جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ایران شناسی » در نشریات گروه « تاریخ »

In recent decades, "Iranology" has been proposed as an independent science in academic circles in Iran and around the world. Moreover, after the Islamic revolution, an institution with this title was established in 1997 to advance the goals related to Iranology. All the while, the synergy of "Iranology" with other sciences is one of the most important concerns regarding this field of study. In the meantime, "Foreign policy", as a branch of the relatively nascent science of International relations, is considered an important aspects of the science of "Politics", whose synergy with Iranology can lead to fruitful results. Based on this, the main question will be raised, how Iranology (as knowledge or the foundation of Iranology) and Foreign policy can mutually improve the levels of official diplomacy and public diplomacy of the country. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and to collect data and information, library and internet sources have been used. Based on the findings of this research, Iranian studies and Foreign policy can improve the levels of official diplomacy and public diplomacy of the country through three concepts, which are: The concept of "Iranology in Foreign policy", with its efforts to solve cognitive difficulties; The concept of "Iranology for Foreign policy" through actions that include facilitating, deepening, and developing various types of diplomacy; and the concept of "Foreign policy for Iranology" through measures such as introducing and supporting the "Iranology Foundation" in the international arena.

1.Abstract
Changing the status of "Iranian studies" to “Iranistics " comes from the fact that the basis of the model of "Knowledge" has undergone a transformation. IN authentic Iranian studies, "Descartes' duality"; old and rejected, is assumed. Here, man is not considered as a mere knower, but knowledge is considered as a joint product between the knower and the phenomenon, and in this context, the patterns of knowledge and scientific autopsy of Iran undergo fundamental changes. On the one hand, the way information is reflected in the researcher's mind is important, and on the other hand, the role of the land of Iran in creating logic and the type of lived experience that the residents of this land have learned from living in it is expressed. In other words, place identity plays a major role in the type of knowledge resulting from the emotional intelligence of its residents. In Iranian studies, the researcher and the way the data is reflected in his mind become important. Because the result of such an analysis takes place in the form of the researcher's cultural, social and linguistic components, and therefore the influence and impact of the long-standing pattern of understanding and knowledge of each researcher is recognized by what we mean.In other words, the basics of knowledge are directed to the realm of culture and sociological features of the observer. This fundamental turn in the principles of Iranian studies should first be attributed to the theory of "Mirror Identity" and "Geographical Device of Iran".This pattern of reflection on phenomena has created a new realm of understanding and knowing Iran and being Iranian for us and can help us to better understand the atmosphere of Iran. And create a more logical connection with the environment and understanding of cultural differences. And explain the reasons for Iran's immortality throughout the ages. Therefore, in Iranian Studies, not only the researcher's mind and mental schemes, but also the residents' mental schemes and the decoding of their mental image are of interest. In this method, the "meaning of the land" is formed, which is a conceptual metaphor of the effect of the land on the understanding and logic of the knowledge of its inhabitants.
2- Introduction     
The recognition of various texts from Iran will be done by interpreting them through semiotic and semantic analysis until reaching the field of semantics and usage. Understanding the difference between Irenology and "Iranian knowledge" will help us present Iran not only as a hard truth but also as an interpretable reality and a factor in the epistemological logic of its inhabitants' thoughts and experiences. This perspective reveals the secret of Iran's cultural unit's immortality and permanence, based on culture and a rich cultural ecology, rather than race or nationalism. In this article, we discuss cultural Iran, Iranian identity based on Sapir-Whorf's (1960) theory, an epistemological identity, and introduce it.
3- Material & Methods   
 A question arises here: One question arises: why has Iran, among its 15 neighboring countries with a history of independence, always remained a cultural and independent unit in history's context? We can answer this question by referring to several central theories in the field of epistemology. In this article, we analyze two important epistemological features of Iran, relying on the theory of several researchers who are experts in this field. The phenomenological approach and the benefit of "text analysis" led to six new theories about Iran's land, resulting in a semantic autopsy. To achieve the research's goals, we studied the sources of the six theories, re-read and analyzed the texts, deduced the extracted conceptual propositions about Iran's characteristics, and explained the importance of each one.
4- Discussion of Results & Conclusions    
The research indicates that the change in researchers' approach from Irenology to Iranian knowledge defines new horizons of the cognitive understanding of the inhabitants of the land of Iran for us and leads to the mechanism of the influence of place in the epistemological framework of Iranians.
Studies have shown that Iranian studies can explain many cultural events our national rituals and celebrations and how the inhabitants of Iran understand their biological place. This issue can help us in understanding the biological, cultural, and social structure existing in Iran in the field of epistemology. As mentioned in the geographical framework of Iran, many of our collective and cultural behaviors are teachings that the place has instilled in them in the form of experimental and emotional knowledge.
Therefore, the concept of Iranianism is also separated from the classic forms of race, blood, and nationalism, which usually do not have documented scientific support.
Iranianism is presented in the field of epistemology in this way: the inhabitants of the land of Iran, since they have lived in this place, have a special mental and intellectual framework under the influence of the place's identity and think according to its cultural place.
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Iranian studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina have a long history. For a long time, scientists and writers of this region have been familiar with the various elements of Iranian culture. From the beginning of the 20th century, the activities of Bosnian Iranologists began in a contemporary scientific and academic style. But there is still a long way to reach the desired point. According to the necessity of getting acquainted with Iranology in the universities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in this article, we intend to describe the general history of Iranology in this country, introduce some prominent figures in this field, and briefly introduce and evaluate their actions and scientific and research works. Then, the future prospects of Iranology in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the possible axes of its development should be mentioned. The research method in this article is the historical method and is based on field information

