جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « غربالگری » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

The Caspian boxwood (Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana) trees are endangered, evergreen and endemic species in the Hyrcanian forests areas of northern Iran growing in Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. This protected evergreen trees species is considered a unique and genetically valuable forest resource for Iran. The habitats of this valuable species, which is located in the lowlands, like other similar trees, always faced with overharvesting problems. But in addition to excessive harvesting, box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis and boxwood blight disease caused by the pathogen Calonectria pseudonaviculata (also known as box blight or buxus blight), as growing problems, are additional causes of boxwood habitats degradation. the outbreak of caspian buxus die-back due to boxwood blight disease was first reported in the summer of 2012 in the buxus forests located in the north of Iran and quickly infected more than 70% of the boxwood forests in the northern part of the country. Since then, there was intense concern that this disease might be the end of boxwood plants, and due to the importance of the subject, various research projects were implemented in research centers and universities in Iran, like other countries in the world. Currently, processes related to biodiversity protection of Hyrcanian boxwood are performed by Natural Resources and Watershed Management Organization as the best protection strategies, in which there are two protection strategies (in situ/ex situ) with different techniques. As the current approach to disease management in the world largely depends on the use of tolerant cultivars, research into boxwood blight resistance continues, so new resistant cultivars continue to be introduced worldwide. However, despite the importance of Caspian boxwood trees, there are no such studies in Iran. The objective of this study was to fill this knowledge gap by evaluating possible hyrcanian buxus accessions resistant to boxwood blight as a further step in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of this species protection management in the conditions of re-facing with the disease. Results of this study will enable growers and landscapers to better manage box blight disease.

In order to investigate the resistance of boxwood accessions from hyrcanian Forest areas of northern Iran to blight disease, infected boxwood habitats were visited in Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan provinces, and to find boxwood plants with natural resistance, healthy buxux seedlings were collected from these habitats. Because in these types of studies, the process of resistance assessment begins by searching in natural forests for trees that remain healthy relative to their counterparts after exposure to an interest pathogen. In order to ensure buxus seedlings health, the seedlings that were collected from 12 boxwood forest habitats were kept for six months in the Alborz Research Complex (affiliated to the Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands of Iran) and their health was monitored. Finally, from the seedlings of each habitat, the freshest and most equal-sized seedlings were selected and used for greenhouse evaluations. In order to prepare the inoculum from the disease-causing fungus, the combination of four isolates of C. pseudonaviculata species, which had appropriate genetic diversity based on previous studies, was used. Seedlings were inoculated through foliar spraying of fungal spores (1× 105 spores/ml). Three weeks after inoculation, the average number of spots created on the stem and leaves of each boxwood plant as well as the average diameter of the largest leaf spot for each boxwood accession were recorded and analyzed.

The results of inoculation of blight pathogen on boxwood accessions showed that there were similar results in measuring the diameter of the leaf spot with the number of blight spots in each accession, so that, in plants with a higher number of blight spots, there was also a larger diameter of the leaf spot. Also, the results showed that although no accession is completely resistant to this disease and the disease appeared with different degrees in all accession; but a number of accessions are less sensitive to boxwood blight and the disease occurred in them with a lower severity. These results suggest to breeders to find natural resistance or create resistance in boxwood plants against blight disease through breeding programs.

In this study, for the first time, the resistance of different accessions of Buxus sempervirens subsp. hyrcana from boxwood habitats in the north of the country (as the only native and endangered boxwood species of Iran) to blight disease was evaluated. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that some degrees of disease tolerance can be found among different Hyrkani boxwood accessions. These results show that there is potential for plant breeders to select and recommend less susceptible boxwoods or to develop cultivars with improved resistance to boxwood blight.

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are considered among the most important pathogens leading to great damage to agricultural products. So far, different practices such as crop rotation, resistant cultivars, and chemical compounds have been used for controlling these nematodes. High cost of chemical compounds and their environmental problems has attracted the researchers’ attention for using non-chemical methods for nematode management. The exploitation of resistant varieties is one of the most important approaches to managing plant-parasitic nematodes. The present study aims to evaluate the reaction of 15 different varieties of pomegranate to RKN, M. incognita race 2.

