فهرست مطالب mohsen tabassi

Statement of Problem: 

The importance of social luck towards the architectural body and urban space in previous periods and especially in the contemporary era has become one of the most important parts of urban planning and design planning in architecture. In the meantime, the concept of capital and the social theory derived from it have suffered from the problem of being multifaceted and extensive. This has caused the transfer of the complexity of perception and effective planning for its realization in architecture and urban planning as well. In order to solve this problem, in this research, an attempt has been made to determine the effect of this concept on the formation of social theory in the field of architecture and urban planning in a manner corresponding to the formation of this change of perspective in social science studies.Importance and necessity of conducting research: The important application of such research is in obtaining the model of physical capital. In order to achieve this goal, architecture and urban planning can be considered as a perfect example for its implementation. Because it enables physical development and life space (which includes social interactions) using multiple technologies and based on scientific perspectives. The necessity of this theoretical synchronization between social studies with architecture and urban planning, in increasing the influence of the network and social institutions, and reducing the costs of social interaction, through justice in the distribution of individual-group benefits, and the division of group work to solve social problems related to building space.

Aims of the article: 

The current research seeks to understand and express the different aspects of social capital, and to present an interdisciplinary theory with the aim of using it in the process of architectural design and urban planning in a structured way.

Research Question: 

Based on this, the main question raised in this research is to achieve a general content framework to move from social capital to social theory.

In carrying out the current fundamental and qualitative research, interdisciplinary theorizing has been used based on the collection of library resources around its topic, and providing descriptive analysis to achieve a comprehensive and structured interpretation. Also, a comparative study has been done in the field of social studies in architecture and urban planning. Based on this, the current research seeks to meet this need with a qualitative method and a fundamental approach, while analyzing and interpreting related library resources, by presenting the process of philosophical cognition in the triad (what, why, how) of social capital. , to give an answer of interdisciplinary theorizing.

This research, in addition to achieving a comprehensive model for physical capital, has achieved a partial structure to the concepts presented around these categories, and the formation of the structure of interdisciplinary studies. Also, it helps fundamentally to remove the obstacles to comprehensive development and sustainable and high-quality human settlement. It is obvious that such an innovative view and achievement gives coherence to the way of using social capital in the process of architectural design and urban planning. In such a way, it makes the problem of social contextualization a process and measurable model, index and structure. This is what we call the social capability of the environment in environmental psychology.The social purpose of presenting the theory of physical capital is to expand the social responsibility of "individuals, groups, institutions and society" towards social problems related to space and place of living. The most important of these factors were expressed in the current research under the title of lifestyle and aesthetics (reflected in the way of thinking) of the era. Based on this, in this research, an attempt was made to put the concept of social capital into comparative and philosophical recognition, and by expanding its context and application, to achieve the basics of interdisciplinary social theory. In defining the application of this social theory, an effort was made to promote construction to the creation of value-oriented space under the title of physical capital. This physical capital includes material and spiritual dimensions that can be manifested in environmental capabilities through architectural interventions and urban planning.In this theory, physical capital is that which is created from social capital and at a higher stage, it is com from the social theory as the current spirit in the physical-spatial fabric of people's living environment. Therefore, one can witness the increase in the sense of " sameness" between the individual's social personality (real personality) and society (legal personalities) with the space and buildinges (that have now been upgraded to the "spatial space"). It can also be said that the sense of desirability and acceptability of the design product, which has now become physical capital, will increase in their eyes.

The Safavid period can be considered one of the important cultural and social periods of Iran and one of the turning points in the architectural history of this land. Iran's privileged geopolitical position and economic attractions in the Safavid era caused many travelers to come to Iran, and most of them wrote travel diaries after returning. The travelogues of European travelers in the 10th to 12th centuries AH, which is approximately the same time as the Safavid period, are considered one of the most important documents of Iranian architectural history, regardless of the purpose of the trip or the shortcomings of the text and sometimes misunderstandings.The lack of documents and written sources about the history of architecture and how buildings are built show the necessity of studying and reflecting on travelogues from this point of view. On the other hand, bathhouses, as a special type in Iranian architecture, are one of the most vulnerable types of architecture, and unfortunately, their destruction has increased in recent decades.Therefore, any source that helps to know and better understand this complex phenomenon in Iranian architecture is valuable. Iranian bathhouses have attracted the attention of tourists from two perspectives, first and more popular culture and second and less, bath architecture. This research seeks to show the image presented by European tourists of the 10th to 12th centuries AH of the Iranian bathhouses by studying a few sources. The research questions are:1. What aspects of the bathhouses have been noticed by the tourists in their travelogues of the 10th to 12th centuries AH?2. by emphasizing the architecture of the bathhouses, what are the differences between the image presented by the travel writers and what we know about the baths today?

