Finally, templates for temporary cladding designs are provided for the central courtyard of the mosques based on preference criteria

In our country, most designs are implemented, regardless of the basics of passive defense. Hazardous storage depots are among the most important vulnerable structures that are no exception. The smallest damage to these warehouses will have serious economic, social and other consequences. In order to prevent terrorist threats, ground and rocket attacks on this facility, it is necessary to take non-passive measures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and simulate the risk of storage of hazardous materials, emphasizing the threat of explosion. Therefore, using descriptive-analytic research method, the information and criteria were analyzed using FEMA technique and AHP method. The results show that the damage to the storage of high risk materials is first and foremost threatened with bombing and explosive propulsion. Accordingly, an ABAQUS software has been simulated in a variety of scenarios for storing explosive risk materials. Finally, suggestions are made to reduce the risk and vulnerability of hazardous materials storages to explosions and bombings using appropriate tools and spatial options