جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ورزش هوازی » در نشریات گروه « تربیت بدنی »

Aging is an important risk factor for cognitive functions. On the other hand, exercise improves brain health and improves cognitive functions. However, the mechanisms of these benefits have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of four weeks of intermittent aerobic exercise with moderate intensity on cognitive function and the expression level of PGC1α and VEGF genes in the hippocampus of old rats. For this purpose, 20-month-old male Wistar rats were divided into 2 exercise training groups (number = 8 heads) and control (number = 8 heads). The animals of the sports group performed intermittent aerobic training with moderate intensity for 4 weeks, 5 days a week. In order to investigate learning and spatial memory, the animals were subjected to the Morris water maze test 48 hours after the last training session. Then, the animals were killed and the hippocampal tissue was extracted. Real time-PCR method was used to measure gene expression. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significant level of P£0.05. The results showed that aerobic exercise improved learning performance (P ≥ 0.05) and spatial memory (P ≥ 0.001) and the expression level of PGC1α (P ≥ 0.01) and VEGF (P ≥ 0.001) Increasing. Also, a significant positive correlation between PGC1α gene expression and VEGF gene expression in the hippocampus was observed (p≥0.001, r=0.894). In addition, there was a significant inverse relationship between VEGF gene expression and the average time spent to find the platform (p≥0.05, r=-0.578), and there was a significant positive relationship with the time spent in the quadrant of the target circle (p≥0.01, r=0.713). In general, aerobic exercise improves learning performance and spatial memory in old animals; It seems that exercise-induced upregulation of the PGC1α/VEGF signaling pathway in the brain is at least partially involved in this adaptation.

The aim of this study was to investigated the effect of endurance training on the gene and protein expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and protein kinase B (AKT) in liver tissue of male rats with diabetes. In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided to 4 groups: diabetic group (D), control group (C), exercise group (E), Exercise and diabetic group (ED). Then 16 rats received Strepotozocin injection to induce diabetes. Groups of E and ED performed the designed aerobic exercise protocol five sessions per week for eight weeks. At the end of the protocol, rat liver tissue was extracted, RT-PCR was used to measure gene expression and Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to express AMPK and AKT proteins, respectively. Then RNA was calculated using the formula of 2-DDCT and the data of gene and protein expression AMPK were analyzed with univariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was no significant difference between AMPK and AKT between group E and group C in both RNA and protein levels (P>0.05). In group D compared to group C in the level of protein, both variables were significantly reduced (P<0.001), AKT was significantly decreased at RNA level (P<0.033) and AMPK was significantly increased (P<0.001). Both variables in protein level were significantly increased in group ED compared to group D (P<0.001), while changes in RNA level were not significant. Diabetes exerts destructive effects on liver tissue by reducing AMPK and AKT and disrupting pathways dependent on these variables, and aerobic exercise can improve diabetes by increasing these two variables to some extent.

Decline in catecholamine levels is an effective factor in occurrence of Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of 12-week aerobic training, yoga and omega-3 consumption on hyperactivity and urine catecholamine levels in 7-11 years old hyperactive students. 43 students were randomly assigned to healthy control (n=8), HDAD control (n=9), HDAD omega-3 (n=9), HDAD exercise (n=9), HDAD exercise+omega-3 (n=9) groups. Exercise groups performed 12 weeks of aerobic and yoga training (Every week for long five 60-minute sessions) and supplementation groups consumed omega-3 supplement (1200 mg). Urine epinephrine and norepinephrine levels and degree of hyperactivity were measured before and after the study, and were compared between groups using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). At the beginning of the study, the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in the HDAD control group were significantly lower than the healthy control (P<0.01). At the end of the study, epinephrine levels in the omega-3 group (P<0.01), norepinephrine levels in the exercise group (P<0.01), and both norepinephrine and epinephrine levels in exercise+omega-3 group were significantly higher than the ADHD control group. Post values of hyperactivity in the omega-3 group (P<0.01), exercise group (P<0.01), and exercise+omega-3 group (P<0.01) were significantly lower than the ADHD control group. Post values of hyperactivity in the exercise+omega-3 group were also significantly lower than the exercise group (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present study showed that omega-3 consumption and aerobic training improve hyperactivity with increasing epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, respectively, and simultaneous implementation of these variables exaggerate these beneficial effects.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two frequencies of equal volume aerobic exercises and detraining following these exercises on resistin and adiponectin levels, hemoglobin glycosylate, insulin resistance and body composition in obese women with type 2 diabetes. 36 obese women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups (each group, n=12): 1= LFT, 2= HFT, 3= control. Group LFT and HFT performed 8 weeks of aerobic exercises (LFT=3 sessions and HFT=6 sessions a week, with the same volume) with intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate. Blood samples, anthropometric and functional variables were measured at pretest, 48 hours later and two weeks after the last exercise session. Depended t test was used for within-group comparisons and ANCOVA test was used to investigate the differences among the groups. The within-group results showed that after 8 weeks of intervention, weight, body fat, BMI, adiponectin, glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin in LFT group and resistin, insulin, insulin resistance and maximal oxygen consumption in both experimental groups significantly decreased (P<0.05). Also, ANCOVA test results showed a significant difference among all studied groups in all research variables in the posttest (P<0.05) and in the body fat, BMI, adiponectin and insulin resistance in the sustainability stage (P<0.05). Regarding the results of this study, longer exercises can better control type 2 diabetes than repeated short-term physical training especially in obese people.

