فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه
پیاپی 74 (تابستان 1390)

With consideration the role and importance of energy consumption in economic growth and development, this article consider the status of energy consumption in agricultural sector in Iran. Therefore, energy efficiency and productivity is estimated for agricultural sector in period of 1971-2007by using energy content of output and inputs. The ratio of input-output energy is used to estimate efficiency and Kendrick index is used for productivity estimating. The result indicated that energy Input-output ratio which show efficiency of energy consumption was decreased from 2.52 in 1971 to 1.32 in 2007. While it had decreasing trend up to 1983 and after that was steady approach. The average of energy efficiency was 1.42. Also total factor productivity of input energy was declined during 1971- 1983, after that it had steady approach. It also considers the relationship between output energy and different kind of input energy inclusive direct and indirect energy, renewable and nonrenewable energy. The results indicate that energy in form of renewable, direct and indirect have positive and significant effect on output energy, but nonrenewable energy has no significant effect on it.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of layer farms of Tehran province. Data (in the period of 2004- 2007) were gathered through filling out of 70 questionnaires. Transcendental production function showed the best fit and was used to calculation of marginal productivity and elasticity of production. The results showed that pullet number, feed consumption and labor had significant effects on egg production. The elasticity of production each three variables were positive and between 0 and 1; indicative of using the variables in second economical region. Total productivity of input variables was equal to 0.26; namely with each one of total variable was produced 0.26 kg egg. Farm managers with higher graduation showed better productivity. In according to the results with focusing on significant variables can remarkably improve egg production in Tehran province through increasing productivity of input variables.

The main objective of this research is study and analysis of investigation of factor contributing on uneven spatial agricultural development. By identifying appropriate indices in order to explain spatial disparities of agricultural development, by assessing causative factors of spatial disparities, effects of identified factors on differentlevel of spatial agricultural development are investigated. Method was based on analyzing set of indices in order to explain factors contributing on spatial agricultural development disparities by exploiting factor analysis model according to principal components analysis. Then to indentify importance of discriminated factors for two groups; developed counties and low developed counties which separated by K mean cluster analysis, method of discriminate analysis was used. The result of factor analysis showed six factors affecting on spatial disparities of agricultural development named; nonagricultural sectors development effect, effect of accessing on supplementary facilities for agricultural development, technological effect, effect of agricultural educational/extension/cooperative services, effect of agricultural natural-physical condition and effect of knowledge and information that explain 84.24% of total variance. Result of discriminate analysis showed that two factors named “effect of accessing on supplementary facilities for agricultural development” and "nonagricultural sectors development effect" have more importance to discriminate developed and underdeveloped counties.

One of the important issues about granted facilities of the banks is non repayment of the loan by the borrowers. Many factors are involved in non-repayment of the bank’s loan. Identifying these factors can be reduced credit risk. The goal of the research is studied effective factors on nonrepayment of the loans in branches of the agricultural bank in the West region of Isfahan. Therefore with use of a random sample, the information was extracted of 100 files on small and average borrowers among 234 cases between 2007 to 2009 years. This information includes demographic, social and financial characteristics of borrowers and technical characteristics of loan that estimated with use of probit and logit model. The results show that whatever the borrowers were younger, they had better performance on the repayment of loans. Loans given to the agriculture sector have a better repayment too. Also whatever the amount of loan was lower, borrowers have been better performance on the repayment. In addition, lower interest rates lead to better repayment of loans. Loans with real estate collaterals had better performance than partnership collaterals on the repayment. Also we found that more of the loans task has not been repaid and when the share capital of the borrower in the whole project is more, they have higher financial power to repay the loans

This paper investigated social and economic factors influencing to apply consultant engineers using a cross sectional data of 453 sugar beet producers of Khorasan Razavi province in 2008 and discriminant analysis model. The results showed that type of farm ownership has the most and numbers of land parts, agricultural jobs, contract with factory, amount of product and insurance have the least importance to discriminate between users and non-users of consultant engineer's services. Also, sugar beet insurance has negative impact and type of farm ownership, the number of land parts and contract with factory show positive effect on applying of consultant engineer's services. With regard to results, targeting farmers with private ownership and land fragmentation, units with higher production and re-training of consultant engineers with concepts of risk and its management especially recognizing of risk profile and more knowledge to farmerssuggested.