The expansion of the relationship between Iran and Europe since the end of the Qajar period and especially after the constitutional revolution, caused Europeans to pay attention and even interest in Iran, and as a result, there was an increase in visits to Iran. One of the consequences of this flow was the expansion of Iranian Studies in the West and the writing of important scientific works in this field. The works made interested Iranians make more efforts to carry out very rare research about Iran and Iranian studies. Mohammad Qazvini is one of the most important of these enthusiasts who has a decisive role and contribution to the evolution of Iranology knowledge in Iran and the West. His long and arduous journey to the West, in addition to showing the Iranian culture and civilization to the Europeans, has had a two-way impact on the personalities of Western Iranologists and his attitude. Therefore, he can be considered the beginning of a revolution in Iranian Studies in the West. Therefore, this research aims to, apart from expressing the importance of Mohammad Qazvini in this trend, deal with his relationship with the most important Iranologists of that time and his influence on modern scientific and research works and methods and their transfer to Iran.

The European tourists who came to Iran during the Safavid era, by recording their memories and observations and writing travelogues, introduced and transmitted the culture, science, art, character, behavior, manners and habits, lifestyle and scientific and civilizational heritage of Iranians. They played an important role in European societies and created a kind of, Iranian studies discourse in the West. By traveling and staying in Iran, by observing, investigating and researching, contacting and talking to people and knowledgeable people, and accessing written sources of Iranian history, these tourists have provided useful information about Safavid Iran to their countrymen and made them familiar with the name, prestige and greatness of Iran. The purpose of this research is to investigate the ratio of European tourists with the category of Iranology based on travelogue information and in a descriptive-analytical method, and it raises the question of what role European tourists of the Safavid era played in the development of , Iranian studies? The findings of the research show that various aspects of Iran's civilization were reflected in the travelogues of these tourists and introduced to Europe. From this point of view, tourists have played an important role in the category of Iranian Studies in the West and its expansion. Their reports have been effective in encouraging Europeans to visit Iran and write travelogues, which is an important step in the growth of Iranian studies among Europeans

JournalAsiatic is one of the oldest Orientalist journals in the world.This journal, as a scientific organ of the Asian Institute of Paris, has been published since 1822 until now, and as it will be mentioned, both the institute and its organ showed attention to Iranian civilization from the beginning.

