جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ارزیابی خطر » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Given the crucial role of milk and its products in human diets, it is imperative to implement effective measures to ensure the safety of milk by minimizing the presence of hazardous pollutants. This study aims to assess the concentration and potential risks associated with lead in raw milk produced in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional descriptive study involved the collection of raw milk samples from 24 diverse livestock farms in Tehran province during the winter season of 1401. The samples were analyzed for lead contamination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical tests were applied to compare the results with international standards, and subsequent risk assessment was conducted based on the average amounts.

The study revealed that none of the samples exceeded the permissible limit for lead. The mean and standard deviation of lead concentration in the samples was 7 ± 5.8 (ppb), well below the international standard. There was no significant variation in lead levels among the tested livestock farms. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for both children and adults were calculated to be less than 1.

The concentration of lead in all samples remained below the permissible limits set by Codex and the Iran Standards Organization, indicating no non-carcinogenic risks associated with milk consumption in terms of lead contamination, as suggested by the calculated HQ values.

 The health and safety of the employees of any industry is one of the most important issues to prevent the occurrence of accidents. This study aimed to identify and assess related risks in a battery-manufacturing industry using FMEA method and estimate the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention.

 In this descriptive and analytical study, the production activities of the industry were first identified. Then the work process, employee duties, and Potential risks were determined by the HAZID method. Evaluation and prioritization of risks were done using FMEA method. Risks whose RPN was higher than 145 were determined as important risks and the ratio of incident cost to accident prevention was calculated.

In 62 active units of this industry, 716 risks were identified and prioritized, 16 of which (2.23%) had RPN above 145 with the highest priority. The financial pulp unit with falling and fire hazards and the assembly unit with the risk of fumes and lead dust leakage with RPN 245 were among the most dangerous units and hazards identified in the industry. In all units except one unit, the ratio of the cost of accidents to prevention varied from 1.2 to 25.

 The results showed that it is necessary to consider the correction of the important risks by the industry officials, according to the set priorities so that potential accidents caused by these risks are minimized. This prioritization can play an effective role in optimal risk management and reduce related costs.

 Primary thrombocytosis is a chronic disease that can increase the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. According to the common age of onset of the disease, this study was conducted to evaluate fitness for work in people with this disease.

 This article reviewed relevant evidence from 12 studies conducted between 1930 and 2023 obtained from authoritative databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, etc.

 The review of these studies showed that to evaluate fitness for work, especially in safety-sensitive jobs, it is necessary to assess the risk of major complications related to this disorder, especially thrombotic and bleeding events. Factors such as age, family history of disorders, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, history of thrombotic events, and duration of thrombocytosis should be considered. In addition, when evaluating fitness for work in these patients, the possibility of exacerbation of symptoms in working conditions, the risk of thrombotic events and bleeding, and the impact of these disorders on the individual's work and life and injury to colleagues should be considered.

 In people with primary thrombocytosis, related symptoms such as headache, dizziness, tinnitus, weight loss, night sweats, or fever should be investigated and preliminary tests should be requested. It is recommended to evaluate the working conditions in terms of the possibility of aggravation of symptoms, the occurrence of complications related to the disease, access to medical services, and finally making a decision about fitness for work based on the level of risk and the conditions of the work environment.

The presence of pathogenic microorganisms in compost of solid waste can threat public health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the safety of produced composts before its land application as a soil conditioner. This study was conducted to investigate the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal solid waste (MSW) compost and health risks associated with accidental ingestion of compost by children.

In this study, sampling was done from compost piles at different public parks of Isfahan city during the period of compost spreading. Presence and concentration of pathogenic microorganisms including salmonella, campylobacter, cryptosporidium and adenovirus were investigated by culture or real-time PCR methods.

All pathogenic microorganisms were detected in MSW compost in a frequency from 11%-62% with the highest frequency for detection of adenovirus. The health risk assessment showed that the highest risk of daily infection was for Cryptosporidium (7.67 × 10-4 pppy) and the lowest risk was related to adenovirus (8.27 × 10-10 pppy). The annual infection risk from gastrointestinal disease was calculated above guideline infection risk (10-3 pppy).