The morphological characters of isolated nematodes were evaluated after sampling, along with identifying the nematode species. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions with a temperature ranging from 22-26°C based on the completely randomized design with factorial arrangement. First, pomegranate cuttings were rooted and inoculated with 2000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of the nematode per kg of soil. Then, host plant growth traits such as length, fresh and dry weight of stems, and roots, as well as developmental stages of the nematodes including the number of galls, egg mass, and reproduction factor were evaluated in different cultivars of pomegranate 90 days after inoculation. The final rating was conducted based on the Canto-Saenz system (1985). Finally, the data were analyzed by using SPSS 24 software, and Duncan test and t-test were used for comparing the means.

Based on the results, Malas-e Torsh cultivar was tolerant (GI≤2, RF>1), Malas-e Shirin and Tabestani were hypersusceptible (GI>2, RF≤1), and Agha Mohammad Ali, Alak-e Torsh, Bahabadi, Berit-e Poust Ghermez, Golnar, Naderi, Bihasteh-e Ravar, Pous Sefeed-e Shirin, Bihasteh-e Shomal, Poust siah, Souski-e Taft and Shahsavavar-e Yazdi were evaluated as susceptible (GI>2, RF>1).

Based on the results,tolerance of only one cultivar against root-knot nematodes should be considered by experts and farmers.

Forty-six suspected herbicide-resistant winter wild oat populations collected from wheat fields of Khuzestan province were screened in a whole plant bioassay using the recommended field dose of mesosulfuron methyl+idosulfuron methyl (Atlantis %1.2 OD) and mesosulfuron methyl+idosulfuron methyl+diflofenican (Othello %6 OD). The resistance index of two populations, with the highest percentage of herbicide resistance recorded at the screening tests, to the mentioned herbicides was tested in a dose-response experiment. Thirteen and six populations showed resistance to Atlantis based on Adkins and Moss methods, respectively. Also, 18 and three populations were classified as Othello resistant populations based on Adkins and Moss methods, respectively. This is the first report of resistance to Othello in winter wild oat populations collected from Khuzestan province. A distribution map of winter wild oat populations resistant and susceptible to herbicides was prepared based on the results of the screening test. Herbicide resistance index to Atlantis in two dose-response experiments for the studied populations was ranged between 8.9 and 15.1. Herbicide resistance index to Othello was ranged between 3.3 and 15.0. Due to an increase in herbicide-resistant populations to ALS inhibitors in Khuzestan province, herbicide-resistant winter wild oat management programs should be pursued more seriously.

Little mallow is a common weed in wheat fields of Khuzestan province, which is often controlled by tribenuron-methyl and 2,4-D+MCPA, from acetolactae synthase inhibitors and synthetic auxin herbicides. Recently, there have been some reports about poor control of this plant with these herbicides, especially in wheat fields of Southern Khuzestan. Therefore, due to the lack of research on the occurance of mallow resistance to the mentioned herbicides and to estimate the resistance level among the mallow populations, little mallow seeds were collected from wheat fields in southern Khuzestan and whole plant assays were carried out in the pot. Dose-response results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) based on fresh weight for resistant (R) populations to tribenuron-methyl, and 2,4-D+MCPA were 2.05-10.11 and 2.51-3.09 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant, respectively. Similarly, the resistance factor (RF) based on survival plants for resistant (R) populations to tribenuron-methyl, and 2, 4-D+MCPA were 2.14-34.93 and 1.99-2.91 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant, respectively. The E population, however, was not significantly different from S population in response to tribenuron-methyl.

Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) is a very common weed within cereal and rapeseed fields in Iran and many other countries. This weed is usually controlled by tribenuron-methyl in wheat fields of Iran. However, due to consecutive application of tribenuron-methyl for the last 27 years in wheat fields, control failures were reported by farmers. Resistance to ALS inhibiting herbicides is the most common form of herbicide resistance in the world. So far, 165 resistant biotypes to this family have been reported. Therefore, present study was carried out to survey suspected of resistance wild mustard accessions to tribenuron-methyl in wheat fields of Ramhormoz and preparing distribution map of resistant fields.

An experiment was conducted in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2017-2018. 22 no. of the suspected resistance wild mustard accessions to tribenuron-methyl were gathered from wheat fields of the Ramhormoz. One susceptible accession was also gathered from a field with no history of spraying. Pot experiments were carried out in two stages including the initial screening with the recommended dose of tribenuron-methyl (15 g ai ha-1) and dose-response assay that accessions were investigated for the effect of tribenuron-methyl on dry weight and survival plant no. under outdoor conditions. The plants per pots were sprayed, based on tribenuron-methyl dose (0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32-fold of recommended dose). The shoot dry weight data were converted to a percentage based on control plants data within each accession. A log-logistic curve with three and four-parameters was used to describe dose–response relationships. Dry-weight data were fitted to a nonlinear log-logistic regression model using the package drc in the statistical program R (R Development Core Team, 2008). The distribution map of the resistant populations was plotted using ArcGIS 10.3 software.

Screening results showed that nine accessions (B, C, H, P, S, T, W, X, U) were strongly resistant (R) and 10 accessions (A, E, F, G, K, L, M, O, Q, R) were probably resistant (PR or RR), and three accessions (D, N and Y) were susceptible (S) or suspected resistance (SR) to tribenuron-methyl based on Adkins and Mo‘s 's ranking system. While, Screening results based on Mo‘s 's ranking system showed that nine accessions (B, C, H, P, S, T, W, X, U) were completely resistant (RRR) and 10 accessions (A, E, F, G, K, L, M, O, Q, R) were probably resistant (RR), and two accessions (D and N) were suspected resistance (SR) and one population (Y) was susceptible to tribenuron-methyl. With increasing doses of the herbicide tribenuron-methyl, the dry weight of susceptible and susceptible accessions decreased during the sigmoid process. Resistance factor of accessions (W, U, X, S, B, C, T, K, R, G, Q, O, E, A, P, M, F, H, and L) based on dry weight (% of control) and survival (% of control) ranged from 1.10- 8.17 and 2.08-7.60, respectively. A different resistance factor was observed between the accessions; thus, the W accession with the highest resistance factor of 8.17 and 7.60 and the L accession with the lowest resistance factor of 1.10 and 2.80 based on dry weight and survival (% of control) were resistant to the herbicide tribenuron-methyl. While 6.80 g ai ha-1 caused a 50% reduction in the dry weight of the susceptible Z accession, this reduction was calculated to be 60.55 g ai ha-1 for the most resistant accession (W), which differed significantly based on the calculated confidence limits. A map of the distribution of contaminated fields of resistant wild mustard accessions using GIS showed that most resistant accessions were observed in eastern and southeastern regions of Ramhormoz.

The results of this experiment confirmed the presence of resistance in wild mustard accessions to tribenuron-methyl. Repeated use of tribenuron-methyl in wheat fields of Ramhormoz is one of the most important reasons for resistance in these fields. Distribution map makes it possible to predict farms infected with resistant accessions and help prevent the recommendation and use of ALS inhibiting herbicides in these farms, so that in order to break the resistance in resistant accessions and it will be effective reduce the use of herbicides. Therefore, the use of distribution maps can be used to implement integrated weed management programs and to prevent the development of resistance accessions in other areas.