The method in this research has a qualitative paradigm and was done in an interpretative-historical way. Data collection has been done through documentary studies and field observations of the bathhouses. Among the many travelogues written in the research period, 26 travelogues were selected and studied. Among the aforementioned travelogues, only six travelogues have mentioned the bathhouses. In chronological order, these travelogues are Figueroa's travelogue, Pietro Della Valle’s travelogue, Adam Olearius's travelogue, Chardin's travelogue, Kaempfer's travelogue, and travel observations from Bengal to Iran by William Francklin.

From a quantitative point of view, Architecture has been the most important topic. The Second topic of the travellers’ attention is the Anthropological aspects of bathhouses. Travel writers have also mentioned the Medical and Religious aspects.From a qualitative point of view, with an emphasis on the architecture of bathhouses, the cases mentioned by travelers were very few and incomplete in most cases. The image presented by travelers has many differences from what we know about the architecture of bathhouses today.

In general, it can be concluded that the Safavid period was brilliant in the architecture of baths. Most travelers are not familiar with the unique phenomenon called the bathhouse, and that is why few travel books have mentioned the bathhouses and also the few topics of the architecture of the baths. Although the travelogues of the 10th to 12th centuries AH are very important and valuable sources for knowing the history and culture of the Safavid period, they cannot be considered reliable sources regarding the architecture of the bathhouses.

The historic urban context of Mashhad, which symbolizes the identity and heritage of several thousand years, has been seriously damaged in the modern era. On one hand, this damage is due to the emergence of new needs and functions, and on the other hand, it is due to the emerging need for changes in the identity and function of its historical spaces. This research examines the role of physical, economic, and socio-cultural factors and parameters in contemporizing the historic urban context of the Mashhad metropolis, emphasizing the importance of identity preservation. The research method used in the current study is descriptive-analytical. For each of the physical, economic, and socio-cultural parameters of contemporization, indicators were considered based on the answers of experts using the Delphi technique. The data obtained from the questionnaire were processed using statistical software. Among the parameters, physical parameters received the highest score, while socio-cultural parameters received the lowest score in contemporizing the historic urban context of the Samen district of Mashhad. In the next step, the indicators of each parameter were ranked and categorized using the AHP method. The results indicate that the improvement of access to the context is the most crucial advantage of contemporizing the historical urban context. Conversely, the loss of context is the most significant disadvantage. Providing service infrastructure for livability is the most significant opportunity, and finally, the effects of prolonging the construction process are considered the most critical threats.

One of the challenging issues in countries with a historical background such as Iran is how to properly deal with the valuable heritage of the past, which should be properly passed on to future generations. In the meantime, the architecture and especially the special function of traditional houses is much more important than other historical buildings and according to the existing conditions, it requires that by creating special spaces, understanding the relationships between spaces and contemporizing them, suitable and up-to-date uses should be given to the buildings. Therefore, to analyze this issue, the historical houses of Mashhad were selected to answer the research questions with a survey and descriptive-analytical method and collect data in the form of Delphi and questionnaires and use the multi-criteria evaluation method (MCDM) based on the analysis hierarchy process (AHP) and used the Expert Choeis software. The findings of the research show that, in order of importance, recognition of the effect and examination of the spatial condition of the sub-spaces of historical houses in the intervention stage with a weight of 0.302 has been selected as the best component in choosing the option for developing the proposed model and the component of following the written principles of protection according to the restoration charters with a weight of 0.124 ranks third. Compared to other indicators, the 0.015-weighted intervention for tourism industry development was the lowest ranked among the examined indicators.