The results showed contamination of produced compost to pathogenic microorganisms and potential health risks from applying MSW compost in urban green spaces. Therefore, the relevant organizations should pay more attention to the composting process and its microbial quality and application in public access areas.

Staff responsible for transporting patients to the hospital are at risk for musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, this study was performed using the MAPO method and 3DSSPP software to estimate the mechanical load on the waist of staff carrying the patient.

In the first stage, the hospital wards and the number of personnel who transferred patients manually were identified and evaluated with the MAPO index. 3DSSPP software was used to identify and evaluate the risk factors causing back injuries in personnel. The results were analyzed using SPSS (version 26) and descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and correlation tests.

Participants consisted of 24 people, including 21 men and 3 women, with a mean age of 35.6 years. According to the results of 3DSSPP software, in 37.5% of people, the estimated ligament damage was more than the allowable limit. The compressive force on the L4/L5 and L5/S1 vertebral discs was higher than the allowable limit in 58.3% and 62.5% of subjects, respectively. Based on Pearson's statistical test, there was a significant correlation between the results of MAPO and 3DSSPP methods.

To reduce and minimize the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, it is necessary to eliminate the factors affecting the patient's mobility, such as assistive devices and equipment, environmental factors, improved education, and the factors affecting the disorders. The MAPO method was an effective way to plan preventive measures to reduce the risk of disorders, and 3DSSPP software was also a good tool for examining the forces acting on the waist.

Operation rooms have several specialty processes, a higher level of technology, complicated treatment protocols, and the need for skillful human recourses, which is one of the highest risk wards in the hospital. Therefore, this study was initiated to identify and evaluate potential errors by using the Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) approach to recognize the potential errors in operation rooms of Golestan hospital of Ahvaz. 

This research was done with a qualitative approach in seven stages and it was based on the FMECA protocol. Data were obtained through direct observation, assessment of documents and interviews with the related staff. In this regard, surgical processes were extracted from the beginig of the surgical planning to discharge patient from the post-anesthesia care unit, after that the potential errors associated with each process were identified. Finally, the risk priority number of each of them was calculated according to the indicators of Occurrence (O), Severity (S), and Detectability (D). Score analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software.

In the present study, during the analysis of processes related to surgical care, 17 primary surgery processes and 75 sub processes (from surgical planning to discharg from the post-anesthesia care unit) were identified. Seventy failure modes were identified. Ultimately, after analyzing the failure modes in the risk matrix, among the 70 identified failure modes, two failure modes had unacceptable risk, including no proper cleaning of the operation theatre and marking the surgical site, and there was Seven other failure modes with moderate risk, including unappropraite  hand hygiene and environmental and operating room fixed equipment disinfection, central oxygen disconnection, lack of equipments in night shift, delay in delivery of prostheses to the surgical site, transfer of patient who requires intensive care to the ward, were identified. Human and organizational causes contributed the most to the occurrence of potential errors.

Analysis of failure modes showed that the highest probability of error occurs in the processes during surgery and due to human and organizational factors. Identification of 70 potential errors in 17 processes of the Operating Room indicates the integrity of FMECA’s preventive approach in identifying and prioritizing the high-risk areas of the processes, insensitive parts such as the operating room.

The use of medicinal plants is increasing among people and the presence of pollutants such as heavy metals in them can affect the health of consumers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of accumulation of some heavy metals in a number of commonly used medicinal plants and to evaluate their risk in children and adults.

In this laboratory study, 5 types of medicinal plants, 4 samples of each type, were collected from different regions of Sistan and Baluchestan province in the spring of 2021. The samples were prepared and acid digested in the laboratory and were evaluated in terms of the concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu, As, and Hg by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Data was analyzed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA, and the risk of each of these metals was estimated due to their consumption in children and adults.

The average amount of heavy metals in different types of plants was very variable and lower than the permissible level for both children and adults. Target hazard quotient (THQ) for each of the metals and Hazard Index (HI) for all metals, in all types of medicinal plants, were significantly lower than the permissible level (THQ/HI=1).

Medicinal plants of Sistan and Baluchestan province have low levels of heavy metal contamination and their consumption is completely safe for children and adults.

