فصلنامه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه
پیاپی 97 (بهار 1396)

This study aims to determine the level of agricultural development in counties of Kurdistan province using 31 key indicators relate to agriculture sector. For data analysis, TOPSIS technique and cluster analysis are used. Also, GIS software is used for spatial showing of development level. The results indicate that Marivan and kamyaran with scores 0.491 and 0.475 respectively have highest degree of development and Sarouabad and Beneh with scores 0.340 and 0.343 respectively are at the lowest level of agricultural development. In general, the results of this study show an unbalanced development in counties of Kurdistan province in agricultural sector. Therefore paying attention to the balanced distribution of development in the agricultural sector with emphasis on the investigated indicators in this research is proposed.

In this study, using the Input - Output table in 2011 and adjusted it for Hamedan province, the economic development regard to employment in agricultural sector was studied. The results revealed that the agriculture sector has seventh rank in direct employment generation but this sector has a high potential in indirect employment generation. According to the results, agricultural sector can help to balanced growth of Hamedan province. Also, agricultural sector has sixth rank in backward and forward linkages. Results show that development of food industries in this province can help to increase of employment opportunities and production.

Production and consumption of milk and its sub products has always been stressed by governments. To support the production and consumption of milk in Iran, there have been taken various support policies over the time. Price subsidies to consumers, deficiency payment, input subsidies, credit subsidies, import tariffs, control of diseases and guaranteed purchase scheme are the most recent policies to be taken by government to impact on the market to further loss of milk producers. The purchase scheme has been put in action since market and prevents loss of milk producers at November 2014. To examine achievements of the scheme of the affectivity of the price at farm gate severity of implementation phase and welfare effects of the plan were investigated within 7 province of the country. Analysis based on genetic algorithms and matching techniques of the effectiveness of the scheme shows that implementation of scheme has surged milk price up to approximately 748 and 768 Rials per kilogram for the years 2014 and 2015.

The lag between production and supply of horticultural products such as citrus fruits causes their supply to remain constant in short run and thus their prices are adjusted by consumers’ behaviors resulting the corresponding markets to be cleared. In this context, employing inverse demand system for which quantities are functions of prices is justified. In this study, an Inverse Almost Ideal Demand System was applied to the Iranian household expenditure survey data of 2011 to empirically analyze how the consumers respond to supply changes of citrus fruits including oranges, tangerines and sweet lime. The results showed that all own-price flexibilities are negative and their absolute value are less than one. All cross-price flexibilities are negative implying that the citrus are substitutes from consumers’ point of view. Based on the findings, sweet lime faces the highest price changes in response to changes in its own-supply and or the other citrus supply, whereas this is the lowest for tangerines.

In conventional investment theories, it is usually assumed that the decisions are made at a stable and certain situation. However, uncertain parameters such as variable inflation rate create a difficult situation for private investment. In recent studies, the effect of variable and uncertain situations on investment in developing countries such as Iran has been evaluated. In the current study, using co-integration method and GARCH econometric model, the influence of inflation uncertainty on private investment in agriculture sector during the period of 1963 to 2011 has been investigated. The results indicated that at high levels of inflation uncertainty, this parameter had a significant negative impact on private investment in agriculture sector during the 1980s and 2000s. However, low levels of inflation uncertainty had a non-significant positive impact during the war period and a significant negative impact after the war period on private investment in this sector. Moreover, the results of this study indicate that liquidity and GDP gap has a positive and significant effect on private investment whereas the credit has a non-significant negative on private investment in agriculture sector of Iran.

According to the importance of pomegranate production and export in Meybod county of Yazd province, investigating the problems of its market is very important. Therefore 132 questionnaires were completed per level of producer, wholesaler and retailer and Marketing margin and share of each level in markets of first and second quality pomegranate are investigated in Meybod. The results show that wholesaler margin, retailer margin and total margin in first quality market are 4110.9, 2187.5 and 6298.5 Rials per Kg respectively. In second quality market, these margins are 3421.8, 1684.3 and 5105.6 Rials per Kg respectively. The share of producer, wholesaler and retailer from retailer price in second quality pomegranate are 28.3, 48.05 and 23.65 percent, respectively. This share in first quality is estimated 44.48, 36.24 and 19.28, respectively. As can be seen, by increasing the pomegranate quality and production of first quality, producer’ share will be increased. High proportion of wholesaler will be reduced significantly. Also marketing cost coefficient in first and second quality pomegranate are estimated 24.13 and 31.30 percent respectively. Moreover the result show that market cost had positive and significant effect on market share. Therefore, even with production of first quality pomegranate, market regulation policies for suitable conformity of margins with marketing cost for increasing the orchardist’ share is very necessary.