Domestication and artificial selection have reduced the level of genetic variation in barley. Inter-specific hybridization is one of the most valuable ways to restore at least part of the lost variation. This study aimed to investigate genetic diversity and screening barley lines which possessed the desired traits, as well as drought tolerance, within two F3 populations derived by crossing a cultivated variety (Reihan 03) with two wild genotypes (HSP21 and HSP45). For this purpose, 162 F3 lines (including 81 lines from each breeding population) were evaluated in three different environments including no stress, moderate drought stress and severe drought stress. The results showed that in both populations, the greatest and smallest variation was obtained for the number of grains per spike and the number of days to physiological maturity, respectively. Mean of the plant height and 100-grain weight in the offspring obtained by crossing with HSP21 were lower than those of the population obtained by HSP45 under the moderate stress environment. Under severe stress environment, the offspring obtained by crossing Reihan 03 with the wild barley genotype HSP45 showed the increase of  spike length, number of grains per spike, biological yield and grain yield, and the decrease of the 100-grain weight, as compared to the offspring obtained by crossing Reihan 03 with HSP21. The correlation coefficient analysis for the offspring resulting from crossing Reihan 03 with HSP21 in moderate and severe stress environments showed that grain yield was positively correlated with plant height, biological yield, stress tolerance index (STI) and yield stability index (YSI). The highest grain yield in (HSP21*Reihan 03) derived genotypes, in both control and moderate stress conditions, was revealed by the genotype 584, whereas the highest value in the severe stress condition belonged to the genotype 592. The highest grain yield in (HSP45*Reihan 03) derived genotypes, in the three mentioned environments, was observed for the genotype numbers 689, 671 and 715, respectively. High-yielding lines in both no stress and drought stress conditions were identified by applying multivariate procedures and drought tolerance indices for further studies.

The initial step to mass production and commercialization of native entomopathogenic fungal isolates includes collection as well as evaluation of their pathogenesis on the pest. This research aims to investigate the pathogenicity of 36 local fungal isolates collected from the Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran against greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Due to the variation of the collected isolates volume, a preliminary screening test carried out on the fourth instars of a model insect Galleria mellonella. Based on the obtained results, the Beauveria bassiana A1–1 isolate showed the highest mortality with an average of 75%, followed by IRAN1787C, IRAN1751C, IRAN1395C, IRAN428C and IRAN441C with mean mortality rates of 57.50, 55, 52.50, 50 and 45%, respectively. Subsequently, the isolates were selected for evaluation of vegetative growth, sporulation and bioassay tests on greenhouse whitefly. In the bioassay test, five concentrations of the isolates (104, 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml) were tested on the third–instar of whitefly nymphs, and then the parameters LC50 and LT50 of the isolates were calculated. The highest vegetative growth rate belonged to IRAN428C, IRAN1395C, A1–1, IRAN1787C, IRAN441C and IRAN1751C isolates while the highest sporulation rate belonged to IRAN1787C, A1–1, IRAN428C, IRAN1395C, IRAN441C and IRAN1751C, respectively. The results showed that the A1–1 isolate indicated the lowest LC50 and LT50 values among all used concentrations. Moreover, its vegetative growth and sporulation ranked third and second among all the collected isolates, respectively. Therefore, the A1–1 isolate is being introduced as the most effective biocontrol agent to control greenhouse whitefly.

The increased areas under cultivation of genetically modified plants have proponents and opponents in the international arena. According to potentially usefulness and harms of these products, organizations have established regulatory rules to safety use of them for feeding humans and livestock. Hence, genetically modified products have been distinguished from non-GMOs through labeling. Two more applicable genetic elements in plant transformations, 35S promoter and nos terminator, were considered as targeted elements for detection of GMO products in this research. Three maize grain cultivars, one soybean meal sample, and three bird’s food samples were used as experimental materials. The two-targeted genetic elements were detected in all samples. The Invertase and Lectin sequences as endogens were used for determining the presence of corn and soybean genomes as criteria. The two endogens were identified in all those of samples, which have the related genomes. In accordance to accepting of Cartagena Protocol in Iran, it’s been hopped that labeling rules of GMO products follow more seriously.