Numerous interpretations and standards have been mentioned for appropriate housing and models of its realization. The residents’ role as a factor in determining and stabilizing the quality of housing is indisputable. From this point of view, residents' satisfaction as a factor determining and stabilizing the desirability of housing has been investigated and analyzed from countless dimensions. These patterns change according to the geographical region and culture. Even research designates that people living in the same house do not have the same understanding of satisfaction with the conditions, which may change depending on several indicators. This research aims to redefine the patterns of the desirability of the existing residential environment based on the satisfaction indicators of the residents in Tabriz City. According to the historical background geographical, social, and political situation of this city, the need to pay attention to it is quite perceptible. From this point of view, this article seeks to answer these questions. In this regard, the leading research has proceeded with the hypothesis that in terms of explaining the patterns of desirability in the field of housing in the region, there is an effective relationship with a positive and meaningful influence between the factors affecting satisfaction with a high factor load and the desirability of the residential environment based on the ideals of the residents exists, which can lead to redefining the patterns of the desirability of the residential environment based on the ideals of the satisfaction of the people of Tabriz.

The present research has a practical nature, and the method of conducting it is a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. To attain its findings, the researchers use statistical and quantitative analysis in consort with qualitative, descriptive and analytical techniques. In the first step, the field findings of variables and micro-variables by addressing the residents' opinions and understanding the indicators they consider by combining them through a vocabulary drawn from documentary data and vocabulary in the perceptive container of the residents in the study platform. In the continuation of the valuation of the existing situation of the region and the recognition of the effective variables with high factor load in the field of the components obtained from the first step of the test, descriptive statistics and analysis of the normality of the data were carried out. Based on that and after transforming the data, the construct validity and reliability of the research variables and their resulting indices were investigated using the confirmatory factor analysis test. To model the purpose of the research, the structural equation method was used. To attain the objectives of the study, two software, SPSS'23 and SmartPLS'3.1.1, were used.

A model was obtained for patterns affecting the desirability of physical and functional, social, environmental, and cultural components of the current status in the residential environment of the research context, which is discussed based on the satisfaction indicators from the view of citizens.

Effective physical and functional components average with path coefficient of 0.549, effective environmental components average with path coefficient of 0.323, effective social components average with path coefficient of 0.229, and effective cultural components average with path coefficient of 0.184 respectively have a most powerful positive and significant effects up to average, moderate downward and low effect on the housing desirability in the district.

As the most human subject of architecture, housing and residential environments meet various needs of people and provide peace, health, nurture, and self-improvement [1]. Housing must be flexible to the circumstances growing or moving families face. Providing housing in worn-out urban fabrics deals with particular conditions. The Shaheed Maghoul Neighborhood is one of the worn-out fabrics of District 6 of Mashhad, where ethnic diversity can be witnessed. There are numerous non-Mashhadi individuals who did not built their houses and were forced to choose the pre-built residential units for living. The failure of the residential units to fulfill the needs of the residents through different stages of life brings about population relocation, followed by identity loss of the fabric. Flexibility is a proper response to solve housing in worn-out fabrics. In this study, which uses an applied objective and analytical methods, flexible housing provision strategies were initially identified. Next, the preferences of people of various ethnicities for changes to improve living conditions were introduced through a survey method in the study area. Considering the type of life stage people were in, strategies regarding flexibility were identified. According to research results, the cultural characteristics of people living in the urban fabric favor different strategies to meet housing needs in all life periods. Thus, to decrease housing problems in worn-out urban fabrics, attention to cultural and ethnic differences will be fundamental to the effectiveness of the design. However, the divisibility of units in worn-out urban fabrics is suggested among all flexibility strategies. In general, the research results can serve as a guide to enhancing housing quality in worn-out fabrics.

Special spatial organization is required in a house to separate public and private spaces, considering the family as a system based on internal and external relations. Thus, space is organized and functions are placed to demonstrate the "Principle of Confidentiality." During the transition era, political, social, and economic changes resulted in significant alterations to the way of life and subsequent modifications to the spatial arrangement of buildings, including houses. The objective of this research is to examine how spatial organization changes during the transition era (late Qajar and first Pahlavi era) affected the level of privacy in houses located in Birjand city. The researchers are investigating how the spatial organization of Birjand houses changed during a certain transition period and how these changes affected the level of privacy in the households. They are seeking answers to this question through their research.

The research applies historical and descriptive-analytical methods, using a positivist approach. Data collection utilized documentary and field procedures. Hence, all houses registered under national authority are considered as part of the selected population era. The Qajar, Qajar-Pahlavi, and Pahlavi eras had 9, 8, and 8 houses respectively.

