فصلنامه رسانه
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 93، زمستان 1392)

The purpose of this research is to review the philosophical basis of Soviet Media Theory. The Soviet Media Theory is affected by the viewpoints of Marx and Hegel. By influencing the opinions of Lenin and the Bolshovik Party, these two thinkers caused the Bolshovik Party to impose special regulations on the media and oblige them to observe specific rules. By utilizing descriptive-analytical method, this research has tried to extract the philosophical ground of the Soviet Media Theory by using the viewpoints of Marx and Hegel. Library method of data collection was used in this research. The findings of the research show that Hegel’s viewpoints have rather affected this theory indirectly. In this respect, the outlooks of Marx have had more direct impact on the Soviet Media Theory and has caused that Lenin and the progressive party use the media as a consciousness-raising instrument so that the real consciousness would be transferred to the proletariat and, in this way, the way to final freedom would be paved.

Generalization of the concept of learning to the organizational level leads us to the concept of organizational learning and learning organizations. Learning organizations are the organizations where people constantly enhance their capabilities in order to reach the exalted status considered by the organization. Therefore, the learning organization is where learning takes place. Media organizations, too, should turn into learning organizations in order to survice and flourish; otherwise, they will not have much luck to survive in the tensely-competetive media atmosphere. Thus, media organizations should endeavor to survive by effective deployment of all limited and rare resources including manpower and other material and spiritual assets. Here, maybe time can be mentioned as a valuable and inaccessible resource for the media. This survey research has been conducted at Mehr News Agency with the aim of studying the relationship between organizational learning and each of time management factors. The statistical population of this research covers all the staff of Mehr News Agency. Questionaire was used and analyzed to collect data. The findings of the research indicate the hypotheses regarding the relationship between organizational learning and dimensions of goal setting, prioritization of objectives as well as operational activities and planning are confirmed and those regarding connection between organizational learning and dimensions of delegation of authority, management of communication and management of meetings are rejected. In addition, the main hypothesis of the research regarding significant relationship between organizational learning and time management is confirmed.

Today all the world countries are faced with the phenomenon of globalization. This is considered both an opportunity and a threat to them. Since globalization and the cosmopolitan identity seem to be inevitable, therefore a rational planning and utilization of the opportunities ahead seem to be reasonable. After offering some definitions about globalization and presenting pro and con attitudes in various dimensions in this article, Iran’s status towards the issues introduced -- including politics, economy, culture and subcultures -- are discussed. Ultimately it is asserted that this process is not a preorchestrated phenomenon to have emerged with a specific goal; therefore, further dynamism of the government and the nation in all dimensions and the capability to adjust with the globalization trend are an inevitable process and goal to make further use of the opportunities ahead.

Sociologist and researcher Williams believes that identity is created by mankind and is changed by the lapse of time to comply with the prevailing circumstances and one’s surrounding environment. Cultural, social and historical factors play an important role in formation of identity and they can build the identity of an individual or a nation by standing beside one another. Therefore, culture, language, religion, history and conditions ruling over the society can be considered factors forming the national identity (Mass Media and Identity: 2006: 147). Here the role played by language and the mechanism of its application in the media and new technologies is significant. On the one hand, the discourse of those involved and on the other hand using a common language can be effective in facilitating communication. Language is one of the factors of culture and identity of any country, and is paid attention to as cultural heritage. To prevent the influence of other languages and extinction of some of them, UNESCO has raised the issue of multilingualism and paid more attention to it in recent years. The effects of new information and communication technologies have led to a huge leap in human life in the past century. Here, the Internet has played and is playing a more important role. Getting information at any time, access to various scientific sources, libraries, cultural centers and even entertainment sources with educational application are among its characteristics. Rapid growth of and broad access to the Internet has created a transformed model of social communication and interpersonal relations. This article has tried to review the role and performance of language as a system in the media and modern technologies.