This study aimed at determining the effect of aerobic training on Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and insulin resistance in males with type 2 diabetes. 30 inactive adult obese men (30≤BMI≤36) with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental subjects participated in three months of aerobic training (3 sessions per week) at %60–75 HRmax. Serum levels of TNF-α, glucose and insulin resistance were measured before and 48 hours after the last training session. Independent t test was used to compare variables at baseline. Paired t test was used to determine the effect of training program on variables. Kolmogorov-Smirnov was applied to determine the normal distribution of data. Aerobic intervention significantly decreased glucose (P=0.001) and insulin resistance (P=0.034) and did not change TNF-α (P=0.83). Despite the lack of change in TNF-α, 3 months of aerobic training was accompanied with a significant improvement in glucose and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients. Based on our findings and other available evidence, improvement in glycemic profile and insulin resistance can be attributed to the changes in other hormonal or metabolic mediators that needs more studies in this area.

The present study investigated regular exercise (aerobic/resistance) and garlic extract supplementation (500 mg/kg/day, orally gavage/intraperitoneally injection) effects on pregnancy outcome of Balb/C mice. The length of pregnancy, number, weight, neonatal mortality and physical characteristics of pups were noted within six weeks post-delivery. The results indicated that the intraperitoneally injection of garlic extract during pregnancy caused remarkable increase in the activity, growth parameters and survival rate of offspring as compared with those received orally gavage of garlic extract. Besides, the resistance exercise caused abortion, miscarriage and the number of pups significantly dropped till the end of study. The average number and the pups’ weight in mothers who received garlic extract orally with resistance exercise during pregnancy were significantly lower compared to the other groups. To conclude, the results of study revealed that the group b who administrated with garlic extract intraperitoneally along with the regular aerobic exercise showed the outstanding pregnancy outcome as compared to the other experimental groups.

Nowadays the effect of physical exercise on diabetes control improvement is evident and the both insulin release and function depends on magnesium (Mg) and Mg even improves insulin sensitivity. However; diabetes causes hypomagnesiumemia which in turn worsens glycemic control in a viscous cycle. Likewise; little is known about the synchronized effects of exercise training along with Mg supplementation on diabetes control. Therefore; the aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effects from eight weeks of aerobic training and magnesium supplementation on metabolic control, blood insulin and glycosylated Hb (A1C) and Mg levels in female patients with type II diabetes. This study was done based on an experimental method using a pretest-posttest design. Thirty volunteer midlife type II diabetic females were randomized into training-Mg, training-placebo and control groups.  The subjects consumed magnesium oxide or amylose containing pills (250 mg) once daily in a double blind order for eight weeks. The training groups also experienced eight weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training (3 sessions/week running for 60 min in each session at 40 to 60% of THR). Fasting blood samples were taken at two occasions between 8 to 9 am; baseline and after the intervention and the data were analyzed using paired samples t test and one way ANOVA at 95% significance level. 30% of the subjects had hypomagnesiumemia at baseline. Blood Mg was just elevated in the training-Mg group throughout the intervention (P<0.05). However; blood glucose, insulin, A1C, TG, waist circumference and blood pressure were all declined in both the training groups (P<0.05). Additionally, there were greater depressions in blood glucose and insulin levels of the training-Mg group rather than training placebo group (P<0.05). Aerobic training and synchronized Mg supplementation could provide a better diabetes control along with other therapeutic proceedings.

