جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سوء مصرف مواد » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Abuse of substances such as alcohol as a social issue affects the health of human life. In this study, we decided to address the prevalence of alcohol poisoning and its effective factors among patients referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol.

In this cross-sectional study, 110 patients with alcohol poisoning who had referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol in 2016-2019 participated. Necessary information was collected through a questionnaire. Finally, the obtained data were statistically analyzed by T-test, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.

In the present study, 110 patients with alcohol poisoning were included in the study, of which 91 (82.72%) had ethanol poisoning and 19 (17.27%) had methanol poisoning. The mean age of patients was 27.08 ±3.2 years and 95.45% of them were male. Unemployment and lack of entertainment, mental disorders, alcoholic friends, psychological dependence were the most common causes of alcohol consumption in patients. In this study, decreased level of consciousness (57.27%) and gastrointestinal complications (43.63%) were the most common symptoms of alcohol poisoning in the studied patients.

In the present study, male gender was significantly associated with alcohol poisoning (P). While the variables of age, sex and marital status were not significantly associated with the type of ethanol or methanol poisoning. The results of the study showed that male gender, social status and low education of parents, psychological problems and alcohol friends were risk factors and influential factors in alcohol poisoning

Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) are common worldly wide and are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that the burden of disease attributable to SUDs is approximately 1.5% of the global burden of disease in the world. In response to this global problem, different countries have used different policies and frameworks over past years. The National SUDs Treatment Framework proved to be a framework through which service providers can ensure that people affected by illicit drug use have access to a range of integrated options tailored to their needs. The most important strategies that have been used in the world for years to solve the problem of substance abuse are War on Drugs (WOD) and Harm Reduction (HR).

Smoking at a younger age puts people at greater risk for health damage. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the age of smoking onset and high-risk behaviors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, substance abuse, and high-risk sexual behavior among university students in Tabriz, Iran.

This web-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Tabriz, Iran, in 2019. A total of 3,649 students were included in the study according to the proportion of students in each university. The required information was collected through an online questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between the age of smoking onset and high-risk behaviors.

The mean (standard deviation) age of the participants in the study was 22.85 (3.66) years old, and 55.7% were boys. The findings of the study indicate that students who initiated smoking at the age of 16 or younger exhibited higher likelihoods of alcohol consumption over the previous 30 days (OR= 1.77, CI 95%: 1.20 - 2.62) and participation in unsafe sexual practices (OR= 1.54, CI 95%: 1.06 - 2.26) compared to their non-smoking counterparts.

  Early smoking onset is associated with high-risk behaviors. The age of onset of smoking should be considered as one of the factors associated with high-risk behaviors, and smoking prevention programs should be started from adolescence.

Drug abuse usually starts in adolescence; it is influenced by factors such as gender, age, psychological factors affecting sensation seeking and social communication. The COM-B model includes a full range of behavioral concepts and is suitable for intervention regarding substance abuse. This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the impact of education on the prevention of substance abuse among students.

An experimental study with a randomized controlled trial type was carried out. Using cluster method, two clusters were randomly selected from trhe schools on the outskirts of the city; one school was determined as intervention, and the other as control with a sample size of 50 people in each group. With Zuckerman's sensation seeking questionnaire, students were examined, and those with a positive score were evaluated with the COM-B substance abuse tendency questionnaire. Educational interventions were implemented for the intervention group. After completion of the intervention and three later, this questionnaire was completed by both groups.

In the intervention group, the scores of physical capacity (p=0/001), mental capacity (p=0/001), reflective motivation (p<0/05), automatic motivation (p<0/05), and preventive behavior against substance abuse increased after the intervention (p<0/05), but no significant difference was observed in the opportunity score in the studied times. In the control group, there was no significant difference in the scores of any of the variables during the study.

The implementation of educational programs based on COM-B model is effective in reducing the tendency of students to abuse drugs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of interventions based on models and theories of health education and promotion in preventing substance abuse in adolescents.