Citrus bacterial canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc),is amongst the important diseases of lime orchards in southern parts of Iran. Phage display has been used to produce specific antibodies for detection of pathogen-infected plants as well as development of resistant varieties. An effector, namely pthA and a pilus protein, HrpE, the major critical components of type III secretion (T3S) system with roles in pathogenesis, were chosen as antigens. Recombinant forms of the proteins (pthA and HrpE) were expressed in a bacterial host and purified via affinity chromatography. Tomlinson phage display libraries including single chain variable fragments were used for isolation of the specific antibodies. Biopanning, 3 rounds against pthA and HrpE proteins, allowed enriching antigen-specific phages. The specificity of phages was tested using ELISA. Moreover, the phages were able to detect the plants infected with citrus bacterial canker.

Since the first compilation of herbicide-resistant weeds in 1982, the number of reported herbicide-resistant species has increased significantly. Iudosulfuron-methyl-sodium mesosulfuron-methyl mefenpyr diethyl, sulfosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides, clodinafoppropargyl, aryloxyphenoxypropionate (ACCase) inhibiting herbicides and 2,4-D〣, synthetic auxcins herbicides are registered in Iran for post emergence control of broadleaf and some grass weeds in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). In southwest Iran, Khouzestan province, the appearance of wild oat (AvenaludovicianaDurieu), littleseedcanarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz) and wild mustard (SinapisarvensisL.) populations with different degrees of resistance to mentioned herbicides has been reported previously in last decade. A reliable seedling bioassay was developed and tested for the rapid screening for resistance to aryloxyphenoxypropionic (APP) herbicides in some.populationsspecialy grass weed. This paper describes a rapid and reliable seedling test to detect APP-resistant A. ludoviciana,Phalaris minor and Sinapisarvensisbiotypes in order to determine their frequency within a population. This test has also been developed in order to discriminate between APP, ALS and synthetic auxcin -resistant biotypes.
Suspected resistant and susceptible seeds of wild oat, littleseedcanarygrass and wild mustard to iodosulfuron-methyl -sodium mesosulfuron-methyl mefenpyr diethyl, sulfosulfuron and tribenuron-methyl, clodinafoppropargyl and 2,4-D〣 were collected from wheat fields, Shoushtar, southwestern of Iran in 2014 – 2015 growing season. The wild oat and littleseedcanarygrass seedspregerminated in petri dishes. Single doses of clodinafop (1.25 and 0.080 mg ai L-1) were used for the R- and S- populations of wild oat and littleseedcanarygrass, respectively. These experiments were carried out by placing 5 pre-germinated seeds in a 7-cm-diam petri dish containing one piece of filter paper and 5 ml of distilled water or solutions having concentration of clodinafop. The petri dishes were placed in the germinator. The coleoptiles length of seedlings was measured 7 days after treatment (DAT). The pregerminated seeds of wild mustard were sown in pots and irrigated regularly to avoid any moisture stress. Ten days after planting (DAP), they were thinned to two seedlings per pot. Twenty days after weed emergence, seedlings of the pots were subjected to iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mesosulfuron-methyl mefenpyr diethyl (18 g ai ha-1), sulfosulfuron (19.95 g ai ha-1) and tribenuron-methyl (15 g ai ha-1) and 2,4-D〣 (200 g ai ha-1) application. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 338 L ha-1 at pressure of 2 atm. The aboveground biomass was harvested 28 days after treatment (DAT) and weighed. Then, distribution map of resistant and susceptible populations in fields was drawn using GIS 9.3 software.
The results showed that eleven, eight, two and one wild mustard populations were confirmed resistant (RRR), probably resistant (RR), possibly resistant (R?) and susceptible (S) to sulfosulfuron based on “R” ratings system. In addition, three, twelve, three and four wild mustard populations were confirmed resistant, probably resistant, possibly resistant and susceptible to iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mesosulfuron-methyl mefenpyr diethyl. For tribenuron-methyl, seven, twele and three populations were confirmed resistant, probably resistant, possibly resistant and other populations were susceptible. Meanwhile, whole populations were susceptible to 2,4-D MCPA. Seven days after clodinafop treatment, a clear difference in symptoms was observed between the R- and S- populations. Clodinafop affected the cleoptile length of S- and R-populations of wild oat and littleseedcanarygrass differentially. As, thirty three, fifteen and one wild oat populations were confirmed resistant, probably resistant, possibly resistant and other populations were susceptible. Finally, eight, five and three littleseedcanarygrass populations were confirmed resistant, probably resistant, possibly resistant and other populations were susceptible. Distibution map of populations showed that confirmed, probably, possibly resistant populations were dispersed as uniformaly in the region. As shown in the map, distribution of populations was in the center of region.
The results obviously demonstrated that R- and S-populations could be discriminated by the pregerminated seed, whole plant assays. It could be concluded that 2,4-D〣, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium mesosulfuron-methyl mefenpyr diethyl were more potent than other AlS herbicide group for wild mustard control. Moreover, awareness of distribution map of resistant and susceptible populations could help for better management and prevention the further spread of the populations. We believe that more populations must be studied to determine exact distribution of resistant and susceptible populations in southwest Iran. Finally, extensionists based on distibution maps of resistant populations could recommend herbicides that prevent or delay herbicide resistance development.