Research indicates that in the transition era, the average area of each house has decreased from 360 square meters to 223 square meters. Additionally, it has become more common to place the Mass on three or both sides of the space. The hierarchy of movement shows the removal of filters and intermediaries like porches and corridors. There have been several changes made to the space. These include a reduction in the amount of mass compared to the amount of space, rearrangements of the mass and space, alterations to the entrance and vestibule areas, updates to the filters and mediators in the courtyard, and changes to the function of the courtyard. There has been a shift in the movement hierarchy pattern from public spaces to rooms, indicating decreasing confidentiality.

The physical changes in the spatial organization of houses during the transition from the Qajar to the Pahlavi era in Birjand caused a decrease in privacy, as confirmed by the results. During the transition era, the architecture of Birjand houses experienced changes in various components and elements, including mass-space ratio, movement hierarchy, entrance, porch, courtyard, and filters. As a result, the long-standing tradition of privacy in Iranian architecture, which has lasted for thousands of years, has declined. Upon comparison with other studies, it is evident that Birjand city experienced fewer and more subdued changes compared to cities like Mashhad, Tehran, and Isfahan. This could be attributed to religious influences and the fact that Birjand was located far away from the cultural and lifestyle changes that occurred in other major cities during that time, including the provincial capital.

In today’s deteriorated urban fabric, many urban areas with weak physical and operational structures are surrounded by new construction. These regions require more significant consideration for the residential building due to their unique economic, cultural, social, and physical qualities. In addition to comprehensiveness in developing criteria, it is crucial to consider the residents’ priorities and aspirations when deciding on the supply of housing in deteriorated areas. Moreover, the effectiveness of proposed plans relies on how well they align with people’s habits, lifestyles, family finances, and environmental and legal considerations. Acceptance and compatibility with these factors play a crucial role in the success of these plans. The research’s primary goals included identifying the most crucial elements of desirable housing, examining the characteristics of deteriorated urban fabric, identifying these elements from the residents’ viewpoint, and developing a framework for building in deteriorated urban fabric in District 6 of Mashhad city.

This study used an analytical survey technique, complemented by documentary and field research, to identify the visible and invisible issues of deteriorated urban fabric in District 6, Mashhad. In this regard, the full physical, economic, social, cultural, environmental, and legal criteria of suitable housing were established and applied. Excel and SPSS statistical tools were utilized to facilitate and ensure the precision of the research analysis. In addition, this research employed GIS software for graphical and spatial analysis. The statistical population of this study consists of 34,497 units in the deteriorated urban fabric in District 6 of Mashhad Municipality. Based on Cochran’s methodology, there are 380 samples. Given the size of the statistical population and the regionalization of the area, cluster sampling was employed. Each neighborhood in the statistical population is treated as a cluster, and a sample is drawn from each cluster (neighborhood) depending on the proportion of its residential units. The Cronbach’s alpha method was utilized to determine the questionnaire’s reliability (Part 3 of the questionnaire: Neighborhood resident survey). 

The study’s findings include a characterization of Mashhad and criteria for appropriate housing in the deteriorated urban fabric. The requirements include general characteristics of the parts, characteristics of the residential environment, building architecture, as well as detailed legal and economic aspects. Finally, the relationship between these components has been examined. In addition to the physical dimension and general features of the residential plots as one of the primary criteria, the inhabitants have identified the appropriate size of the land lots as the essential factor in obtaining the desired housing in deteriorated fabrics. When it comes to designing fair housing, the most critical economic factor is ensuring that the rent is affordable. In terms of the social dimension, the most important factor in creating an optimal housing model is ensuring that the housing unit is suitable for the number of people living there. The compatibility of building designs with the social and cultural characteristics of the population is one of the most crucial concepts for producing a viable housing model in the city, particularly in deteriorated urban areas with particular and delicate social characteristics. The cleanliness of the surroundings, which is currently in a state of disorder, is the most crucial factor in building a suitable housing model in the environmental dimension. Finally, it could be argued from a legal standpoint that the misuse of promissory notes can undermine the residents’ feeling of ownership over their property.

Based on the research data evaluation, the social aspect is considered the most important among the housing desirability factors, while the legal aspect is considered the least significant. Based on the inhabitants’ perspective, the issue of ownership is considered to be one of the most significant factors in the development of the housing model. The size of the units, the number of rooms in each unit, and the residential unit’s infrastructure are all directly correlated with household income in deteriorated urban fabric. In these fabrics, the level of residential occupancy deviates from typical patterns and development standards. Residential plots are often subdivided into smaller units in deteriorated urban areas. This is one of the characteristic features of such urban fabrics. To clarify, in deteriorated urban areas, it is common for residential buildings to violate construction codes by having more than one apartment per floor. As the number of floors in these buildings increases, there is also a trend to construct toilets within each residential unit. The greater the area of residential lots, the greater the proportion of units with parking spaces. The access method to residential units is a crucial aspect of the design of residential units in deteriorated urban areas. It is reasonable to design the reception and living rooms as a single space in residential units located in deteriorated urban areas because it helps to reduce housing costs and overcome limitations in the size and dimensions of living areas.

