نشریه انسان پژوهی دینی
پیاپی 34 (پاییز و زمستان 1394)

In this paper the following subjects are presented: 1) an inquiry regarding John Calvin’s theory of Sensus Divintaitis (sense of deity) – as an innate tendency to believe in God, 2) a discussion about Calvin’s influence on subsequent thinkers – i.e. reformed theologians and reformed epistemologists, 3) a brief discussion regarding the relation between Calvinist theology and natural theology and interpretations of Calvin’s theory and 4) the theory of sensus divinitatis and the theory of innateness (fetrah) in Islamic philosophical tradition are compared. In this way the similarities and differences between them have been shown.

This paper seeks to address the issue of alienation from the perspective of Mulla Sadra. Although Mulla Sadra did not explicitly employed the term alienation, equivalent terms, such as self-forgetfulness, negligence and self-unconsciousness can be found in his works. The outcome of the study is that Mulla Sadra is pursuing excellence and perfection of human beings through transcendent philosophy. The goal of Mulla Sadra's anthropalogy is to mark human path of perfection leading him to the extreme perfection of his existence, Man's felicity and desired life. Yet if human self-knowledge is not attained through self-purification, he does not take the path of perfection and gradually alienated from his own self which lead him to unpleasant consequences. Thus, relying on the opinion of Mulla Sadra, the present study discusses the consequences and causes of alienation along with expressing the solutions.

Relationship approach is a perspective for studying the interaction and relationship of the individual with himself/herself, God, nature and others in order to recognize personality. General overview to Quranic Verses, Ahadis and point of view of the great Muslim thinkers was the basis of these four relationships to understand the human personality. Martyr Sadr, classified the set of Islamic educational methods in the four main forms. Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, accordingly have set his book (Mafatih’ol Hayat), and some other Muslim scholars have pointed to these four relationships. According to analysis of four relationships, were told that people, who are more connected with nature, are decisions that contribute to the environment. Believing that God is the basis of safety, ones will feel a sense of power. The process of effective relationship with others could be return to history of one’s attachment. Then the relationship with himself (herself) explained. Finally, for the recognition of the different components of personality, a cross table of four interactions of relationships is presented.

This study has sought to discover the human's cognitive capacity including lower level of sensation (like primary feedbacks, abstract cognitive capacity and...) and the issues beyond mankind's perception (like nature of "Saghar", "Sejin", "Eliein", "Taregh" and...) from Quran. The question of the study was: what is the view of Quran on mankind's cognitive capacities which are taken into account more today? For replying that question, the whole Quran was studied verse by verse with the help of Quran by Quran interpretation and focusing on Izutsu's semantic analysis. Then the related verses were collected and finally an integrated approach was obtained by the content analysis of verses. Some study results were: 1) a vast flow consisted of sensation, sensory perception, hyper sensory perception, cognition, hyper cognition and the issues beyond mankind's perception can be discovered from Quran; 2) Quran particularly emphasizes on the cognition, its value and importance in the everyday life; 3) in Quran, the issues beyond mankind's perception are especially focused and it is repeatedly mentioned that the mankind's cognitive capacity is not able to understand all of the issues related to the unseen world completely.

In the wisdom-faith relation debate, as one of the most important issues in theology, Thomas Aquinas, the renowned Christian rhetoric of the middle Ages, intellectually claims that Wisdom is independent and even superior to faith. In the Modern Cartesian Intellectualism, there is nothing superior to the wisdom, put differently; things which can’t be recognized through logic can’t be considered as wisdom. Although, Thomas Aquinas and Descartes have openly separated wisdom and faith in attaining intellectualism, yet they don’t see any contradictions between the two, rather they maintain a fundamental harmony between them. The present study, taking into consideration the dominance and superiority of will over wisdom extrapolated in the anthropology of Descartes and Thomas, analyses the relativity of faith and wisdom based on their understanding of human being.