Down syndrome is the most frequent cause of mental retardation among live births which has shown to be increased in recent years. Efficient and early prenatal screening of this disorder can dramatically decrease the birth rate of it. In this way, various non-invasive screening methods have been introduced that the most successful of them used of free fetal DNA present in maternal circulation. In this regard, various protocols have been introduced which were based on short tandem repeats or polymorphisms and either using techniques as well as digital PCR or mass spectrophotometry. However, among all the performed assays, there are two efficient methods for separation of fetal DNA from total DNA isolated from maternal serum including methods based on sequencing and the different pattern of methylation between fetus and mother that have been seized the most attentions. The present study was aimed to have a brief review on the general types of invasive and non-invasive methods of Down syndrome screening and then the focus was on the details of aforementioned methods in various studies.

The current study was conducted to evaluate target markets of Iran raisins. Results indicate that Britain, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Netherlands, Canada, Kazakhstan, UAE, Ukraine, Russia, Peru, Japan, Poland, Colombia, Panama, Iceland, France, Lithuania, Ecuador, Norway, Belarus and Sweden have the highest priority among importing countries of raisins, respectively. Target importer’s market structure is indicative that market structure of all importers have was closed oligopoly that market of 15 countries are associated with dominate of exporters. Iran in markets of East Europe blocks (Russia, Ukraine and Poland) and its largest trading partner (UAE), Turkey in the European developed markets (UK, Germany, Netherlands and France) and Oceania markets (Australia and New Zealand), United States of America developed markets in Europe, Asia and America (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Japan and Canada) and Panama, Chile also in the markets of South America (Peru, Colombia and Ecuador) and Lithuania have the highest share of exports. Results indicate that, Iran in among major exporters has less stability in the share of exports, export prices and export advantage. With investigate the various factors like the ultimate consumer, geographical advantage and weak competition in target markets, this result was obtained that Iran in Markets of Lithuania, Kazakhstan, Russia, Poland, Ukraine and UAE has the highest priority. Countries of Colombia, Peru, Japan, Ecuador, Norway, Sweden, Panama and Iceland considering the lack of geographical advantage and the presence of other export powers arent targeted in the short run.

Orobanche aegyptiaca, commonly known as Egyptian broomrape, is a holo-parasite that causes high economic damages on tomato production in Iran. Breeding for resistance is the most economic and feasible method to reduce broomrape infestation. 20 tomato cultivars and four wild tomato species were screened for O. aegyptiaca resistance. Tomato yield reduction, dry weight reduction of shoot and root, total number of attached broomrapes, dry weight of broomrapes and tolerance index were widely varied among tomato genotypes. The results showed that LA2530 (Ora mutant) was a very susceptible genotype while it was previously introduced as O. aegyptiaca resistant. According to the reports, the resistance phenotype is controlled by a dominant gene (Ora) and it seems that it is broken by the parasite because the overcoming of monogenic resistances by parasites is more likely than polygenic resistances. High levels of resistance were found in two wild species Solanum chilense TL00798 and S. pimpinellifolium L00134 respectively. The results suggested that wild relative species of tomato are promising diverse genetic resources for developing resistant crops to broomrape.