Conceptually, the category of "social capital" has a history as old as the formation of a human settlement. That is, the need of humans for each other's abilities and productions was and is the main factor in the formation of social relations and social participation of the type of "cooperation". Throughout history and with the formation and expansion of these communities, the interactive processes required by the social man have led to the formation of "community relations". Sociologists consider two major reasons for this in addition to the material needs of social man: firstly, the need for support against life's adversities and secondly, the issue of the need for recognition, which means social acceptance and respect for one's person as a human being. It seems that such a psychological root was the basis of the formation of social personality and turning it into a reliable capital for the governance of the society during different eras, of the type of cohesion, trust and participation. On the other hand, for the participating people, it will be a lever to influence (simultaneous participation and monitoring) on social "policy making and decision making". In the different decades of the 20th century, attention to social capital followed a path that led to its expansion in humanities fields and the formation of different aspects and forms of social capital. Because according to many theoreticians, participation arising from social capital is a normative category and a constant need for "social development plans and programs." The breadth of its practical and conceptual context has caused complexity, breadth, and ambiguity in its comprehensive definition. But in general, it can be said that social capital is the values and norms institutionalized in people for collective relations, which defines their social personality in "group action" and "common goals". Although social capital is a multi-faceted concept between social, cultural and economic studies and it is considered in sustainable development along with and more important than natural, physical (artificial) and human capital, but it is also the main message of Quranic social orders. Because in this perspective, in accordance with the social perspective of the Qur'an, sustainable development has been achieved based on people's participation based on social sensitivity and attention. The use of these views for the architecture and urban planning community of Muslim nations is important from several aspects. First, it is science and knowledge and it becomes the source of their knowledge towards the audience who intend to build housing for their lives. On the other hand, architecture and urban planning remain like a living organism that relies on the achievements of other fields as content or method knowledge in the fields of knowledge and understanding of this social and human context. Therefore, in the position of matching these achievements with Quranic instructions, knowing the viewpoint of the thinkers of these fields is an example of curiosity to know the situation of the individual and society, to understand their "Thinckimg style" and "Life Style".Also, in strengthening social relations and people's sociability, a role of solutions is suggested to help solve the problems of urban areas. In the meantime, the problem of synchronization between the environment and the basis of human physical life (which is provided by architecture and urban planning), with the social planning of the Qur'an, is a very important issue. Because according to many thinkers in this field, the implementation of religious orders, activities and rituals is related to mechanisms in the field of improving the quality of their family and social relationships. Because according to many thinkers in this field, the implementation of religious orders, activities and rituals is related to mechanisms in the field of improving the quality of their family and social relationships. As a result, it can be said that in case of inconsistency between the spatial quality and the relationships defined in the building elements, with religious orders in Islamic societies, a kind of conflict between opinion and action is formed in people's lives. Based on this, all the factors that play a role in creating or strengthening this social capital are considered by social theorists to provide a comprehensive solution. Based on this, the main goal of this article is to present the theoretical foundations of using this social capital in the form of a social theory and at the same time try to integrate it with the concept of the theoretical foundations of Islamic architecture and urban planning. Because transformation in macro-levels, including supreme governance (from local to international level), requires progress in all related aspects. Based on this, the main question raised in this research is to achieve a general content framework to move from social capital to social theory.

The study of architectural works, especially houses, shows that in the past, some principles have been emphasized by its builders, which have been originated from lifestyle and climate in various geographical areas and times. Birjand in the transition era, under the influence of various internal and external factors, had a special potential for cultural and political changes and developments and, consequently, architecture. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze and interpret the effect of lifestyle changes in the transition era (late Qajar and the first Pahlavi era) on the architecture of houses in the city of Birjand. Accordingly, researchers seek to answer the question: How the evolution of people's lifestyle have affected the physical components of the architecture and climate of Birjand houses? Using a positivist approach, the research applies historical and Interpretive-analytical methods to achieve the goal. Data collection was carried out by documentary and field procedures. Therefore, all nationally- registered houses belonged the era selected as the population. Findings indicate that Birjand, along with other Iranian big cities has been affected by lifestyle changes during this era. Being far from cities including Tehran, Mashhad etc., has not protected Birjand against social changes and they have reflected in physical and climatic components and elements during the transition era.

