فصلنامه رسانه
سال بیست و ششم شماره 4 (پیاپی 101، زمستان 1394)

Given that the media are considered as the most important tools for reaching the targets in any society, their management is one of the most important points of their connection with political and social systems. The remarkable growth of various kinds of mass media in recent decades and expansion of their social roles have prompted that research works would be conducted on them form different dimensions, one of which is their management dimension. There are specific characteristics in media organizations which differentiate their management in comparison with other organizations. This paper has tried to present 12 special features of these organizations which have taken shape on the basis of theoretical scrutiny. These features include multiple characteristics of media organizations, functional diversity, difference in the nature of the service users, difference in the nature of the product, constant conflict with regulations, human resources sensitivity, the nature of the environment, the challenge of creating a balance between demands of the political system and the public opinion, difficulty of assessing the effectiveness, being exposed to constant assessment and judgment, broad and quick network of distribution, and finally the importance of the time factor.

The 20-year Vision Plan for the country’s development, which sketches the ideals of the Iranian society in the next two decades and explains the targets of the five-year development plans by maintaining presence in international events and advancement, lays emphasis on knowledge-based development and expansion of advanced industries. New technologies are considered as the prelude to achieving the macro scientific, industrial, economic and cultural objectives. Today, the media industry as the main tool used in cultural communication fields, demands a place in which it can feed the cultural area and meet its requirements by acquiring and taking advantage of the basic technologies. In Iran, establishment of a media city has been a topic of interest in cultural-artistic activities and steps should be taken towards conducting feasibility studies and implementing it in case grounds are prepared and the requirements met. Obviously, with the establishment and commissioning of the media city it will become possible to boom artistic, cultural and information-dissemination activities of the country and promote the level of its competitiveness at regional and world level. In this paper, for starters by presenting a definition of the concept of city and mentioning urban metaphors, which are of great importance in the contemporary literature of the world, the conceptual definition of the media city and its characteristics will be offered. Then through explaining media cities within the framework of industrial-cultural clusters, the necessity for their establishment will be underlined on the basis of national documents.

In this paper, I have tried to discuss the growing status of social media in the news industry. Therefore, I have introduced some of the emerging strategies of the world leading media organizations (especially TV networks). These strategies indicate the emerging atmosphere of news organizations’ businesses and can provide reporters, researchers, and especially decision makers and directors of media institutes with an updated image of the process of news industry. By reviewing the strategies of the world-known news organizations, it can strongly be said that the strategy of social media has turned into a serious and inevitable part of the news organizations management. The findings of numerous research works indicate that survival and competition in the emerging coordinates of the media industry necessitates designing and compiling of social media strategy. This descriptive paper tries to show why and how some world-known progressive news organizations have entered this new atmosphere; with the hope that officials and managers of country’s media organizations pay attention to the need for making sound planning for taking active presence in the social media.

The present research work was conducted with an aim of identifying financing methods of public and state-owned broadcasting organizations in the world. This research has conducted comparative study on 58 radio and television organizations in 49 world countries. The required data in this comparative study was collected through reviewing the websites, financial reports and records, viewpoints and analyses related to these organizations. In this study, 17 financing methods were identified and then the methods were classified in 9 groups. These groups included “government-allocated budget”, “radio/TV license fees”, “commercials”, “assistance from individuals, complexes and institutions”, “subscription fees”, “sponsors”, “taxes in different ways”, “selling products and services”, and “others”. From among the 9 groups, “commercials”, with 63/26%, top the list of these groups followed by “radio/TV license fees” with 61/2% and “government-allocated budget” with 44/9%. Also it was clarified in this research work that there is an important difference in the financing methods among media organization in European and non-European countries. In European countries “radio/TV license fees”, “commercials”, and “government-allocated budget” stand on top of the list of these groups respectively while in non-European countries the order is completely the contrary.

This paper reviews the effect of the media campaign on organized crime prevention. A crime prevention campaign, which is done through generalization is of different significance. Due to having diverse audiences, media campaigns enjoy multiple dimensional effects; educating members of the society about crimes causes the reporting rate of citizens about crimes and consequently news stories on criminal developments increase. In fact, such a campaign might not lead to change in behavior rather it might attract further attention to these crimes. Major targets of such campaigns, however, can be listed as follows: Transmission of information to potential criminals and victims, informing the society about problems of committing crime, introducing mechanisms to strengthen crime targets, and warning about increase in police patrols. On this basis, the paper intends to answer the following questions with regard to media campaigns aimed at preventing organized crimes: What kind of information should be provided in order to increase public awareness of organized crimes? What kind of people should the target audience consist of? How should the information in consideration be transferred to the public? What kind of campaign is more effective? The paper is trying to scrutinize different dimensions of media campaigns.

