نشریه آینه پژوهش
سال بیست و سوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 134، خرداد و تیر 1391)

Changing the letters happens because of different reasons such as changing of the government, changing of the writing tools, the advent of technology, the defects of letters, the influence of the new culture, and changing of the scientific language. All these reasons either alone or together can be the source of changing the letters in a country or area. If the issue of changing the letters is considered apart from changing of the government, it cannot certainly have a definite time since its causative factors are not momentary events. The invention of alphabets and its function is one of the inventions which is gradually altered or completed. Changing the letters in Iran is not an exception, and it has got a long history. In the following study, the author intends to present the history of the idea of changing the letters in Iran. In this regard, he briefly looks into Iranian letters before Islam, and the way Kufiletters transformed into Pahlavi ones. Then, he starts talking about the fields which lead to the rising the idea of changing the letters in recent centuries; and mentions some of the effective elements. Some of them are the arrival of publishing industry in Iran, changing of Iran social state, Iran’s defeats in front of Russia, the reformations in Iran, the effect of Ottoman and Ottoman Iranians on Iran. The writer explains every one of these reasons. In another part of the article, he examines the issues of changing the letters abroad, changing of Arabic characters in some countries, and the new alphabets in Turkey. He continues his discussion by talking over how the idea of changing the letters arrives in Iran, different debates about this issue, and the reasons these activities have no result. Finally, he points out the decline of this subject by the advent of Islamic revolution and the final changing of letters in Iran.

According to the author of this article, hadiths are divided to four main groups: doctrinaire, historical, commandments, and moral. Among them, the historical and doctrinaire hadiths haven’t been studied though they are very important. He believes that when the religious and deviant tendencies of some of hadiths are pointed out in the books of men, they turn out to be questionable automatically. But that’s not the whole story because even the ones without any special orientations might unintentionally contain either changed or fabricated historical or doctrinaire stories. Therefore, in the following paper, the author has a brief look at this group of hadiths, and for every case provides some examples.

In the following study, the author firstly gives a definition of criticism, and then talks about its necessity. He intends to draw the attention to the importance of this issue and the significant position of a true critic.

One of the Persian works written upon the study of the sects isThe Comprehensive Dictionary of Islamic Sects, published in three volumes by Etelā’āt Publication in 1389. This dictionary is based on the notes of late Ayatollah Seyyed Mahdi Rohāni, who is one of the researchers in the field of the study of sects and history in the Seminary School of Qom. Later, it was completed by SeyyedHasan Khomeini’s searches. In the following study, the author intends to provide a report of the mentioned book. So, first of all, he introduces some of the work’s features and privileges, and then he criticizes the book and talks about some of its defects.

Kashf Al-Astār an Vajh Al-Qāeb an Al-Absār by Allāme Mohades Mirzā Hosein Nouri Tabarsi is an answer to Alusi’s 25-couplet ode which is known as Baqdādie ode. In his ode, this Sunni scholar has brings up a couple of doubts about the existence, age, absence, and some of the characteristics of Imam Zamān. In the present study, the author provides a brief account of Mohades Nouri’s life, and mentions his different books in various fields. Following this, he talks about different publications of this book and introduces the one which has been edited by Ahmad ali Majid Helli, the contemporary researcher from Najaf. So, after presenting a biography of Ahmad Ali Majid helli, the author extensively explains the content of the book and analyzes it. In the last part of the paper, he talks over the positive points of this edition and gives some suggestion in order to improve it.

Recognition and Criticism of Sufism, written by Alireza Zekāvati Qarāgozlu and published by Sokhan publication in 1390, contains 39 articles, the text of an interview, and one lecture. This book is in three parts of “the articles”, “book report”, and “appendix”. In this book, which includes the summary of about 250 books and journals, Sufism and its vast literature is considered to be one of the most readable works of Islam and Iran culture and civilization. The book examines religious writers’ polemical works, Sufi groups’ extremist advocating of their ideas, and the positive values of this internal trend. In the present study, the author is going to give a brief report of some of the articles of the book, and provide a short excerpt of the content of some of them.

A corrected version of AienehJahānNamā and TelesmGanjGoshā, written during the last decades of the 7th centuryby Abu Saied IbnMojtabā Yamani, has been published by the library of the Museum and Center of Documents of Islamic Parliament in 1390. In this study, the author is going to criticize this edition. First of all, he examines two flaws on the cover of the book regarding the name of the writer and the date of his death. Then he in details criticizes the preface of the book which has been written by different researchers and editors; and discusses different included issues such as the writer’s biography, the date of the writing of the book, the name of the book in various versions, the applied copies in researches, the method of correction, and…. In the last part, he presents some points about the structure of the book such as the footnotes, the typos, and the problems with punctuations.

Mesbāh Al-motehajedvaSelāh Al-mote’abed by Sheikh Tusi is about the prayers of the year. Since Sheikh Tusi has prolonged this book, he was the first person who summarized it and called it Mokhtasar Al-mesbāh fi Al-ad’ieva Al-’ebādāt. In the present study, the author, first of all, mentions six summaries of this book. Then, he provides two detailed account of two of them:Menhāj Al-salāh fi Ekhtesar Al-mesbāh by AllāmeHelli and Ekhtiār Al-mesbāh by IbnBāqi. In this regard, he talks about the features, chapters, and different publications of Menhāj Al-salāh. Afterwards, he explains about IbnBaqi’s way of summarizing Mesbāh and its translation and publications.

One of the ignored parts in Islamic historiography is providing reasons. Some books such as Dalāel Al-nabovah, I’lām Al-nabovah, andIsbāt Al-nabovah focus on the topics like the miracles of prophet Mohammad in order to prove his prophecy. Dalāel Al-nabovahvaAhvālSāheb Al-sharia by AbubakrBeihaghi is one of the important books which uses the narrative method and quotes different hadithsbased on Majesty Mohammad’s miracles to prove the prophecy of Majesty Mohammad (pbuh). In the present study, the author gives a report of this book. In this regard, he, firstly, has a brief introduction of the writer and his other works, examines different chapters of the book and its content, and mentions Beihaghi’s sources in his book.

At the present time, the most authentic books in every aspect such as content, comprehensiveness, robustness of prose, editing, page layout, and… are encyclopedias. One of these encyclopedias is the Encyclopedia of Children and Adolescents. In the following paper, the author intends to briefly points out some of the most important features of the book. Following this, he is going to talk about some of the faults of its articles.

Elm Al-kalāmvaTatavare End Al-arabRo’yah fiAl-Ma’refava Al-Monhajva Al-dorby Al-sheikh Shobar Al-faghih is a copy of a Kalāmi book of the Sunnis. Shobar just added some Shia hadiths to itand in the chapter of Divine Characteristics has copied a book of Christian theology; then he published it in his own name. In the following study, the author criticizes the book in two parts: firstly, inappropriate references and the disagreement between the book’s content and the given documents; secondly, the presented contradictory topics.

Aesthetics of Qur’an Verses by SeyyedHoseinSeyyedi is a study of aesthetic elements of Qur’an verses which was published by Islamic culture and science institute publishing house in 1390. In the following article, the author tries to provide a report of this work. In this regard, he, firstly, has a complete introduction to the content of different chapters. Then, he states some points to criticize the book.