As a result of the tendency of the Qajar and Pahlavi kings toward modernity, the lifestyle of Iranians transformed at an incredible speed. The changes in the way of life affected the architecture of the houses and caused shifts in the direction of the desire for extroversion and reducing the amount of privacy. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to study the effect of the spatial organization of houses in creating privacy. Accordingly, the main question of this research is how the concept of privacy in Mashhad houses has been affected by the characteristics of the spatial organization of houses in the transition period. The research method is based on the Space Syntax. In general, the methods used in the current research are divided into two main categories: documentary and field. The statistical population of study includes the houses built from 1895 to 1941, within the historical context of Mashhad. The results show that the houses of Mashhad during the transition period had an introverted spatial organization, which the level of introversion of the houses was gradually reduced. In general, it can be observed that the political, social, and cultural changes in this city quickly and during a short period were represented in the architecture of the houses. Even the presence of an element as powerful as religion could not practically keep the sanctuary of the holy city away from major social changes and transformations, which were taking place at the country level.

The traditional structure of Tehran, as the then capital city, changed with the beginning of pseudo-modernism in the Qajar period in Iran. The transition period (the period of transferring from Qajar to Pahlavi Period), was the period of creating changes and sometimes conflict in Iranian residential architecture, which was selected as the time interval to be studied in this research. Many reasons have been mentioned for such changes and the creation of transition period, among which the index of Cultural Consumption have been selected for discussion and analysis. The most palpable element changed in the residential buildings is the façade, which employed a different approach than the preceding period, by the emergence of extroversion. Research Question: the investigations made in this study aim at providing answers to three issues of “visibility of the influence of cultural consumption on the façade of residential architecture in the transition period in Tehran”, “how the index of cultural consumption has affected the façade in transition period”, and “the relational progress of the index of cultural consumption and the element of façade, from the late Qajar period to the First Pahlavi period”.

Purpose of the Study: 

the main purpose of the current study is, particularly, investigating and analyzing the relationship between the index of cultural consumption and the element of façade in the residential architecture and its transformation progress in the transition period.

the interpretive-historical method was employed as the main method and the case study method as the complementary one.

by investigating the element of façade (especially, the urban façade) in the houses dating back to the late Qajar period to the First Pahlavi period, it seems that in Qajar period, transition period and the First Pahlavi period, the innovative, passive and relational approaches of cultural consumption have been used, respectively.

A study of the Safavid history shows that security can be a factor in the emergence of political authority and can directly affect trade and the economy. The concept of defense is of two types, active defense and passive defense. Although both have the same goals, their methods are very different. The purpose of this study is to study the caravanserais of the Safavid period from the perspective of passive defense. The study adopts a positivist approach to the subject in terms of research methodology, and, in terms of the purpose, it is based on comparative descriptions. The variables obtained based on documentary studies are the geographical location and importance of the roads, the plan forms (including rectangular and polygonal courtyards and introverted and extroverted roofed spaces), elements related to passive defense (including number of entrances, guard rooms and watchtowers) and physical analysis (including depth of access to rooms and the number of spatial layers). These variables focus on passive security and defense. Totally, 43 Safavid caravanserais are classified into four groups (rectangular with a courtyard, polygon with a courtyard, roofed introverted and roofed extroverted spaces), and the principles of passive defense are examined in them. The results show that rectangular and polygonal courtyard caravanserais as well as introverted indoor caravanserais have many similarities in terms of using physical elements for security. Extroverted indoor caravanserais, on the other hand, have different characteristics from other the types. In fact, the study shows that, mainly in areas where the natural elements of passive defense (such as mountains and rivers) do not exist and (for various reasons) agent defense is not justified or impossible, the architect has tried to provide most of the physical elements of security and passive defense against possible attacks by reducing entrances, creating a guard rooms and watchtowers, and increasing the depth of access and the number of layers of space as much as possible. In addition, the strategic position of the Persian Gulf coastal roads and the important role of these trade routes at the level of trade and economy of the country have made it necessary for the governments to ensure their security as an agent of defense. Therefore, in the caravanserais of this region, maintaining less security has been entrusted to the body of architecture. The results generally show that the variety of active defense and passive defense factors in caravanserais depends on the geographical location, the importance of the routes, and the architectural form of the caravanserais.