To study the effect of NaCl salinity on the uptake of mineral elements in different organs of eggplant three cultivars including Jahrom landrace، Dezful slim، Indian cottage grown in outdoor conditions، an experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Ten days old seedlings equal in height and stem diameter in crown area were transformed into plastic pots containing 9 kg local field soil and irrigated with tap water for 20 days. Seven salinity levels were used with concentrations of 0، 10، 20، 40، 60، 80 and 100 mM NaCl. Different amounts of NaCl were added to tap water with electrical conductivity of 219 μS. cm-1 and salinity stress followed for five months. The results showed that the salinity caused increasing Na+ concentration in root، shoot، and leaf and Ca2+ in roots. Moreover، the salinity decreased the root potassium، leaf calcium، and the ratio of K+/Na+ in root، stem and leaf. No significant changes were recorded in the accumulation of potassium in leaf and stem calcium in stem and nitrate in leaf. Among studied cultivars based on measuring the accumulation of excess ions، the Jahromi landrace were evaluated as a higher tolerance genotype in comparison with Dezful slim cultivar which showing the highest sensitivity to NaCl salinity.

In order to study the effect of sodium chloride salinity on flowering of eggplant varieties grown in the open air, a research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 10 replications. Salinity levels were used in seven concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mM sodium chloride. The amounts of sodium chloride were added to the irrigation water (219 µmho.cm-1). Three varieties of eggplant seedlings (Jahrom locally, Dezful slender and sweet Hindi), were prepared and planted in plastic bags containing 9 kg of dominant cultivation soil of Khonj zone. Salinity treatments were followed for 5 months. Results showed that salinity generally reduced the number of flowers per plant compared to the control treatment and has delayed the flowering time but has no significant effect on the number of open flowers. Among studied cultivars based on considered characters the variety of Jahrom locally was evaluated as a more salinity tolerant and the variety of Dezful slender as the most sensitive one.

This research aims to screening and assessment of environmental effects an accumulation of Fe، Zn، Cu and Mn in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Seeds to determine to what extend the transition process are affected by environmental factors and to what extent it is determined by genetic causes. Two different experiments were performed: The first on the basis of Augment series (because the genotypes were enormous) and the second based on the Randomized complete block design in three replications in two agriculturally potent areas with different climates in Ilam farms devoted to agricultural research. The results showed 85% of the genotypes had a similar behavior as to the transition of the four elements (Fe، Zn، Cu and Mn). Elements transition was proved to be controlled by genetic rather than environmental factors. Inclusion of Feso4، ZnSo4، CuSo4 and MnSo4 treatment increased elements transition in 15% of genotypes، and when the treatment ceased، the transition process according to the genetic potential of the genotypes. Improving the seeds with regard to their ash led to an increase in the transition of all the elements mentioned. The transition rate could be recorded as follows: Zn، Cu، Mn and Fe with Zn recording the highest and Fe the lowest amount of transition. The accumulation of the four elements in chickpea seed had a synergist effect with Cu and Zn enjoying the highest and of the four elements in chickpea seed had a synergist effect with Cu and Zn enjoying the highest synergist effect (78%). The mineral Content among the genotypes ranged from 4 to 34 percent which is considered to be wide range. Correlations between seed ash and seed weight، and seed weight، and seed ash and the summation of the ions were 84% and 51% respectively، being significant at 1% finally، the results of the two experiments showed that the 1-12/54721/D genotype was the most suitable genotype with regard to the Fe، Zn، Cu and Mn content and the amount of ash.