فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی زنان
پیاپی 67 (بهار 1394)

Disable women are a special social group who may be deprived from many social opportunities just due to physical impairment. It is important to focus on their social interactions with the able people. Understanding their social interaction and their social problems in interpersonal as well as institutional relationships may help us to know their social state and to know how they adjust their personal life within the social context in daily life. Methodologically¡ this study is a qualitative research which has adopted Focus Group method to collect data among the physical disable women in Bukan city¡ a Kurdish city in West Azerbaijan province. Findings show that disable women encounter with different problems in their daily social life including double interaction and intensified deprivations. In this context¡ from one hand¡ they have succeeded to redefine themselves and on the other hand¡ they are undertaking common self-empowerment and active resistance.

For centuries¡ Iranian society has been the home of various ethnic groups. Recent demographic trends in Iran raises questions that how various ethnic groups in Iran respond to this changes? Having appropriate knowledge concerning reproductive behavior¡ and intentions of ethnic groups and factors influencing it¡ would play an important role in the understanding of population dynamics and trends in Iran. The purpose of the present study is to provide insights into the fertility ideals amongst employed and unemployed Kurdish women in the city of Sanandaj¡ Iran. Data were collected through a survey conducted in July 2014 covering 525 households including employed and unemployed women; Findings suggest that 73.8% of employed women in comparison with 69.7% of unemployed women in Sanandaj city are considering 2 children as their ideal number of children; while only 10.9% and 15.8% of women consider 3 children as the ideal number¡ respectively. Results of multivariate analysis has shown that independent variables under investigation explain more variance of fertility ideals amongst unemployed than employed women (33.5% vs. 6.2%). Study results have shown that “fatalism in fertility behavior” and “perception of expenses associated with having more children” are amongst those variables which are significantly related to fertility ideals for both employed and unemployed women. Moreover¡ the variable of “adherence to the big household values” has been directly and significantly related to fertility ideals. In sum¡ the results of the study support the hypothesis that a trend towards convergences in demographic attitudes and behaviors has been occurred similarly across diverse groups with different ethnic backgrounds or social positions in Iran.

This paper aims to study characteristics and determinants of the independent woman migrants regarding to their migration destinations. the sample size is 14¡394 woman who have been randomly selected among two percent sample file in the 2011 census. results show that the traditional pattern of migration – that it was men selected proccess – is changing¡ and gradually woman''s migration level is rising. In this study was recognized two pattern of women''s migration. one pattern was independent females that have benefited from migration as a development strategy. these group of woman migrants were professional and well – educated¡ and their previous residence were urban areas and their destination were the capital and major cities. Another pattern was woman migrants that have used from migration as a survival strategy. migration of this group was due to unemployment¡ death of spouse or divorce. these group are at risk of numerous social harms. It is necessary policy making regarding to support and empowerment for this women.

The increase in the rate of divorce in one hand and the harmfulness of this social phenomenon in another hand ¡ researcher encouraged to do research on the effective factors on divorce . in so doing¡ the researchers studies demography factors¡ including age¡ education¡ fertility and etc. some other researchers proposed social factors¡ including quantitative and qualitative changes in the family structure¡ urbanization human development and etc. combing the two approaches¡ the present study investigated effective social factors in divorce in 1390¡ using secondary analysis. The variables investigator includes urbanization women literacy¡ the ratio of women in high education¡ women occupation¡ directly¡ nuclear family and fertility decrease.
The results obtained from regression analysis indicate that 59 percent of change in divorce rate demonstrated the anticipative variables including the rate of urbanization¡ family dimension¡ the rate of fertility and rate of women literacy. There is a great deal of variables in middle and micro level can be analyzed in macro level.

Present study attempts to recognize economic behaviors of employed and unemployed women of Hamedan using grounded theory and by deep interviews. 30 women based on their availability and by purposive sampling were selected and interviewed. Data were studied by Strauss and Corbin’s coding method. Data analysis and constructed paradigmatic model show that employed women see money as a tool for meeting the needs but unemployed women consider it as a tool for welfare. Both of them have an instrumental view to money. Both of the groups for better management of money do saving action; unemployed women do it because of economical compultion.Better management of buying is common among both groups¡ though their mechanisms are different. Both of groups have economical dependency but this dependency is not complete for employed women and use men accompaniment only for meeting the need of gender insecurity. Two groups use some part of their income for charity affairs¡ although unemployed women do it in low cost affairs. Dominant economic attitude amomg employed women is tendency to effort but among unemployed women fatalism is dominant. Economical gendered insecurity and untrust to economical relations exists among both groups. Poverty among unemployed women leads to social exclusion of them. Core category of this study was named “Socialization of economic expectations”.

One of the current concerns of women¡ especially the educated¡ is the conflict between work and family. They think that if they marry and have children¡ they will not be able to have progress in their career. The main question of this research is whether in the actual experience of families do marriage and having more children prevent work progress? Is it a universal proposition in different societies? To answer these questions¡ meta-analysis of 55 empirical research in different countries about the relationship between marital status and number of children on the one hand and professional achievement on the other hand was undertaken. There are three general theoretical approaches in this regard: 1) Roles pressure approach; work and family roles exert pressure on each other and have negative effects on quality of the other role 2) Roles enrichment approach; roles of family and work reinforce each other¡ so the resources and success achieved in one role¡ lead to success in the other. 3) Roles interrelation mechanisms approach; family roles have either positive and negative effects on work roles through amplifier and attenuator causes. According to this approach¡ reinforcing the positive factors and attenuating the negative factors will result in positive effects of family on the job. Meta-analysis of empirical research shows no general statement. In some circumstances marriage and number of children have a negative impact on job success¡ in others have positive impact and in others have no significant effect. In other words¡ marriage and number of children have different effects on professional achievement in different situations. This means the positive factors are salient in some condition and negative factors in others. Thus it can be said that roles interrelation mechanisms approach is nearer to reality.