A detailed search was performed in Magiran, SID, Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed, and Google Scholar databases using related keywords to extract all studies published in this field with the time limit of January 1, 2011 to December 21, 2021. After screening the studies, 11 articles that met the inclusion criteria were examined.

In this research, there were 7 semi-experimental studies, 3 clinical trials, and 1 unclear study, which were conducted on first- and second-grade high school students. Educational interventions were conducted in 6 articles based on the theory of planned behavior, 2 articles based on the health belief model, 1 article based on the developed theory of rational action, 1 article based on the trans theoretical model, and 1 article based on the family interaction theory.

The results showed that the use of different models/theories could have a positive effect on preventing substance abuse and subsequently performing health behaviors. Based on the findings, the structure of attitude and self-efficacy were introduced as the most important and strongest variables in most studies and played a crucial role in preventing substance abuse and health behavior in students

Background &

rug abuse is a major health challenge all over the world, and the majority of society thinks that drug abuse is mainly a male phenomenon. While drug abuse in women is increasing. Women experience a stressful life with drug abuse and need more support from family and society. If they do not receive the necessary support, they will be stuck in the cycle of addiction and it will be difficult for them to bear failures. Pregnancy with substance abuse poses serious risks to women's mental, psychological, physical and physical health and threatens the mental, social, political and economic health and safety of the society. In this context, midwifery personnel play a role as active people in the health care team and as one of the important sources of information to the community members in increasing social support and bearing more failures. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of social support in coping with the failure of pregnant women with substance abuse who referred to Hazrat Zainab Hospital in Shiraz in 2021.

The current study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study and the statistical population of all pregnant women with substance abuse referring to the clinic, laboratory, IVF unit, ultrasound, emergency department, and inpatient departments who, based on their self-report, declared that they suffered from substance abuse in a 12-month period. The consumption of substances such as cigarettes, opium, opium juice, heroin, crack, glass, hashish, morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, methadone, marijuana, NAS, pan, bong, flower, alprazolam, buponorphine and other substances and in different sections. Hazrat Zainab Hospital was in Shiraz. 200 people were included in the study by continuous sampling. The inclusion criteria included: having Iranian nationality, women aged 18 and above, ability to read and write, being married and with drug abuse according to the individual, mental and physical conditions were suitable.While respecting the privacy and confidentiality of information, demographic questionnaires, VAX social support and Harrington's failure tolerance were completed. Sampling continued from Mehr to Esfand 1400. Data analysis was done with SPSS 22 software with descriptive and analytical statistics tests of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions.

In the present study, 200 Iranian pregnant mothers with substance abuse with an average age of 34 years, average age of marriage 21.70 ± 4.51 years, majority of married women, housewives, with unfavorable economic status and no insurance were examined. Women and spouses with primary and secondary education levels had the highest frequency compared to other people. Women with working spouses also had the highest frequency compared to other people. 56% of these women had an unwanted pregnancy and 50 of these women had a history of prison and half of them had a history of prison once. The reason for the conviction of 60% of women was for carrying drugs, 30% for theft and 10% for other reasons. Women with 2 children had the highest frequency. The average social support score of pregnant women with substance abuse was 53.4 ± 2.32, which indicates unfavorable social support. Social support in the support of friends dimension had the highest mean (2.44 ± 0.91) and the support of community members had the lowest mean (2.24 ± 0.64). Social support was more in wives and husbands with middle and higher education levels. The mean failure tolerance score was 136.73±22.5, and failure tolerance was inversely correlated with social support (P=0.012) in the dimension of not tolerating stress, not tolerating discomfort, and not tolerating injustice and dissatisfaction.

The social support received by pregnant women with drug abuse is not optimal and these women receive most of their support from friends, family and acquaintances, which provides the basis for more harm to them and makes them more prone to fall into the trap. Addictive Most of these women have not been able to bear failures, so it seems necessary to design and hold life-enhancing programs. Social support in these women was related to the level of education and favorable economic status, which can be helped by promoting education and improving the economic situation by creating simple jobs and educational spaces for these women.