The presence of women in Iranian movies has been a challenging issue. Since that the movie is an important medium for transferring cultural subjects, a proper image of women can be mutually influenced society and the women themselves. The important social incidents such as the Islamic revolution, eight years of holly defense, and changing the predominant social paradigms also have a significant effect on Iranian movies. Under these conditions, Iranian women, as a considerable part of Iranian movies, have been appeared in different forms. The main idea for this research is the study about the circumstance of the Iranian women presented images. For this aim, the attributive and content analysis methods were used to analyzing the first actress’s character in Iranian movies. Then four periods were considered and some Iranian films were selected in these intervals. The selected movies have been reviewed and the women’s roles are classified into three categories contains economic, cultural, and political- social role. The study shows that in the Iranian movies after the Islamic revolution, from the economic aspects around seventy percent of women were middle-class and upper, almost a third of women, employed, and about forty percent have financial independence. In terms of cultural image, not only about seventy percent of women have secondary and higher education, but also in most cases, the consumption of cultural goods appears. From the view of the political- social image, the Iranian women have been seen at a minimum turnout.

The loss of the communicational power between the architecture and the crisis of meaning might be felt in the contemporary era. Heidegger, the founder of philosophical hermeneutics in the 20th century, believes that spaces owe their existence to a place and not to a space and that the spaces owe their power to a place where human experiences exist. Therefore, one may find out the importance of human beings (Dasein) on the issue of existence and time. Heidegger's philosophical hermeneutics attitude is reflected in the architecture, such as Christian Norberg-Schulz, the Norwegian theorist and architecture, who is affected by Martin Heidegger from philosophical viewpoint. While interpreting the attitudes of Heidegger to the architectural language, Schulz called architecture as presenting the world and providing the meaning. The current research aims at finding a way for the easy understanding of the audience regarding the philosophical hermeneutics in architecture. In this regard, the research method is descriptive from subject viewpoint, and as to the data gathering, the documents' information is gathered (Library-based method). Heidegger believes that the existential elements of origin, path and destination are meaningful when the world is put in the place. Schulz believes that the architectural language related to establishing meaningful places is summarized into three main words of topology, typology and morphology, the architectural elements of which are form, space and place.

The culture of the West gradually penetrated the traditional Persian world and during transition period (late Qajar and Pahlavi I dynasty), the speed of westernization was doubled. The research problem is that due to changes, the lifestyle has undergone some changes, which has affected in particular housing entrances. This research examines the process of changes in the entrances of houses in eastern Iran during the transition period with an approach towards the principles of privacy. The statistical population includes over 200 identified houses built during the transition period, in the east of Iran. Forty houses (about 20 %) are selected as examples. The results show that the changes in the political, social and cultural structures provided the grounds for changes in the physical structure of cities. For various reasons, the physical changes of houses were less frequent and slower. The people of eastern Iran resisted as much as possible the social and cultural transformation as well as the physical changes it caused. Since the principle of Privacy in architecture is inextricably linked to religious beliefs and the lifestyle of the people of this area, the changes could not eliminate the privacy of entrances of the Iranian eastern houses.

The cleanness, which was important from the ancient times to the Iranian people, became more and more necessary with the advent of Islam, and the baths found their place in the urban structure. The study of the history of baths relies on written documentation because the baths have been exposed to damage due to changing social conditions. Historical baths in Mashhad have a sharper situation. The Nasser period is a brilliant period in the construction of baths in Mashhad, which has been left with less than the baths. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to recognize the baths of Mashhad in the Naser Al-Din period based on texts and maps which is remaining from that time. In the present study, the historical method has been used to provide the necessary information through documentary and field studies. The sources of research include Matlaa-ol-Sams, Nofoos-e Arz-e Aghdas and the Julies map. The results show the difference in the number of bathrooms in the three documents. The reasons for the difference are the uncertainty surrounding the borders of the neighborhoods and the non-native of Julies and Etemad Al-Saltanah.