This article is written in order to compare media management theories prevailing over the two TV channels of Shabakeh Khabar or the Islamic Republic of Iran News Network (IRINN) and Turkey’s TRT Turk. The research method was content analysis and its population the news broadcast within the three-month time span of August 5 to November 5, 2011. The statistical sampling method was a mixed methods approach with two techniques of quota sampling and multistage sampling and the foreign news at 22:0 from IRINN and foreign news at 18:30 (Tehran time) from TRT Turk were chosen for study. The findings of the research indicate that from among the four systems of administering and controlling the mass media, i.e. “Libertarian”, “Authoritarian”, “Social Responsibility” & “Development” theories, more than half of foreign news on IRINN associates with the libertarian theory, but the foreign news on TRT Turk associates with both libertarian and development theories of the mass media (about one third of the foreign reports reviewed in both). News distribution among these four systems is more at TRT Turk rather than IRINN. Statistically, differences witnessed between supporting these systems at the two networks are meaningful. The prevailing ideology regarding reports on Turkey by IRINN is social responsibility and reports on Iran by TRT Turk authoritarian & development theories. Regarding Iran-Turkey relations, the reports that mainly have economic themes, are welcomed by both news channels. They are reflected within the framework of development theory. With respect to domestic issues and foreign relations of other countries, the prevailing ideology in both channels is the libertarian theory.

The purpose of this survey is to assess the attitude of girls and women of 15 to 40 years of age towards premarital relations in the city of Shiraz. They have been asked to respond to this basic question whether there is a relationship between their attitude towards premarital relations and watching satellite television. To achieve this goal and with respect to the chosen methodology (survey research), structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Therefore, Cochran sample size formula was used for sampling; 400 questionnaires were distributed among and collected from people who had been selected through multistage random cluster sampling. To analyze the collected data, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent two-sample ttest and one-way analysis of variance were used. The descriptive findings show that the attitude of 4.3 percent of the respondents towards premarital relations was negative, 38.3 percent positive and 56.3 percent had a moderate attitude. Analysis of the data shows the more the “possibility of access to satellite TV” and “intensity of gender stereotypes among friends" the more the attitude towards premarital relations tends negative. There is a (significant) relationship between the hours of watching satellite TV and attitude towards premarital relations with control of residence. There is a (significant) relationship between existence of satellite TV at home, content of programs, the motive behind watching and attitude towards premarital relations. On the whole, most variables affecting the attitude towards premarital relations in this research are sociological and demographic factors. Of course, the individual factor of the individual’s motive behind watching satellite TV should not be overlooked.

This research is aimed at exploring the attitude of reporters of online media towards the journalistic function of social networks in Tehran. The statistical population of this study includes 700 reporters of news agencies and online media in the city of Tehran who have a work experience of less than five years, each. The sample population is selected through systematic random sampling. Survey research methodology was used for this study and questionnaire was applied to collect the needed information. Data analysis was conducted by SPSS. The data has been analyzed at two levels of descriptive statistics-- by using tables and graphs and determining frequencies -- and at statistical inference level-- by using Chi-squared test, Kendall's tau-b and tau-c to show the existence or absence of significant relationships between each independent variable and the degree of positive or negative attitude towards utilization of journalistic function of social networks in other media. The most important findings of this research are: reporters have positive attitude towards utilization of information dissemination function of social media; reporters have positive attitude towards social networks for becoming famous through creating news opportunities; reporters have positive attitude towards participation in social media networks to disseminate news in other media and consider it indispensable. The attitude of female reporters towards information dissemination use of social media is more positive compared to that of male reporters. The attitude of reporters with more experience towards journalistic function of the social media in other media is more negative. The more production of news at social networks increases the more positive the attitude of reporters would become towards becoming famous. The more contribution of reporters at social networks increases the more positive their attitude will become towards circulation of news contexts at other media. The attitude of reporters with higher experiences towards application of journalistic functions of social networks in media is more negative. The more production of news context increases at social networks the more positive the attitude of reporters will become towards becoming famous. The more contribution of reporters increases at social networks the more positive the attitude of reporters will become towards circulation of news context in other media outlets.