Objectives in this study were estimating the cost and income of different maize planting, determining the breakeven point of price and compare its with current price, determining the cost ratio and sell ratio, determining the water use efficiency for maize and study of opinion of farmers to some of socio-economic indexes. This study carried out in marvedasht city in Fars province in 2007. In this study, selected 100 farmers by random sampling method and information collected from farmers by questionnaire. Then, descriptive analysis and breakeven point of analysis doing by Excel. According to the results, Means of irrigation water use and water price were estimated 20352.9 m3/ha and 94.1 rial/m3, respectively. Means of cost production for 704 and 604 varieties were estimated 6.6 and 6.5 million rial/ ha, respectively. Means of gross income grain and forage for 704 and 604 varieties were estimated 56.7 and 55.7 million rial/ ha, respectively. Means of water use efficiency in maize production(704 and 604 varieties) was 0.7 kg/ha. Break even point of price for 704 and 604 varieties was estimated 509 and 518 rial/kg, respectively. Sell ratio show that sell (one rial) of 704 and 604 varieties had %79.3 and 78.9 profit. %80 of farmers idea that improved maize hybrid had effect on increased yield about %47.9. For increasing of maize yield, recommend that farmers use for improved variety.

Rural entrepreneurship, especially in agricultural sector, with benefit and limitation identity in agricultural sector of rural community, based on appropriated strategic planning, could help to economic development near to other dimension of development and move from governance- oriented pattern of rural development in country, that indolence and obedience are basic traits of it, to innovator and entrepreneur community. Therefore, basic question is that, any one of methodology technique is appropriated and impossible to achieve the key strategy for agricultural entrepreneurship development in rural area? Therefore, this article calk the weight of strategies by AHP method, by using of survey in2009, field study and determined the Weakness, Strength, Opportunity and Threats with SWOT method and then exhibit the strategies in triple group of case study (answerable, responsible and local people) for agriculture entrepreneurship development in rural area in central sector of Khodabandeh county. The result of research illustrate that, with implement the TOPSIS-SWOT method, from triple group attitude, clusliluessive strategy as a first preference is the most suitable strategy in case study area.

As the precise price forecasting in agricultural economic productions has the main effect on policy making in this sector, using more effective models such as Artificial-Neural models can contribute the policy makers of this sector in future decision making. Therefore in this study the utilization of new ANFIS model for forecasting, was compared with ANN and ARIMA models. As an empirical application, the various forecasting performance of mentioned models for three horizons of weekly egg price were compared via common forecast performance measures. Also, the required data for the period 2002:3-2008:6 was obtained from the website of Iran State Livestock Affairs Logistics. Results showed that ANFIS and ANN models outperform ARIMA model, and ANFIS model outperforms ANN model for all three forecasts.

The major purpose of this study was to survey effects of grants on economic Situation of damaged wheat farmers in Qom township. The statistical society of research included wheat farmers in Qom township, that the sample size is estimated 180. The results of multiple regression by stepwise indicated from among independent variables, the five variables has been effected on economic situation of wheat farmers in Qom that included payment time, the average of land under wheat cultivation, age, education and risk reduce. Finaly, there are some suggestion in payment improvement in non- refundable aids.

In order to investigate measures of animal protein supply during the fourth Five-Year Development Plan in Iran, supply functions of meat, milk and fish and supply system of chicken and egg were respectively estimated applying ordinary least square and seemingly unrelated regressions methods. Results showed that meat supply is almost inelastic with respect to the last year price, custom tariffs, supply of meat and price of animal feed and current year supply of feed and its custom tariff. The results were similar for milk. Moreover, the most important factor on chicken supply was its last year price. Last year price of egg and feed supply were the most important factors on egg supply as well.Furthermore, supply of fish was directly determined by its price, and custom tariff, investment in fishery and its last year supply, and by wage labor inversely. Also, results showed that changes in different strategies influence supply of different products intensely.