Contamination of agricultural products with heavy metals is a serious threat to the quality and safety of these products. This study was conducted to investigate the heavy metals concentrations of lead, cadmium, and copper in cucumber, tomato, leek, and parsley products in the Ramhormoz fruit and vegetable field in the spring of 2019.

Sampling from 3 stations with 3 repetitions was done randomly. Samples were measured after preparation and acid digestion using the atomic absorption apparatus. Then, the daily intake of heavy metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) of crop consumption were calculated.

The results showed that the concentration of cadmium and lead in cucumber and tomato was not significantly different (P>0.05), but their concentration in parsley was significantly higher than in leek (P<0.05). The copper levels in cucumber, tomato, leek, and parsley were not significantly different (P>0.05). Cucumbers had the highest mean concentration of cadmium, lead, and copper (3.42±1.22, 6.79±2.47, and 4.39±1.57 mg/kg, respectively). Leeks had the lowest concentrations of cadmium (1.72±0.56 mg/kg) and lead (2.72±0.64 mg/kg) and parsley had the lowest copper levels (1.52±0.34 mg/kg) among the products. Lead and cadmium concentrations in all samples were significantly higher than the FAO and WHO standards.

The health risk index of copper in all products was less than 1 and consumption of these products will not pose a health threat to people. The lead health risk index in children was more than 1 in cucumber and tomato and less than 1 in parsley and leek.

Hospitals are vital centers. The presence of vulnerable people, and precious equipment has increased their vulnerability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of fire and to identify the factors affecting the risk of fire in one of the high-risk wards of the hospital.

This cross-sectional study was performed using fire risk assessment method for engineering in the ICU of one of the hospitals in Qazvin. Fire risk was calculated using the related equations in EXCEL software and contributed each of the factors. Ethical considerations such as confidentiality of individuals’ information, employing experts in the research process and the neutrality of researchers in collecting, analyzing and reporting data and information were observed in this research.

The numerical value of risk for the building, residents and activities were 0.815, 2.308 and 1.055, respectively, and was at an unacceptable level in area of ​​residents and activities. Elevation (26.80%), fire spread (16.80%), fire load (12.73%) and accessibility (4.76%) were the factors that had the greatest impact on risk level and the first three in each of the two areas were common.

There are factors in fire risk that have the largest share of participation, so identifying and controlling these root causes can achieve an inherently safer hospital at a lower cost, especially in the design phase of the hospital. It is recommended to use specialized fire risk assessments along with the results of accreditation and patient safety.

Due to the spread of COVID-19 worldwide (pandemic), various dimensions including the health and economy of communities have been affected. Protecting workers from COVID-19 contamination poses major challenges that need to be addressed in order to learn more about how the disease has spread and how to prevent it. Exposure to COVID-19 is a risk because it can cause disease. Risk analysis is the systematic use of available data to identify risks and assess risks to individuals, the environment, assets and values. After risk analysis, a risk assessment should be performed. Risk assessment involves comparing the results of risk analysis with risk acceptance criteria. After the risk assessment, risks that are unbearable should be eliminated or reduced using control measures. All of these steps in a system or activity and identifying and introducing risk control measures to reduce harm to people, the environment, assets and values ​​are called risk management. In the present review study, risk identification, assessment and risk management of COVID-19 in work environments were performed by categorizing studies. The results of this study can help experts in identifying the risks associated with COVID-19, risk assessment and provide risk control strategies in the context of risk management and provide them with useful information to do so.

In the process of bitumen production, the release of vapors and gases in a confined space can cause health hazards. These vapors contain aromatic hydrocarbons, smoke and a very small amount of hydrogen sulfide. The aim of this study was to determine the level of health risk in occupational exposure of workers in a bitumen industry using vacuum baton of oil refinery.

In this study, the chemical risk assessment method of chemicals, including semi-quantitative assessment of Malaysia, Singapore Department, which systematically identified chemical hazards and then the exposure or probability of exposure was calculated and the risk level was determined and control measures necessary to reduce risk Related items were introduced and prioritized. The occupations of the guillotine and press operator, welding and cutting units, paint pool, vacuum discharge, laboratory, repairmen and guard and office units were assessed in this study.