 Breastfeeding is the safest and the best way to provide growth and development of newborn and protect against many diseases. breast feeding is known to be beneficial for many benefits such as reduction of neonatal death syndrome) Sudden Infant death syndrome-SIDS (childhood and postpartum depression are a major public health strategy. these benefits may be particularly important for families who are grappling with drug use. while the use of addictive substances is a global health problem and dependence on drugs causes a certain concern. because this affects maternal, fetal and newborn health. during the past decade, drug use has grown dramatically and now become a major public health problem. drug abuse during pregnancy has led to an increase in the birth rate of a number of children with the syndrome of substance (neonatal abstinence syndrome-NAS (. the cost of health care has skyrocketed. sudden cessation of drugs in newborns from mothers of drug users on the following days of birth leads to baby deprivation syndrome with symptoms such as tachycardia, tremor, agitation, increased tone, convulsions, nutrition and poor nutrition, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, fever and nausea. in addition, the time of hospitalization of newborns with NAS in hospital was 16.4 days compared to other children who were 3.3 days. there are also 46 - 76 % of the probability that these babies undergo drug therapy, such as the treatment cost, whereas drug addicts have low economic status.  recent studies have shown that non - pharmacological agents should be used as the first line of treatment to reduce symptoms of NAS. among the non - pharmacological methods, breastfeeding may result in reduced severity and severity of symptoms. in addition, studies show a direct relationship between breastfeeding and decrease in length of admission, decrease of symptoms and necessity of drug interventions in NAS. the American academy of pediatrics and the world health organization, have a strong emphasis on breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life. In this regard, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of breastfeeding in mother's dependent on the use of narcotic drugs (opioids) on infant deprivation syndrome.

The present article is a review study that researchers in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Pub Med, Medline, SID, Magi ran, using keywords Breastfeeding [mesh]", "opioids[mesh]", "neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) [mesh]” and “mothers [mesh]” “Drug Abuse/Parenteral [mesh]” and searched for 10 years between 2010-2020. inclusion criteria in this study were qualitative and quantitative studies on the effect of breast feeding on deprivation syndrome, in domestic and domestic practical journals, focusing on benefits and usefulness, descriptive and investigative and review, access to full text and English and Persian language articles were considered. and unrelated, repetitive, language having different language and weak relation with the goal of study, and without proper executive methods, were excluded. in the search phase of the texts, some studies were carried out based on inclusion criteria. then, the remaining studies were evaluated and analyzed in terms of content. the initial search result of 876 studies, which 48 studies, due to having a different language, 775 studies, after reviewing title and purpose , respectively 16 after reviewing the summary, 15 studies were deleted after reviewing the text and two studies were added as a result of manual search. in the end, 24 studies were included. after the evaluation of these studies, the data were analyzed through comparison, summing up and determining the validity. it should be noted that regarding the wide distribution of mothers ' breastfeeding in this article, it is necessary to review the effect of breast feeding on pain syndrome of newborn.