The growing use of the media has resulted in transformation of the process of spending leisure time and activities. New media have provided multiple spaces for leisure time of the audience. These media, especially the satellite TV, have caused leisure to come out of its domestic status and assume global and international standing. This paper aims to examine the effects of watching satellite TV networks on the process of spending leisure time by university students. This study is an applied research work in terms of objectives, quantitative in terms of the data and cross-sectional survey in terms of methodology. All the higher education students of the Faculty of Management and Economy of the Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran are the population of this research work. The sampling method is stratified random sampling and the sample size has been determined 345 students by using the Cochran formula. Questionnaires have been used to collect data and the SPSS software for the analysis of the data. The analysis of the data has been conducted on the two levels of descriptive and inferential. At the inferential level the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Pearson correlation test have been used. The results showed that watching satellite TV has direct effect on spending leisure time by students, i.e. the more time the students spend on watching satellite TV networks the more the style of spending their leisure time will be changed. The frequency and percentage of responding to the questions of the questionnaire indicated that the students spend their leisure time mostly by going to parties, exercising and going to gyms, watching movies at home and shopping at shopping centers. The highest average related to the item of “party”, that is to say watching satellite TV networks has been highly effective on going and participating in parties and the lowest average related to the item of “participating in religious ceremonies” and “attending scientific and literary gatherings”. This means that watching satellite TV networks has resulted in less participation of the students in religious ceremonies and in scientific and literary gatherings.

One of the most effective services offered in the Internet is the virtual social networks. Therefore, the present research work was conducted with the aim of reviewing goals and motivations of students in applying virtual social networks and their comparative study. The research method was quantitative in terms of the main strategy, field study in terms of conducting, and descriptive-correlational in terms of analytic technique. The research population comprising approximately 20,000 students, were the post-graduate students of the universities of Tehran, Allameh Tabatabai, Shahid Beheshti and Mohaqeq Ardebili in the Iranian academic year 1392-1393(2013-2014). The study used simple random sampling method. Using the Kerjesi- Morgan formul and considering the standard significance level of 0/05, the sample size was approximately 377 students. The questionnaires of 308 students were analyzed. A researcher-made questionnaire of the virtual social networks (with reliability coefficient of 0.66) was used to collect data. SPSS20 statistical software as well as Moses, Yuman-Whitney, John Kheir, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman tests were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that out of the total, 28.6% of the students participating in this study used the virtual networks on daily basis. Some 39% used the social networks at least one hour and 16.9% two hours a day on average. Some 81.8% of the students were member of at least one of the virtual networks. Among different social networks Facebook, with 63/88%, has the largest users. Application of public virtual social networks with an aim of interaction with friends has the highest percentage, with 58.8%, and application of such virtual communities with an aim of doing clandestine and private works has the lowest percentage, with 5/5%. In the male students, the highest percentage is related to using specialized and general virtual networks for scientific and research activities and then for entertainment activities. In the female students, the highest percentage of using the networks is related to entertainment and then to scientific and research activities. Male students use the virtual social networks more than female students and female and male students in terms of application of social networks are different. Students with different academic performance (good, average and weak), in terms of the extent of use and type of using social networks do not have significant difference and ultimately the higher the extent of awareness of virtual social networks among students, to the same extent the higher the use of virtual social networks is and vice versa.

Organizational performance is the measurable results of the organizational decisions and measures that is indicative of the extent of success and obtained achievements and is subject to efficiency and effectiveness of the organizational operations. In fact, measurement of the performance is not a target rather it is a tool for the assessment of effectiveness of the management and keeping abreast of the developments and their reasons. Using variables such as the public relations (internal organizational variable) and customer-orientation and respect for the client (external organizational variable), this paper has tried to measure the performance and process of feedback of the Iranian Legal Medicine Organization (medical examiner and coroner’s office). Public relations are one of the factors that could play a determining role in accelerating and facilitating the work process of the organization. The main task and mission of the public relations is to specify the fields of activity and appropriate methods of treating the client in the organization and sound observance of the customer respect project. The theoretical framework of the research is based on the chronic theory and the systemic viewpoint. The research methodology is survey and questionnaires have been used as research tools. The research has been conducted on 190 staff members of the Coroner’s Office who have been selected by complete enumeration. The collected data were analyzed by using inferential statistics and (linear regression, Pearson coefficient, etc.) tests. On the basis of the outlook of the majority of respondents, performance of the public relations (59/5%), satisfaction of client (58/4%) and client respect (55/8%) at the Coroner’s Office is at a modest level. According to the explanatory findings there is a significant relationship between performance of the Coroner’s Office and variables of client respect (r=0/53), public relations (r=0/55), customer-orientation (r=0/55) and satisfaction of customer (r=0/43). According to B=0/36 coefficients, the variable for client respect (36%) elucidates changes and fluctuations of the tendency towards performance of the Coroner’s Office.

The present paper aims at studying the relationship between computer games and emotional intelligence. The main question of the research is what is the relationship between “emotional intelligence” and the “extent” and “background of using computer games” among male students in Tehran? Survey method has been used in this research and to this end, 150 male high school students in Tehran were selected through multiple-stage cluster sampling for filling in the questionnaire. The results of the study showed that most students played computer games between one to two hours a day and most of them have been playing computer games for more than eight years. Based on the results of the research, there is a meaningful relationship between some components of emotional intelligence such as emotional self-consciousness, realism, impulse control component and flexibility with the extent and background of playing computer games.