According to the results of this study, 65% of the people were working in the barrel making unit and bitumen production site and 79% of the people had less than 10 years of work experience. Workplace chemical agents included gasoline, toluene, orthosylene, paraxylene, ethylbenzene, heptane, hexane, and Trichloroethylene, kerosene vapors, iron, zinc, copper, chromium, and asphalt and bitumen fumes. The highest risk coefficients were related to benzene, chromium fume and bitumen vapors. Also, in terms of location, the highest risk levels were related to the paint pool, cutting and pressing units, welding and laboratory, and about half of the exposure to metal fumes, organic solvents and bitumen vapors had medium and high risk levels.

Based on the results of this study, the highest level of health risk was obtained for benzene and chromium compounds and bitumen vapors for which appropriate control measures should be taken, including the installation of local vacuum cleaners, the use of appropriate personal protective equipment, Reducing exposure time, mechanization of processes, sampling of workers' respiratory area and paraclinical tests and biological monitoring of chemical contaminants can be used to control the exposure to these compounds.

Hospitals are One of the vital and sensitive places as well as practical that maintaining their function in normal conditions and in times of crisis is one of the biggest concerns of health system managers. By using the principles of fire safety, hospitalschr('39') vulnerability can be reduced. Fire is one of the risks that can lead to many human and financial losses as well as disruption of hospital performance. Fire risk assessment is a more effective way to assess the vulnerability, capacity and capability of the hospital. The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of fire in one of the hospitals in Tehran to analyze the vulnerability of these uses.
This cross-sectional study was performed by using the Fire Risk Assessment Method for Engineers (FRAME) in the hospital building of a military hospital. Fire risk was calculated using the formulas of the mentioned method in EXCEL software. Factors influencing the level of risk obtained were identified and evaluated.
The level of fire risk for residents in all units was higher than one. Level factor, fire load factor and normal protection factor were identified as effective factors that result in the existing fire risk level.
The numerical value of the risk for the residents was at an unfavorable level. The results of this study showed that the use of FRAME method in assessing the risk of health facilities such as hospitals, by determining the strengths and weaknesses of the assessed locations, the possibility of identifying effective factors to predict and prevent accidents and maintain the performance of these centers at times. Be sensitive to such man-made or natural emergencies.

In a pre-hospital emergency, identifying high-risk medical patients and appropriate decision making is very important. The classifying of life-threatening risks in pre-hospital settings can improve the decision-making process. This study was purposed to classify the risk level of death in patients in pre-hospital emergency settings.

This study was a descriptive longitudinal study design that performed on the patients requesting the pre-hospital emergency services. This study was a descriptive longitudinal descriptive study that lasted from May 1 to the end of August 2017. 675 patients participated in this study. A demographic questionnaire and pre-hospital internal emergency alert scale were used for data collection. Then the patients' condition was followed up until discharge from the emergency department.

The mean score of the Pre-Hospital Internal Emergency Warning Scale was 11.95 ± 6.21. The odds ratio for each Prehospital Medical Early Warning Scale (Pre-MEWS) score was 1.193, which indicated for each unit increase in Pre-MEWS scores, the risk of death of patients increased by 19.3%. Then, the patients classified into three levels of green, yellow, and red based on Pre-MEWS scores. The Area Under the Rock curve for Pre-MEWS scores to identify death and the need for hospitalization in intensive care units was equal to 0.847 (CI=0.793-0.901), and0.755 (CI= 0.711-0.799) respectively).

The Pre-MEWS scale can use for classifying and triage of patients in pre-hospital emergencies, especially in times of disaster. According to the Pre-MEWS scale, patients who are in the third level or green color can transfer to the hospital with more delay, and this can improve the quality of pre-hospital emergency services in times of disaster.

Trace elements are the common pollutants of soils, sediments and street dust in the urban environment, which pose a potential threat to public health. Therefore, this study was conducted to potential ecological risk assessment of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in street dust collected from industrial, commercial and residential areas of city of Hamedan in 2019 using ecotoxicological criteria.

In this descriptive study, a total of 378 street dust specimens were collected from 18 sampling sites. After acid digestion of dust specimens, the element contents were determined using ICP-OES. Also, potential ecological risk factor (Er), risk index (RI) and the ecotoxicological criteria were calculated. All statistical analyses were done by SPSS software.