According to studies, mothers who struggle with addiction are one of the most vulnerable groups among mothers. the amount of breastfeeding in these cases is very low. according to the results of the study, the socioeconomic status, age, education, social influence, knowledge and knowledge of breastfeeding, the health and mental health status of the mothers of the opioid - dependent mothers, support and pre - natal education influence the decision to breastfeed. in a study conducted (Wachman et al (colleagues on the extent of breastfeeding among the dependent mothers, the results indicated that only a small number of mothers of breast - feeding infants fed their infants. more than half of those, after a week of breast feeding, stopped feeding their baby and did not feed their baby at all. the results of the present study were shown by Volstrand et al. Breastfeeding rates were high in mothers treated with opioids (methadone and buprenorphine), but early cessation of breastfeeding is common among them. however, the effect of opioids on opioids is not considered safe, since opioids are considered to be immune to opioids as a result of opioids consumption in the mother, its secretion in milk is low and there is no risk for baby. according to the results of the study, breastfeeding can help to create an emotional bond between mother and baby, especially in addicted mothers with opioids, breastfeeding increases the release of oxytocin hormone, which has calm effects on mother. perhaps one of its benefits is the help of mother 's adaptation with agitation from NAS in the infant and reduce the likelihood of getting the baby by these mothers. also, breast feeding leads to decrease in severity of symptoms such as severity of symptoms, duration of stay in hospital, need for drug delivery and decrease of care costs. in addition, breastfeeding in these mothers reduced incidence and duration of neonatal signs symptoms in newborns. breastfeeding also has a positive effect on the prevention of sudden infant mortality (SID). therefore, it is recommended to be conducted on children at risk such as newborns with opioids in the uterus of breast feeding. the results of this study showed that the need for drug for treatment of deprivation syndrome in neonates fed by breastfeeding mothers was higher than newborns who had not been fed with breast milk. most of these neonates had normal weight and had better weight gain. also, according to the research, exclusive breast feeding was more effective in reducing the symptoms of breast feeding with breast milk, compared to breast feeding, or a combination of breast milk and formula. previous studies in 2012 - 2016 showed that compared to breastfed infants in 2012 - 2016, breastfeeding in mother's dependent to opioids leads to shortening the length of stay of newborns with NAS in hospital. although the study showed that breastfeeding reduced the duration of hospitalization and decreased the need for treatment of NAS, but in a research it was stated that the need for treatment for newborns with NAS and the other group that were fed with milk had been fed. there was no significant difference in this study suggesting that breast - feeding practice is more important than milk pharmaceutical content and more research should be done in this regard. therefore, it is suggested that opioids are dependent on opioids use to help their children if NAS occur, unless the hazards are greater than the benefits. according to the studies, clinicians have played a very important role in understanding, supporting, consulting and defending mothers ' rights that they wish to feed their children with the syndrome of food deprivation, and to inform them of the complications of drug use on their babies before the full cessation of breastfeeding. they also need to be encouraged to not consume alcohol, cigarettes or other illegal drugs throughout the lactation and receive mental support and medication from health centers and health care providers.

The World Health Organization recommends methadone and buprenorphine in substance use treatment for all individuals, especially in women during pregnancy and lactation, along with psychotherapy. in the case of reducing the rate of symptoms in the infant, mothers who were treated with methadone (74 %) or buprenorphine (78 %) had no difference after delivery to their infants. in the study of johnson et al., the amount of methadone released in breast milk is -21-462 ng / ml, and it is unlikely to have a trace amount of methadone that is transmitted through the breast milk. therefore, the infants of methadone and Buprenorphine mothers can be fed by mother 's milk and can be used as a beneficial benefit. in addition, mothers can also use a good mother 's sense of breastfeeding as an opportunity to change their course of life. although some mothers of breast - feeding are challenging to their newborn, because the vibration, weak muscle tone, bound movements and poor swallowing will cause problems in breast and breast feeding. on the other hand, the approach and the frustrations of health care givers were not effective in breast feeding. therefore, understanding the benefits of breastfeeding depends on the use of opioids in reducing infant Deprivation to treatment staff to recommend breast feeding to these high - risk mothers. in addition, successful breastfeeding in these mothers requires nurses " education, understanding psychological problems , creating a secure environment, observing privacy and physical and mental protection by health care providers and eliminate the barriers to breastfeeding.

Hospitalized patients with substance use disorders are known as one of the biggest challenges in the health system. In this regard, there is strong evidence that nurses face challenges in caring for these patients.

This research was done by systematic review method. Search with keywords comorbidities, Nursing care, Dual diagnosis, Substance-Related Disorders, substance use disorders, substance abuse, drug abuse, multimorbidity, concurrent disorders, co-existing disorders have been performed in electronic databases Sid, magiran, civilica, google scholar and pub med from 1998 to 2022. Articles in English and Persian containing challenges or solutions related to the problems of nursing care of patients with co-morbidities with substance use disorders, qualitative, quantitative, Mixed and review studies, articles with access to their full text were included in the study. Location restrictions were not considered.