The book History of Media by Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff (1958) was translated to Persian by Karim Keshavarz in 1966. The book is Diakonoff’s comprehensive and meticulous researches conducted at that time, as requested the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. The compilation and translation of the book are of importance as before the work there was not any independent books or scientific researches on the Medes period in Persian and the information that historians and archaeologists had about the period had been limited to the writings of Greek historians and some modern Western sources. Such sources were important but as they had not used primary sources, that is, inscriptions, tablets, and archaeological documents, they could not fill the gap of the lack of authentic documents and written sources for those who were interested in researching on this period. Diakonoff’s work is different from other sources in the way that the work provides the readership with a comprehensive information from the sources on this period, carefully examines them, and then turns to geographical and historical issues. These issues made the book one of the main sources of the field such that even after many decades it would be important for those who want to study about Iran and Iranians living in that period. One can see the influence of Diakonoff’s work on the history of the Medes as it has been one of the primary sources of Iranian researches in conducting historical, linguistic, ethnographical, archeological, and interdisciplinary researches. Using a library method, the study aimed to show some part of the influence of the book on the Iranian researcher’s works.

Iranology is one of the new academic disciplines in the realm of human sciences which has been recently launched in some universities. The curriculum of this field consists of various courses on history, geography, archeology, literature, mythology, folklore, economics, etc., which demonstrates its interdisciplinary nature. Presenting a preliminary definition of this field and introducing its nature, purposes, subject, and methodological principles are among the most important problems which demand further discussion. Accordingly, the present study aims to respond to a number of fundamental questions regarding the necessity and purposes of Iranology and the importance of various related methodological approaches through collecting the required data from authentic sources and resorting to empirical studies in this field. The findings of the study demonstrate that, following an interdisciplinary approach and a multi-dimensional perspective, Iranology provides a more comprehensive knowledge of the problems related to Iranian culture and civilization. However, achieving this important purpose and attaining correct epistemological knowledge depends, to some extent, on adopting an efficient and appropriate methodology. Hence, having an accurate understanding of methodology in criticizing the views and works of foreign Iranologists and obtaining a more realistic knowledge of Iranology is of great significance.

In East nationalism is known as a movement against imperialism and for self- protection. This movement influences the Iranian World – the World which had one cultural and political literature at least in urban societies and elites – and ties the concept of nation to concepts like race, language, territory and history. For nation- building, the Iranian World intellectuals uses new European scientific methods and knowledge. They find it more appropriate for their nation-states’ benefits. Applying new methods developed a new scientific literature that emerged the knowledge of Iranology. This article is used the archaeology of knowledge to study the texts, which introduced Iranian Studies at its early emergence. The hypothesis is even Iranology discourse in Iran is impressed by Orientalism archives, it is affected by the Iranian World’s political and social context. So Iranology appears when Iranian society interacts with modern changes in Iranian World and needs an Iranian identity. Then Iranology actuate Iranian cultural identity to a national cultural identity.

Orientalism has been founded on a network of representations, social - political sciences and beliefs and it has developed a distinguished discourse. Iranology considered as one of the branches of orientalism is consistent with it in many aspects. The researches related to orientalism are considered as the main source of developing concepts in relation to the nature of eastern communities and they are applied in the direction of the identification and analysis of these communities. Orientalism clarifies the social relations in the eastern communities with the sovereignty of government based on the eastern dictatorship, lack of civil community and private ownership, stagnation, disagreement between the government and nation, lack of a formulized law, slavish obedience of peasantry from the monarch and lack of political and social stability and security. Malcom, an outstanding Ironologist, provided ideas being so effective on the development of theories pertaining to the nature of government and community and the relations between them. Through the historical analysis method as well as the study of fundamental principles of Malcom’s ideas, this research investigates the concept of security and the strategies taken towards the provision of security in Iran in view of Malcom. The finding of this research indicate that Malcom analyzed the development of security in Iran in view of dictatorship government that succeeded to provide the security by relying on the military power as well as the people’s fear of the government. In his view, Islam religion and its decrees were the cause of developing dictatorship, insecurity and destabilization in the Islamic communities including Iran; while, the provision of security in Iran has been mostly based on the culture, social traditions and religious instructions more than fear of the governed authority.

