فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه
پیاپی 75 (پاییز 1390)

This study aims at developing an optimal cropping plan in Fars province. To get the objective a combination of multi objective and fuzzy programming was applied. The applied data was obtained by interviewing and completing questioner among the 90 farmers of the Fasa district in 2007. The results revealed that fuzzy optimal solution is in the middle of the optimal plans obtained from gross margin maximizing, risk minimizing, water and chemical fertilizer use minimizing, and employment maximizing as well as plan developed by crisp optimization approach. It was also found that fuzzy programming provides more flexible process of operation plan and appropriate combination of different goals. Findings showed a conflict among the producers and environmental goals. In terms of the different goals followed by the optimizing models melon was found most appropriate product.

This study developed a model of revenue insurance computing fair premiums for both maize and potatoes and applying bootstrapping simulation to time series of 1982-2008 in Kerman. Then, revenue insurance rates were compared taking into account maize, as one of the main products of the province, along with potatoes in a crop rotation with different ratios. The results showed that potato has better conditions than maize for revenue insurance due to having more income fluctuations and therefore has higher premium than maize especially for 50% and 75% coverage levels. Also the calculated premiums were less than current insurance schemes premiums for both products.

In this survey the poverty line and the food security index of the rural and urban household of Iran during 2001- 2007 years in two cases, with and without accounting bread wastes is calculated. For accounting poverty line, it is used of poverty line method based on need to calory and for accounting food security index; it is used of aggregate household food security index method. The result of this survey shows that in the 2007 year, urban region just first revenue village receives lower than energy standard with which accounting bread wastes are increased into five village of first revenue. In the urban region also at this year, without accounting bread wastes four village of first revenue and with accounting bread wastes first five villages are placed under absolute line poverty based on calory. The result of the studies shows that during 2001- 2007 years with accounting bread wastes, food security index and its making elements in urban and rural regions of Iran during studied year has no specific way and has the up and down experience

One of the most important government's challenges is the environmental crisis; therefore governments should strive to take various policies and programs to overcome environmental problems including air pollution or reduce negative effects of human functionson environment. This study has tried by using input- output table in 2001 and amount of pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions to survey of welfare and environmental effects on the green tax and decline subsidy on fuels. For this purpose, using MCP and software GAMS welfare changes with and without environmental impact,changes in energy demand and changes in three pollutants CO2, NOX and CH in the five tax scenarios have been studied. Results of study showed, green tax reduce demand for fossil fuel as intermediate input and final goods. If the environmental effects are considered, in the all scenarios, the welfare changes were positive and the welfare increase as the tax rate increases; in the other words, the increasing taxes on fossil fuels is desirable. In the both policy, the highest growth rate of the welfare is tax rate 10% (scenario III).

In this study has been surveyed the effect of governmental supporting policies omission on optimal cultivate pattern of production in Sari in 2008-2009. In this article optimal implant pattern was determined with market and social benefits by using linear programming pattern. The results indicated that notwithstanding barely has no advantage according to social prices, but covered near 10000 hectare of the region that it must be mentioned. Also, by government supporting omission soybean and colza must be out from region’s pattern, increasing area harvested of wheat relates to market model in 30 percent and rice remain without change. So, it is suggested that amount of supporting from soybean and colza must have better programming till farmers get abilities for production and contest without government supporting

This study aims at investigation of financial crisis of global economy on pistachio and saffron export. To get the objective of the study export demand of the selected crops were estimated using time series and panel data. Time period for the selected data are 1979-2005 and 1996-2005, respectively. Indices indicating the financial crisis are GNP of the importing countries and exchange rate volatility. Time series date showed a long-run relationship between export demand and its affecting factors. The findings of the study showed that financial crisis in global economy affects pistachio export at least in short-run and saffron export in short and long-run undesirably by reducing the importing country GNP. However, impact of the exchange rate volatility will depend on the type of the exchange rate and it is hard to explain its impact certainly. Measures like exchange deposit fund and export insurance was pointed out as polices.