The results of 23 studies show that nurses in the nursing care of patients with substance use disorders, in four areas of Emotional (48% Studies), caring (39%), educational (48%) and supportive (43%) with challenges such as feelings of burnout, risk, lack of knowledge, lack of skills and ambiguity of role Etc. are encountered.

According to the results of the study, nurses need additional training and support to care for these patients. Applied training along with at least moderate level of role support and emotional support by improving qualifications, knowledge and skills can be effective in solving the problems related to the care of these patients. The development of guidelines, policies and specific government policies, to care for these patients, can prevent the confusion and inability of nurses to care. In addition, close communication and links between health service providers and experts in the field, promotion of interdisciplinary partnerships and working alliances can be used to solve care challenges and obstacles.

This study was carried out to analyze the trend of death due to substance abuse and related factors in Iran in order to design and implement preventive and therapeutic interventions for substance related deaths.

In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the data of 6810 deaths caused by drug abuse, registered in the "System of Registration and Classification of Causes of Death", defined by ICD-10 criteria and based on the reports of Ministry of Health and Legal Medicine Organization in 2014-2018. Variables including age, gender, type of poisoning and the type of substance leading to death were examined. Description of these data and examination of the time trend of the raw mortality rate were performed using joinpoint regression analysis and percentage of annual changes (APC) and average percentage of annual changes (AAPC) were calculated in SPSS V23.

The average age of the deceased was 39.2±17.0 years. Majority of them were men. Central regions followed by western regions of Iran accounted for the highest number of deaths that was related to opioid poisoning. Accidental poisoning and poisoning with unknown intention were the most frequent causes. Deaths due to opioids (APC=27.2, P=0.008) and stimulants (APC=109.24, P=0.1) overdose showed an increasing trend and a peak in 2014 in Iran. A decreasing trend was found in two groups of sedative-hypnotic-anxiolytics and other drugs, but it was not statistically significant. No trends were found for alcohol-related deaths.

There is a considerable increasing trend in accidental deaths, especially caused by opioids and mainly in middle-aged men which requires limiting measures. It is recommended to intensify drug monitoring and provide trainings about using naloxone as an emergency antidote to opiate overdose to families, police and emergency staff in early stages of drug poisoning.

The theory of planned behavior is known to be themost useful theory for better understanding of the predictors of drug abuse. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the factors predicting the intention to drugs abuse based on the theory of planned behavior in couples referring to the premarital counseling center in East Ahvaz Health Center in 2019.

This cross-sectional analytical study based on correlational assessment was conducted on among all couples who referred to the counseling center. Totally, 360 couples were randomly selected from the couples' file number. The data collection tool was a questionnaire including drug use and the theory of planned behavior. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential tests such as multiple regression and logistic were used in SPSS version 16. A significance level of 0.05 was also considered. At all stages, ethical considerations were considered.

There observed a significant difference between the average constructs of the theory of planned behavior and demographic variables (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between behavioral intention and demographic variables of the participants (p>0.05). The results of regression analysis showed that perceived behavioral control and subjective norms together predict approximately 37% of changes in behavioral intention.

The theory of planned behavior is a suitable predictor for drugs abuse. It is suggested to use this theory in educational programs of different levels of drug abuse prevention

Poisoning by opium and stimulants brings many patients to the poison emergency departments every year. This study planned to determine the risk factors for Opioid and Stimulant poisoning among patients admitted to the Khorshid Hospital.

The present cross-sectional study was performed on 243 patients poisoned with opioids or stimulants in Khorshid Hospital of Isfahan during December 2018 to the December 2019. The data about demographic variables including: (sex, age, marital status, occupation), type of intoxication (opium, heroin), and or stimulants(hashish, cannabis, marijuana, amphetamine) and intoxication with other substances, cause of intoxication, type of intoxication (accidental, intentional), method of intoxication (oral, inhalation, intravenous injection, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, etc.), poisoning with other drugs, vital signs at entering the ward, length of stay in the poisoned ward, treatment outcome (recovery or death), and cause of death were extracted from the patients' files. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and the Chi-square tests.