Epidemiologic studies have linked exposure to fine Particulate matter air Pollution to broad cause-of-death mortality. In fact, there is no doubt that Regular Aerobic Exercise promotes a range of Physiological changes that Correlate with decreased Morbidity. However, the Effects of long-term Aerobic exercise on the heart Response to PM10 have not been investigated. The present study Evaluated the effect of aerobic Exercise on the heart Inflammatory status of rat Exposed to PM10 Carbon black. In this Research twenty-four adult male Wistar rats (Age: 8 weeks & Weight: 279.29±26.97 g) were divided to 4 groups: A: control (without exposure PM10 and aerobic exercise; n=6), B: aerobic Exercise (five times per week for 4 weeks; n=6), C: exposure to PM10 carbon black (5 mg/m3; per rat; n=6), D: and aerobic Exercise Concomitantly with Exposure to PM10 carbon black (n=6). The gene Expression of TLR4 and IL-1β were Analyzed in heart tissue by Real-Time PCR. In order to determine the significant Differences between groups, two-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc were used. It was found that aerobic Exercise inhibited the PM10 -induced increase in the gene expression of IL-1β. But compared with control group, gene Expression of IL-1β Significantly increased only in C group (P=0.046). We Conclude that four-week Exposure to PM10 carbon black Significantly increase IL-1β in Heart tissue and this situation did not worsen by Aerobic Exercise. Our Results indicate a need for human studies that evaluate the heart responses to aerobic Exercise Chronically performed in Polluted areas.

Producing soluble or cellular components is one of the main functions of immune system which immunes the body against any kinds of inflammation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the plasma level changes of IL-17, CRP, and CPK in male mice after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise and omega-3 consumption. For this purpose, 170 male mice (mean age of two months and mean weight of 35±1 g) were selected. At the beginning, 10 mice were killed in order to determine the amounts of pretest variables. The rest were randomly divided into four groups of control (n=40), supplement (n=40), training (n=40), and supplement with training (n=40). 0.2 ml (0.06 ml/g of body weight) oil fish (Omega-3) containing DHA and EPA were consumed by supplement and supplement with training groups every day for eight weeks. The animal training protocol was performed on animal treadmill 5 sessions a week for eight weeks. The results showed a significant difference in plasma levels of IL-17, CRP, and CPK variables of control, supplement, training and supplement with training groups after eight weeks (P<0.05). It was also observed that there was a significant difference in IL-17 between control group and other groups, also between training group and supplement group and between supplement group and supplement-training group. The final results of this study showed that exercise activity can increase inflammatory index levels but omega-3 consumption can change the amount of these inflammatory indexes, though the effect of this supplement consumption on these indexes was different.

The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of one bout of exhaustive aerobic exercise with two different intensities on levels of serum MDA in male smokers. For this purpose, 12 male smokers (age: 22.08 ±1.31 years, percent of body fat: 17.26 ±4.92% and body mass index: 23.21±2.96 kg/m2) were voluntarily selected and randomly participated in a crossover design in three situations of control, exhaustive aerobic exercise at 70%-75% intensity of maximal heart rate and exhaustive aerobic exercise at 90%-95% intensity of maximal heart rate. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the exercise. Malondialdehyde level was determined with method of ELISA. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and dependent t tests. The results indicated that MDA in two experimental groups was significantly higher than the control group. Also, the comparison of the two experimental groups showed that aerobic exercise at 90%-95% intensity of maximal heart rate increased serum MDA more than aerobic exercise at 70%-75% intensity. It is suggested that smokers perform the physical activities with moderate intensity (70%-75% intensity of maximal heart rate) because oxidative stress is produced in these activities less than activities with higher intensity.