The scientific development is an undeniable constituent related to the issue of globalization and in this way it becomes a very crucial issue from an economical perspective in its specialized sense (the management and the analysis of marketing in terms of the agricultural products). In the way of investigating such an essential issue several experimental and library studies (monthly documentations) between the years 2008-2010 which were pertinent to this issue were studied. The obtained findings replicated the fact that the most important factors in the design of marketing relevant to agricultural products are as follows: Lack of sufficient knowledge in the management of markets and marketing, the prolonged route in marketing, the deep involvement of some peripheral issues in marketing, transfer, lack of the existence of integrated information in market, the multidimensional nature of decision making in dealing with market and marketing, the direct governmental intrusion in marketing and finally the absence or shortcoming of the essential underlying issues in the discussion of market and marketing related to agricultural products. According to the results, expenses were zooming up without providing any improvements in marketing. Based on the obtained results, it could be suggested that in the way of reaching the specified marketing design relevant to agricultural products and in reference to the issue of globalization, the following factors should be taken into consideration by the government: amplifying the private institutions by supporting and managing their activities in the way of constructing or developing the underlying basics, decreasing the range of expenses in production and offering fields, initiating constructive cooperation with international organizations and institutions in marketing and marketing management, introducing these institutions to the beneficiary groups, demanding governmental cooperation only in the way of depicting the relevant policies and scheduling, developing the necessary facilities and ultimately employing supportive mechanisms that causes the least amount of chaotic behavior in marketing.

In this study the effect of irrigation systems and variety diversification on risk and productivity of wheat farms have been investigated. Data were collected from field survey in Shahrekord district in the south west of Iran in 2008-2009. Then stochastic production function was estimated to evaluate the effect of variables on the mean and variance of wheat yields. To perform this work, several form of production functions with several estimation procedures were used, and finally quadratic production function was selected. After that estimated coefficients were used to simulate the effects of variable. Econometric evidence shows that variety diversification increases farm productivity. Variety richness also reduces yield variability but only for high levels of genetic diversity. Results also show the same relation with respect to irrigation systems and improved seeds; however, deficit irrigation tends to reduce the mean wheat production and increase risk. Simulations with estimated parameters illustrate planting more diverse wheat varieties contribute to reduce production risk and to improving farmer’s productivity and welfare.

Sustainable agricultural devlopment plicy in very conutry rests on numerous pre-defined elements. Amid these, Agricultural extension deserves crucial role institutionalizing producer' participation under the disguise of organizations, such bodies shall mainly commit themselves to renering extension-trainin services, participatory research, accessing the new technology or input supply and marketing services. This study tends to examin respondents attitude towrards agricultural extension role in creation and reinforcing agricultural organizations, their prioerities and inclination in forwarding extension function on a systematic track and viable participation context. It fallows a descriptive method with statistical population composed of rural clients leading their households in Segzabad County, Buein Zahra District. The Idea used a tailor-made Quiestionnaire enquiring client's specifications as well as the need for establishing" Rural Farmer's Organizations" as the best initiative for institutionalizing their participation scope and releasing priorities, The achived results serously noted tapping potentials and capabilites of farmer's organizations in conducting varous extension, training and research tasks. Also, farmer's inclination was exphasized towards participation in extenion campign which diplays significance and advantages of varying agricultural sub-sectors. Consequently, the study came to this conclusion that extension function can become well operational within the farmer's organizations framework.

Chicken is one of important inputs in hen production. Chicken price variability has effective role in inequality of hen demand and supply, so Chicken price is one of risk sources for hen producers. The aim of this study is providing suitable model for forecasting seasonal Chicken price in Iran. For this purpose, ECM and ARIMA model were applied for forecasting Chicken price. Results indicated that one-day Chicken price has high variability and this variability often is along hen price variability and results of causality and co-integration tests support this finding and show that there is one long-run relation between chicken and hen price and direction of causality is from hen price to chicken price. Also, result of ECM model show that 58 percent of chicken price shock from hen price adjusts per season. Forecasting error of ARIMA model is lower than ECM model, but comparison of errors and results indicated that both of them are suitable for chicken price forecasting.