نشریه انسان پژوهی دینی
پیاپی 33 (بهار و تابستان 1394)

Present research tries to explain the relationship between human’s false beliefs about human being، universe، human dignity and the impact of such falseness by the way of looking inside Nahj ul-Balaghe. Human’s lacking of knowledge of his position in the order of creation and also demerits of such ignorance like tendency toward materialistic pleasures، seizing the days and animalistic life and their impact on human’s fall، are the aims of present study. Moreover the linkages between human’s false beliefs about universe like his pure empirical or independent attitude and also his pessimistic perspectives are studied too.

Nature of the soul، Immateriality and its survival، has always been one the most challenging issues in the philosophical and theological ideas that in this according to Fakhr al-Razi’s point of view paper has been discussed. Fakhr Razi in his numerous works speaks in a different way، and sometimes conflicting، about the soul، in a way that in some works is taken the negative position and some positive attitude. However he believes in Immateriality of soul. He certainly believes in the contradiction of the soul and the body.

Allame Tabatabaei believes that theory of Fitrah (instinct qualities of human nature) rests upon the principle of general instinct conductance of creatures and considers this theory as a branch of it. He also believes in the theory of eternal inherent happiness and unhappiness of human being، explains it in a way that it can be compatible with the benevolent tendency in every human being’s nature. Allame T. rely on the theory of Fitrah in many of his anthropological and sociological ideas، including man’s need of coexistence and social cooperation، self-defense، proprietorship and the desire for seeking justice. He also investigates the compatibility of this theory with freewill. It can be said that the most important function of the theory of Fitrah in Allame’s thought is seen in the realm of epistemology. To demonstrate for capacity of reason to find the truth in the realm of metaphysics، he relies on the fact of man’s intrinsic tendency to knowing the truth، or in the other words، from man’s Fitrah. Allame believes that human kind by his Fitrah is truth-seeking، truth-follower and a realist being. While believing in the theory of Fitrah، he rejects the reminiscence in Platonic legacy. He has considered the logical thinking، based on premises and inferences، as a requisite of the human nature which is approved by the holy Quran and thus its legitimacy is guaranteed by the Quran.

Today، with environmental crises attitude to the relationship between man and nature become one of the most challenging issues in the field of environmental ethics. Thus، many scholars are trying to find a comprehensive solution to the environmental crisis. The aim of this article also explains the various aspects of environmental ethics، two specific attitudes towards this deal. On the one hand، the «Gaia theory» will discussed، that is one of the most important ideas in the field of science، and on the other will discussed of the impersonal deity as a new approach to provide ecological theology theory. The final results of this study establish a new theory، using the impersonal deity in the area of environmental ethics.

Today، in the topics of science، ethics and law، human cloning is one of the major issues and challenges of human knowledge. According to the research، human cloning is done by various methods. One of these methods، human cloning is from differentiated cells، with this way، a human can be created that is genetically quite similar. But far more important to discuss، the existence of soul in the cloned human، and whether cloned human have independent spirit and personality of one cells donor or not? Study on the Rights and Duties of cloned human depended on answering to this questions. In this work، according to the concept of the soul and the personality of the Quran and the science of psychology، these questions can be answered.

As one of the most important and fundamental concepts in the divine religions، eternity and immortality after death has always been paid too much attention by religious thinkers mainly Muslim scholars and mystics from philosophical، mystical، theological، and Quranic approaches. Since Mulla Sadra''s transcendent theosophy is not far from Islamic mysticism and even some parts of its general framework have so much been affected by mystical thoughts، this paper seeks to compare Mulla Sadra''s thoughts، especially focusing on dwelling in agony، with those of Mawlana''s. What being found out by means of a descriptive - analytical method is that most of Mula Sadra''s philosophical beliefs، having been illustrated in a logical framework، had been mentioned in Mawlana''s figurative and imaginative poems. That is to say that in this regard، also، some opposing attitudes exist which are mentioned in the text.

The word Relation is a new concept that did not used in its today`s meaning one hundred and fifty years ago. In spite of this situation، its substitute concepts like friendliness is used in Nahj ul-Balāghah many times and each of them express varieties & places in general relation between human and God and other relations. On the whole، we face four relations: human relation with God، himself and other humans and nature. Also these relations fulfill in five eras that contain twenty relations that one of them is relation of ideological-cognitive of human. This relation contains relations of slavery; succession; lovely and cooperation. Among relations، relation of first and third and second are high respectively frequency in Nahj ul-Balāghah but cooperation relation is not discussed in Nahj ul-Balāghah like that in near and far east religion like Taoism but God and slave cooperate to improve behavior of human and approach to its perfection.

Traditionally، Muslim intellectuals influenced by various trends and conditions، have presented a variety of different interpretations to explain the relations between religion and politics. Among these thinkers and Muslim philosophers، we can mention Ibn Sina. While attending the field of practical politics، Bu Ali attempted to make use of the religious teachings and resources and his own philosophy، to explain the connection between prophecy and politics and to prove its necessity. He is a great philosopher who، in his philosophical system، and on the occasion of discussion about the Prophet and his high position and his sublime role in leading human beings and conducting them into felicity، while managing their civic life، bases his own political philosophy on the assertion of a deep and strong connection between prophecy and politics. Believing in the pivotal role of prophet in the heart of sharia and leadership of humanity towards the supreme good and ultimate happiness، he presents the prophecy as a grace of God to bring order into the human society، via the guidance and leadership of a perfect man who is a chain link connecting humanity with the supernatural.