The results of this study showed that the most substance poisoning in individual of Iranian nationality was heroin and in non-Iranian was opium. In addition, substance poisoning was more common in men, especially in the age group of 31-35 years, and among the unemployed or self-employed, as well as among those with a diploma or lower.

According to the results of the present study, among opioid, heroin poisoning was the most and among stimulants, amphetamine was the most. Also, most of the poisoned people were under 40 years old and had low education.

Development of the registry system for substance abuse poisoning may be useful in the systematic collection of information, prevention of poisonings, identification of people and monitoring them, ease of access to information, and decision-making in allocating resources. Evaluation of the usability of information systems is one of the most important ways to improve disease registration programs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of drug abuse registration system from the users' point of view at Urmia University of Medical Sciences.

This study was a cross-sectional descriptive one conducted in 2022. In this study, the opinions of 21 system users were evaluated. Census sampling method was done from the cases reffered to the Imam Khomeini Educational and Medical Center in Urmia, Iran. Data collection tool was a standard QUIS questionnaire with 32 questions in 6 dimensions including: general interaction with the system, screen, system terms, learning ability, general capabilities of the system, and usability and user interface. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software.

The results showed that the average score obtained in the six dimensions of the usability evaluation of the registry system for substance abuse poisoning were: 8.52 in system terms, 8.36 in screen, 8.28 in learning ability, 8.04 in general capabilities of the system, 7.98 in usability and user interface, and 7.73 in the general interaction, respectively.

From the user's point of view, working with the registry system for substance abuse poisoning is simple and easy to learn, and the screen and system terms are appropriate. However, the users were relatively satisfied with the capabilities of system configuration capabilities and its reports. Therefore, the designed system requires some changes to improve the quality of reports.

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse can have many functions which following the appropriate and rapid treatment, as well as to monitoring people during rehabilitation or counseling about withdrawing drug abuse are of the most important functions. The aim of the present study was to review recent studies in the field of rapid and accurate diagnosis of drug abuse.

In this review study, scientific databases including Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, Pubmed and Iranian databases including Irandoc, Magiran, SID were used. The keywords used in searches , regardless of time limit, were substance abuse, diagnosis and drugs diagnosis and drugs. Duplicate and irrelevant items were excluded from the study after the initial screening. The content was classified based on laboratory samples. Ethical standards were observed in all stages of the research and no bias was made by the researchers in the stages of the review.

76 English and Persian articles were retrieved, of which 24 related studies were reviewed. According to the findings, the amount of substance remaining in the body and the time of the test were considered the two important principles for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of substance abuse. Urine, blood, exhaled breath, saliva, sweat, nails, and hair are biological samples that are commonly used to diagnose substance abuse in laboratories. The choice of each depends on factors such as cost, ease of sample collection, risk of fraud, type of test (immediate or laboratory), drug abuse time frame (acute or chronic),the last time of using and the use of each to diagnose of drugs and consumption have advantages and disadvantages.

No laboratory methods have been found with 100% diagnostic accuracy to detect drug abuse and various laboratory methods are always at risk of false-positive or false-negative results. However, accurate and rapid diagnosis of drug abuse in various areas of law enforcement, such as traffic police, crime detection, and forensics, is important, and studies are ongoing.

Substance use is one of the health, medical, and social problems of the world today. Currently, global drug use among adolescents is increasing. People prone to drug abuse become addicted when exposed to drugs, so it is necessary to identify the weak and aggravating factors of this process and provide solutions to prevent drug use. Recently, resilience has emerged as an important concept in health psychology. Resilience is an important protective factor in substance abuse and increases the ability to tolerate and adapt to life crises and overcome them. Another variable that affects people's tendency to use drugs is perceived loneliness. The constant feeling of loneliness is worrying. Thus, the present study was conducted to compare the effects of the psychological training package on substance abuse prevention and cognitive–behavioral therapy on the resilience and perceived loneliness of students prone to substance abuse.