Religious sites, particularly imamzadehs (shrine-tombs of the descendants of Imams) and holy mausoleums, have always been among the most stable religious centers of Shi’ites. Such places have continually attracted the attention of the lovers of the offspring of the Infallible Imams (a) in different periods at varying levels of intensity since the rise of Islam. Presently, imamzadehs are not merely considered to be some sacred shrines visited by pilgrims and religious centers; rather, their history, identity, and locations provide plenty of information. In fact, such places function as the cradle of various political and cultural changes in the contemporary period. This case study focuses on Imamzadeh Hassan in Karaj. Following an Iranological approach, the researcher has explored the location of this mausoleum, the identity of its owner, its history, the present architecture of this structure and the structures added to it, as well as its pilgrims and the oblations it receives, the people buried there, its founders, the artists who decorated it, and its custodians. This research was conducted based on a descriptive-analytic design, and the required data were collected through field studies and oral interviews as well as through benefitting from library sources and documents.

When the name of a country and its features appear in the poems of one of the most famous poets of another country, those poems become very important.The description of Iran in Paul Fleming’s poems is a good example in this regard. Fleming, the wellknown German poet of the Baroque period, travelled to Iran accompanying a trade mission from a state in the north of Germany. During the 17 monthsthat he stayed in Iran, he tried to express some of his observations of the events that had occurred during this time in the mouldof some poems in German and Latin using a subtle and delicate poetic style. In his poems, in addition to frequent references to the name of Iran, its cities, and its nature, he has also referred to its ancient and historical backgroundand a number of distinguished Iranian figures. In this paper, the authorhas tried to examine the description of Iran in some of Paul Fleming’s poems which have been written in Latin.

The emergence of nationalistic historiography in the contemporary history of Iran has been efficient on the scientific historiography of Iranian historiographers as well as the development of their historical viewpoints towards the history of their country and it has led to the advent or strength of some intellectual trends such as the literary nationalism, authentic writing and archaism.
Among the numerous elements effective on the development of this school, it can be named Orientalogy and Iranology as the most important of them.
This trend led to the semi- national pride and exaggerated superiority complexity of Iranian historiographers and illuminati as well as their interpreting Iran and Iranian civilization as unrealistic and exaggerated and assuming it as the main foundation of all of the world’s civilizations in various eras and underestimating their previous neighbors and knowing them as the reason of annihilation of civility and majesty of old era.
In the present article, it has been investigated this issue from Qajar up to end of Pahlavi the first by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method and relying on the first and the most important works in regard with Orientalogy and Iranology and later on, it has been studied the mode of emergence of the first nationalistic histories by the Iranian historiographers.

Vladimir Minorsky is one of the most prominent Iran ologists of the twentieth century and his studies cover a wide variety of areas such as geography, history and literature of Iran. The main problem of this paper is to study Vladimir Minorsky’sapproach and narrative regarding evolution of Iranian society and history. Studying and reviewing his studies, we try to answer this main question that in his view what factors contributed to the permanence of Iranian history and its evolution during the passage of history. The present study sheds light on the new and unknown angles of Minorsky’s Iranian studies. What distinguishes Minorsky from other Irani ologists is his initiative to create new theory to explain and understand the Iranian history during the Islamic period. The theory which is discussed in this paper is based on the two concepts of “Iranian Interlude” and “Iranian Islam”.

Orientalogy has been considered as a collection of studies and researches by the scholars and institutions in western countries being connected to the diverse eastern issues. Iranology as a branch of Orientalogy could be deemed to be a classified collection of studies and researches by the western scholars towards recognizing the language, literature, history, religious texts, thoughts, culture of Iran land, as well as the Iranian civilized domain. Motivation and objectives of these studies has been the heart of discussions for decades. This research examines the content of English Iranology works in 19th century and the first half of 20th century and the re- manifestation of its relationship with the political, military as well as economic requirements of England in Iran and Asia and raises this question regarding the relationship between the policies of England in Iran and Asia and their Iranology researches. The findings of research reveal that the government of England has taken advantage of Iranology as a colonial method; moreover, the English Iranologists have been attentive towards the development of their individual identity via their researches in Iran. The other properties of English Iranology are considered to be hostility against Islam, archaism, and racism.