Based on the results obtained, the mean contents of the examined elements in dust specimens (mg/kg) were 2.31, 0.225, 41.3, 48.8, 65.2, 79.2 and 211 for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn, respectively. The computed values of Er showed that, factor values were decreased in the order Cd > As > Pb > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cr. Also, the mean values of RI with 77 represented that, all the examined elements have the "low potential ecological risk". Moreover, the computed values of the ecotoxicological criteria showed that the street dust specimens of the study area were non-polluted with trace elements.

Although the examined elements have been shown the low potential ecological risk, Cd with 38.2% of the mean values of RI showed significant potential to occurrence the ecological risk, therefore, source identification and sources control of this element and also periodic monitoring of contaminated soils are recommended for maintenance of public health.

Supporting the preventive approach is important in training future dentists. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of senior dental students regarding non-invasive management of dental caries.

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019 using total sampling method and a valid and reliable questionnaire. Knowledge, attitude and self-reported practice of senior dental students regarding caries risk assessment (CRA) and management of lesions in two paper patients were assessed. The data analysis was performed using SPSS20 and the descriptive and analytical statistics were reported.

In overall, 86 students (response rate=91%) were responded. In the knowledge section, caries history in the previous year, having frequent fermentable carbohydrate, xerostomia, and low socio-economic status were considered by more than half of students as factor for caries risk assessment. More than 90% of students had a positive attitude towards CRA in children. Nearly 50% of students tend to restore enamel lesions in proximal and occlusal surfaces in high-risk scenarios. There was significant association between the OHI instruction and debris index improvement (P=0.04) in the integrated comprehensive care clinic (TUMS). The linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant association between the demographic characteristics, place of education, previous course on the level of knowledge and attitude.

Senior dental students despite their general knowledge and positive attitude toward caries risk assessment, tended to aggressively manage the incipient lesions in the enamel and DEJ. Delivering prevention as integrated in the comprehensive care unit in order to improve oral hygiene status of patients is recommended.

The concentration of some indoor pollutants is often recognized as higher than that in the outdoor. Accordingly, household air pollution is currently considered one of the most important public health concerns worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) pollutants in the air of houses in Khesht, Fars Province, Iran. Moreover, it was attempted to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of these compounds in respiratory air for housewives.

Air samples were taken from 30 houses according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Manual of Analytical Method no. 1501 and were analyzed using the gas chromatography/flame ionization detector to measure BTEX  compounds. In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of target compounds in respiratory air for housewives during one year were assessed in this study. Mann Whitney U and Spearman correlation tests were applied to analyze the data in SPSS software (version 23). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 According to the results, the benzene, toluene, and xylenes concentrations varied from 0.06 to 1.76, 0.1 to 0.96, and 0.01 to 0.97 µg / m3, respectively. Moreover, ethylbenzene levels in all samples were below the detection limit. A significant linear and positive relationship was observed between benzene and toluene concentrations (P<0.05). Furthermore, the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk for benzene in all samples was reported to be significantly lower than the standard (1×10-6) recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization (WHO). Moreover, the calculated hazard quotient for benzene, toluene, and xylene was less than one in this study.

The WHO has not considered any safe restrictions on exposure to benzene, especially indoors in which people spend more time. However, even the low concentrations of these indoor pollutants are dangerous to human health, especially housewives. Therefore, in order to reduce the concentration of these pollutants and other BTEX compounds, it is recommended to reduce or eliminate those human activities that release BTEX compounds and use appropriate ventilation methods.

Today, the supply of qualified drinking water has become the main concern of the competent authorities. Drinking water, in addition to the appropriate quantity, must have appropriate standards regarding physicochemical and microbial properties. Nitrate and nitrite ions are of special importance due to their adverse environmental and health. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of these ions in the drinking water of Evaz city and to perform calculations related to health risk assessment.

In this study, five points were selected and 50 samples (10 samples from each point) were collected over time intervals. After transferring the samples to the environmental chemistry laboratory, the concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions was determined by the spectrophotometer (DR6000) according to the instructions provided by the HACH.