The research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest and follow–up design with a control group. From the students prone to substance abuse in the second secondary school of boys' schools in Isfahan City, Iran, in the first half of 2019, 45 students were purposefully selected and 15 students were assigned to the three groups (two experimental and one control group). The inclusion criteria were as follows: desire and satisfaction to participate in the research, obtaining a score of more than 80 on the Addiction Potential Scale (Weed et al., 1992), having physical health, lacking a history of drug and alcohol abuse, not suffering from acute or chronic mental disorders (confirmed by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist), and not participating in parallel treatment during the research period. The exclusion criteria were non–cooperation and not doing the tasks presented in the sessions and absence of more than two sessions during the two interventions. The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (Connor & Davidson, 2003) and the Perceived Loneliness Questionnaire (Russell et al., 1980) were used to examine the dependent variables in the research stages. The first experimental group underwent 8 sessions of a psychological training package for substance abuse prevention and the second experimental group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive–behavioral therapy, and the control group did not receive any treatment. In the statistical analysis of the data, at the descriptive level, mean and standard deviation were used. Also, at the inferential level, the data were analyzed by the Chi–square test, analysis of variance with repeated measures, and Bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05 by SPSS version 23 software.

The results showed that the effect of time, the interaction effect of time and group, and the effect of group membership on variables of resilience and perceived loneliness were significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the scores of the variables of resilience and loneliness of the three groups (two experimental groups and one control group) in the pretest (p>0.05). However, in the posttest and follow–up stages, a significant difference was observed between the scores of the control group with the psychological training group for substance abuse prevention, and the cognitive–behavioral therapy group (p<0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the resilience variable scores in the posttest and follow–up between the psychological training group for substance abuse prevention and the cognitive–behavioral therapy group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the variable scores of loneliness in the posttest and follow–up between the psychological training group for substance abuse prevention and the cognitive–behavioral therapy group (p>0.05).

Based on the results of the present study, the effectiveness of the psychological training package for substance abuse prevention and cognitive–behavioral therapy is suggested as an effective interventions on the resilience and loneliness. But the effectiveness of the psychological training package for substance abuse prevention in the resilience variable is more than cognitive–behavioral therapy.

Substance abuse disorder like other human behaviors is caused by multiple reasons, so culture as one of the most important etiological factor  plays a crucial role in emergence, manifestation and different features of symptoms. Various culture and subculture in Iran as a risk factor or protective factor through a series of facilitating norms such as medical and pharmacological recommendations, folk beliefs and specific customs  impress substance abuse disorder in a distinctive  ways. as a result it has led to a different pattern of signs and symptoms, variable prevalence of this disorder and the variable kind of substances used in different regions of Iran. Method the method in this study is qualitative meta-synthesis which includes a combination of qualitative articles published in the field of substance abuse disorders in Iran. Seven qualitative studies and two combined studies (qualitative-quantitative) which is related to substance abuse in Iran were included in this article and reviewed. all selective qualitive studies’ content were reviewed with the aim of accessing to a more general imagination, possible causation, prevention and management of substance abuse disorder in Iran. Only qualitative studies which is evaluated the cultural context of substance abuse disorder from 2001 were included. In qualitative research which is related to the cultural context of substance abuse in Iran, different levels of environment and culture such as microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem  and macrosystem affecting the formation of this disorder in a different ways. It seems that considering the intervention related to the cultural context of substance abuse disorder in Iran is a kind of primary intervention and it would better researchers; in their prioritization of their topics, therapists, in all stages of their treatment from initial diagnosis to application of therapeutic intervention; institution and finally individual, who are responsible for policies related to the prevention and treatment of this disorder; consider culture as a vital risk factor or protective factor from the innermost level to the outermost level of the environment.