The architectural terms are always appearing in folkloric literature. Bathing and cleanliness were also important for Iranian people. The role of bathhouse in the social relations and its appearance in the most part of folk culture make bathhouse a distinguished place between the other types of architecture.We know also that only a few numbers of historic baths were remained; because this type is very weak against demolitions. Therefore, we must have no doubt about the necessity of documentation of all anthropological aspects of bathhouses.
This study deals with the recognition, classification and analysis of baths in the Persian proverbs. This research based on a descriptive -comparative method and the analytical data were used to criticize the documents. For this respect, a number of related books and papers were reviewed and were found 134 proverbs, then they were classified by the topic and were analyzed.
The results show that more than 61 percents of proverbs are simple sentences which state the main idea as simple as possible. Only 32 proverbs have a story and only one proverb has an Arabic origin. Also most of proverbs have a witty tone, and only 10 proverbs have indecent words. Generally speaking, the social and moral issues are more important topic of discussion than the other ones. The results also show that architecture and anthropology have the same portion in the proverbs. This fact leads us to conserve them similarly.

Architecture is the container for life and all aspects of human life could be manifested in architecture; as a result, many urban and architectural terms can be found in literary or common speech.This study is an attempt to examine the use of urban and architectural terms in Persian folk literature by focusing on Dehkhoda’s Amsal-o-Hekam.In the first step the research was conducted in alphabetical order; it then assumed analytical approach. The first section of this analysis refers to verbs and verbal combinations. The second and third sections concentrate on architectural and urban words and terms.The study shows that some of the beautiful architectural verbs and verb combinations can be used more frequently today and can also replace some foreign terms. Almost all different aspects of architecture such as urban and architectural terms can be traced in Amsal-o-Hekam as well.

since the government، following the Shi’ie doctrine، paid special attention to art and architecture، the School of Isfahan found the opportunity to manifest the Shi’ite beliefs in architecture. The rare combination of art، Shi’ism and illumination gave this era a unique identity، which manifested itself more or less in the Isfahan school of art and architecture. Shia influence in the political and mental system for the first time in this era، provided the best situation for mental growth and merger of intellectual and religious currents based on Shia ideology. This paper deals with one of the principles governing the organization of art and architecture with the aim of re-examining the role of thought currents dominant at the Safavid era in architecture. The principle of hierarchy in architecture represents the effort to express the concept of transition and the gradual cognitive process. In traditional arts، this has been known as one of the basic principles. The mosque represents the most salient manifestation of this principle in architecture، which is related to the cognitive aspects of space. In particular، the entrance of the mosque as a place linking the worldly and the heavenly finds a celestial dimension، which prepares the person، through a cognitive process، for a transition from the material to the spiritual. The most salient instance of this principle in the architecture of mosques is the intelligent increase of spatial ranks. In this paper pursuing the principle of hierarchy in Iranian-Islamic thought، Mola Sadra Shirazi and illumination sheikh Sohrevardi ideas -that influences in art and architecture of this era- were investigated the evolution of these ideas in the design of mosques as a finest traditional art. With access the basic connection between this principle and Shiite، mystical and illumination though، were obtained the noticeable field for deeper analysis of the samples. A comparison of the facades of the mosques built in the era under study، the era when the school of Isfahan emerged، with previous facades، shows the following 1-A considerable increase of spatial ranks in the facades of the mosques built in the Safavid era، a characteristic which continues in a number of succeeding mosques As one of the most important results of this study. 2-A new method developed in the making of the entrance space of the mosques built in this era، used for the first time in the entrance space of the Shah Mosque in Isfahan. 3-The School of Isfahan has drawn the attention to the transition from without to within. The increase of the entrance ranks of the mosques explains the process of preparing the person coming to the mosque to say prayers to transit from the material to the spiritual. 4-The hierarchy principle، a major principle of architecture in the Shi’ite world، employed in the creation of architectural space is closely tied to the Shi’ite doctrine and the related concepts. A re-examination of this principle and intelligent application of it in modern architecture with no doubt would promote the structure and semiotics of architecture.

Diaries are the most important documents about Iranian history that their translation and analysis can help us to understand more about our history. Also we know that remain only a few remains of historic baths; because this type of architecture is very weak against damages and demolitions. For this reason, all diarie's writings about baths can find special importance. This paper reviews some of the most famous and important diaries with the analytic and comparative methods to find more about bath's architecture and leave the anthropological aspects. The results show that all reviewed diaries pointed 281 times to different aspects of bath's architecture. Naser-al Din Shah's diary with 34 times, Jakob Eduard Polak's diary with 26 and Gaspard Drouville's diary with 24 times have some important information about bath's architecture.