Pre-world`s life determination of human destiny, inherent happiness and disaster always has been rejected by those believing in human`s free will. But apparently such a determination is in agreement with some Quranic and traditional texts. In this paper it has been intended to offer an explanation and solution supporting pre-determination and free will both. This paper has compared Allame Tabatabaei and Tafkik school (Mojtaba Qazvini, Hasanali Morvarid, Mohammad Bagher Maleki Mianji`s opinions) in the field. The people of the afore mentioned views have accepted Shi`a opinion, a modest view far from being accepted by the two conflict sides. In other word, they have accepted pre-world`s life determination not contrary to free will. In this way, they have accepted accuracy and validity of the texts and quoted contents they explicated nature in pre-life. Confliction of two opinion clarify their method which they use in religious training to solve this (apparent) contradiction.

The essence of moral teachings of The Old Testament lies in human`s resemblance to God established in the shadow of obeying sharia in this world`s life. In the Torah, therefore, morality and Shari`at are inseparable from each other and in this way, provide an educational plan for holy life. Sanctity is of both negative and positive sides, the former requires virtue and avoiding all sinful actions which oppose the will of God and the latter restricting oneself to His worship. What this paper has intended lies in analyzing such concepts as imitation of God, holiness, unity, justice, virtue, and human selected state according to the teachings of the Old Testament and Islamic eschatology. As is understood by the paper, on the one hand, morality in the Old Testament is based upon the sanctity, unity, justice, law and virtue, and the selected state of the Jewish people upon on faith in God and upon respect for Covenant and not absolutely. On the other hand, most of Jewish teachings refer to worldly life and the five books lack any clear teaching on hereafter as a support for obeying moral virtues and its importance in The Old Testament is far lower with regard to that of worship.

The aim of this paper is to study the philosophical anthropology of Mandaeans from their authentic sources. The method of the study has been documentary and analytical - deductive. Sabean Mandaeans is one of the earliest religions of such beliefs as monotheism, prophethood and resurrection. Today, believers of this religion live quietly in southern Iraq and Khuzestan. The Quran has mentioned Sabean name thrice beside the major religions, And Some Islamic jurisprudents have referred them to People of the Book. The Man in this religion created by God (Hai Rabi) and consists of two dimensions: the material (Peghra) and immaterial (Neshmeta and roha). The real essence of human is Neshmeta which is indestructible and immortal, and after death, it will return to the world of light (Alma denhora). Human has value and particular dignity. He is worshiped by angels, behind blown Neshmeta in Peghra. According to the teachings of the Mandaean religion, the essence of man is good and there is no original sin of him. Philosophy of the creation of human, which include praise and worship, teaching wisdom, compassion and kindness, representative world light on the earth, and his/her divinely test can be deduced from the teachings of the holy books of the Mandaeans.

In order to arrive at a better understanding of resurrecting individuals, one should consider theories of soul and, more specifically, that saying the sameness between soul and temperament. Advocates of this theory assert that soul is the efficient cause for the appearance of biotic effects. They also maintain that this efficient cause (i.e. soul) is an accident called temperament and, hence, soul and temperament are the same. In contrast, opponents of this theory believe in the essentialism of soul and do not agree with the sameness of soul and any accident, including temperament.
In this paper, conceptual and theoretical backgrounds of this theory along with the debates around it have been given at first and then, some arguments against this theory have been presented. In doing so, two types of arguments will be presented: first, direct ones that maintain soul and temperament are inhomogeneous; second, indirect arguments that argue for essentialism of soul. Based on these arguments, it has been concluded that soul and temperament are not exact same thing.

Islamic feminism and the feminist movement that has influenced the West in recent decades have spread in Muslim countries, including Iran, to such an extent that most supporters of women`s rights introduce themselves as Muslim feminist and try to present a new comment of traditional and original understanding of Islamic teachings in harmony with their claims. The most important foundations of Islamic feminism include Islamic humanism, customary justice, emphasizing on equality, liberty and individualism, the priority of socialism in comparison to family and emphasis on social involvement, separation between sex and gender, equality of men and women. Also the characteristics emphasized by the Muslim feminist movement consist in distinguishing between religiosity and religious-circuit, negating fixed rules and negative view of women's role in family.
The most important aim of the Islamic Feminist advocates and theorists is not to oppose religion seriously. They are trying to provide their norm-oriented and modernist interpretations relying on the religious sources such as Quran and Hadith. Therefore the classical theorists stressed the need to further deduce religious rulings, including commentary and discretion in women's rights and provide interpretations of feminine and away from masculine approach underscored.
This article has studied the group`s history and thought along with critical studies in the field.