The concentration of nitrate and nitrite ions in all parts of the network was lower than the standard set by the WHO. The highest and lowest concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions were obtained at the sampling sites of Patrice Restaurant (1.04 and 0.021 mg/L) and ABFA (0.8 and 0.0162 mg/L), respectively. Also, risk assessment based on the age range of infants, children and adults was 0.125, 0.00375 and 0.043, respectively, which shows that long-term water consumption will not have a negative impact on human health.

The physicochemical quality of Evaz drinking water was acceptable and human exposure to this water has a non-carcinogenic risk of much less than the critical range.

Drinking water disinfection is an essential process for elimination of the microbial contaminations. Water disinfection by chlorine compounds can lead to formation of Trihalomethanes (THMs) as a disinfection by-products and carcinogenic effects. The aim of the study was investigation of potential risks assessment of THMs occurrence in drinking water in selected military centers in Tehran province.

This cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted in 2020. Thirty samples were collected from urban and groundwater sources. Free residual chlorine, temperature, pH and THMs of the samples were measured by conventional methods in which GC Mass measured THMs concentration. The hazard potential of THMs was calculated based on THQ, TR and PTDI indexes.

The average concentration of THMs in groundwater and urban water was 2.25 µg/L and 2.39 µg/L respectively. The THMs concentration had positive but non-significant correlation with free residual chlorine, temperature and pH. Provisional tolerable daily intake of groundwater and urban water was 0.10×10-3 and 0.11×10-3 mg/kg.day, respectively. The target hazard quotient for all selected centers was 0.001 and the target cancer risk for groundwater and urban water was 0.32×10-8and 0.34×10-8, respectively.

The results revealed that in selected centers, drinking water had not health risks from point of THMs concentration.

Risk assessment of toxic or hazardous chemicals enables industrial hygienists to make appropriate decisions regarding management provisions in a healthy workplace. Exposure to total fumes and manganese during welding can have harmful effects on welders’ health. Therefore, the present study was conducted in the metal industry to evaluate the concentration and determine the risk of welders’ exposure to total fumes and manganese in 2018.

In this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, welding fumes were sampled in the breathing zone of 35 welders using filters and cyclones moreover, the concentration of fumes was determined by a weight method. The samples were analyzed according to NIOSH 7301 method using an Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry to determine the manganese concentration in the fume. Moreover, health exposure risk assessment of workers exposed to welding fumes was performed using the recommended method by the Singapore Health and Safety Association method. The data were analyzed in MINITAB software (version 17). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.   

The mean concentrations of total fumes and manganese produced in Shielded Metal Arc were 9.56±1.67 and 0.45±0.08 mg/m-3, respectively. These values are about 2 and 22 times higher than the recommended occupational threshold limit for total fumes and manganese according to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, respectively. The risk assessment results showed that the mean values of exposure to total and manganese fume for the welders were moderate and high, respectively.

Due to the high level of welders’ exposure to manganese during welding in the metal industry, preventive measures, such as engineering and management control techniques are recommended to reduce exposure to these fumes.

Today in the world, environmental pollution due to heavy metals, their accumulation in the food chain and their dietary exposure are considered as a serious danger. The purpose of this study was to measure the amount of nickel, arsenic, lead, zinc and cadmium in liver, thigh, breast and gizzard parts of chicken distributed in Shiraz.

In this cross-sectional study, ten different brands of liver, thigh, breast and gizzard of chicken in Shiraz were collected from local markets and transferred to the laboratory with the cooling system. The concentration of heavy metals was measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).

The mean concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc in liver tissues were 0.017, 0.061, 0.031, 0.057 and 15.15 µg/kg, in thigh muscles 5, 6, 28, 46 and 3310 µg/kg, in the breast muscles were 6, 8, 180, 50 and 4510 µg/kg and in the gizzard were 7, 29, 9, 19 and 12810 µg/kg, respectively. Heavy metals concentration was higher in liver tissue than other tissues.

The results indicated that the amount of heavy metals studied in chicken tissues are lower than world regulation standards. Also the results of risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risk of these heavy metals due to chicken consumption is negligible while, the risk of carcinogenicity in the case of arsenic is higher compared to lead (relatively potential risk).