Despite of potentials and presents advantages in flowers and ornamental plants production in country, always challenges in market structure and marketing of these products can be seen. In this study, factors affecting on marketing margin for Rose flower in Kohgiloye and Boyerahmad province were studied to define a approach for solve the problems and development of market of this flower. Result show that the marketing margin for Rose flower is high. Determination of marketing margin functions show that price, marketing cost and transportation cost have a positive effect on marketing margin at retailer level. Also the result of efficiency estimation using Shepard method revealed that for every 1 Rials for marketing services, value-added increase 3.77 unit. Lack of accurate information about market, inappropriate transportation system and the distance between sale and purchase market and the lack of support facilities are the most important problems and challenges for producers.

Present study with the goal of providing food security and self – sufficiency in National Vision Plan, has forecasted demand of selected agricultural products with the usage of Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model at the vision horizon (2025). Results showed that food demand would increase desirable at the basis of food security and consumption pattern reformation provided that vision plan goals had been realized. So that the consumption pattern of Iranian society, under the ideal and desirable alternatives, due to increasing income and decreasing inflation rate, would transform into further increase of protein such as all kinds of meats and eggs and lower consumption of bread. According to the findings, the rank of productions base on the demand in vision horizon (2025) will meat, egg, rice, chicken, wheat and tea respectively.

Development of date palm fruit processing and by-products industries has a great importance in employment and poverty alleviation, reducing wastes, increasing food security, increasing productivity, added-value, and export, development and exchange of technologies and sustainable development of rural areas. This study has been conducted for investigation of state and capabilities of Khuzestan date industry via SWOT matrix based. The results led to the identification of 13 opportunities and 10 threats from external factors and 4 key strengths and 10 key weaknesses from internal factors matrix. The state coordinate of Khuzestan date industry found to be 2.58 and 1.83 for external and internal factors respectively, which in turn placed the industry in the conservative strategy space. Two factors of "access to domestic and foreign new technologies", and "availability of low cost labor" with balanced score of 0.284 were recognized as the key driving forces, while "Lack of information and advertising in the local and international scenes to introduce Iranian dates as a luxury and high nutritional value fruit" and “Lack of Brand and leader companies" with balanced score of 0.172 were the key hampering factors. Five top priority strategies were identified using Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix in order of importance as follows: "increasing the market share of date products in domestic and foreign markets by extending marketing and advertising", "Improvement and modernization of food processing plants in accordance with related standards", "Improving quality of products by using novel internal and external technologies", "establishment of a consortium between firms in order to participate in special features" and "increasing production volume". Balanced score for these strategies were 4.93, 4.63, 4.54, 4.2 and 4.19 respectively.

Survey Existence Financial Restrictions and Its Effects on Potato Production of Kurdistan Province Using Lewbel's Indirect Production Function E. Pishbahar , S. E. Kohnehpooshi , J. Hosseinzad , S. Abedi Received: 27 Aug 2015 Accepted: 12 Apr 2016 Abstract One of the problems expressed by agricultural producers is budget restrictions and limited financial resources that could be an influential factor on non-use of economically optimal level inputs. Due to the Potato is one of the important products and the Kurdistan province is one of the major province producers of this product, therefore, this study survey the effect of budget restrictions and their impact on potato production in Kurdistan province. In this context, the approach of indirect production function with Lewbel functional form was used as a generalized functional form of two the Translog functional form and Almost Ideal Supply System. For this purpose, the data of price and quantity of the inputs and the output of potatoes was used during 1991-2011. The results showed that the Lagrange multiplier for the product is greater than one that this indicates the existence of budget restrictions in the production of potato.