فصلنامه رسانه
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 102، بهار 1395)

It can definitely be said that the basis of many developments in today’s world in cultural, social, economic, political and moral aspects is a change in the discipline and system of communication and especially the widespread use of mass media, social networks and new technologies associated with it over the past several decades. These developments demand new literacy to empower people to participate in the world overwhelmed by media. “Media literacy”, as an undeniable necessity of the present era, is an important part of the development of human communication that must be taught to young children and to high school students before going to university.
This article explores the operational model for media literacy education for children, based on modern educational approaches. Our definition of media literacy is an outcome of the existing definitions and a conflation of critical thinking skills with communicating knowledge about media content. The suggested model in this article is a project consisting of three stages of reading aloud in preschool age, teaching philosophizing with children in the early years of primary school, and teaching media content in the final years of primary school while institutionalizing infrastructures at the inner minds of children needs media knowledge structure in the agenda. Reflective educational, dialogic and exploration-based style is the inseparable principle of this model that can create a reflective, responsible, critical and creative approach toward media texts in children and lead them to have a more accurate judgement in affairs.

The growth momentum of the number of websites in Iran has been much more rapid than their quality improvement. In conditions that internet-based social media have turned into a significant source of news dissemination, the key news agencies need to, in addition to paying attention to content, consider principles in designing and launching their websites, so that the content would be released in the best way possible. These principles are generally placed in applicability category.
This article is to assess the applicability of IRNA, ISNA, and Fars News Agency websites, while data about the feelings and evaluation of users towards them have been collected in accordance with semantic distinction method by answering questions in quizzes. Then, by calculating the average score for each news agency, and designing profile, the position of each website from users’ point of satisfaction has been compared with the other two. The researchers also analyzed in this paper the theoretical framework of the websites, trying to evaluate and explain the feelings and experiences of users. Based on the findings of this study, it was established that although ISNA scored the highest among the three news agencies in terms of total satisfaction score, the fact remains that the agency has gained only 64 percent of users’ expressed satisfaction. Meanwhile, IRNA and Fars News Agency, gaining 58 percent and 53 percent of users’ satisfaction respectively, have not been very successful in obtaining users’ consent.
In the end, some suggestions have been proposed to improve the applicability of these websites, including optimal use of horizontal menus and removal of animated advertising banners.

Cultural products, as a public asset, traditionally have had an important role in social life style and they have been updated and categorized in different stages and periods, so that they have been produced and presented in various types and forms by those involved in cultural and art domains with diversified tastes.
Using data mining techniques and Cummins clustering method, this study is trying to group items and products of cyber culture and redefine it on the basis of technological consumption of the audience. Written questionnaires and electronic questionnaires consisting of 34 items in four categories in cyberspace were distributed among 550 samples of cyber activists in different periods of time and eventually eight clusters of cultural objects (along with the users’ public sentiments and technological features) were identified. Then, the clusters were drawn in graphical view or, in other words, in virtual cultural network.
The results of this research can be useful for organizations both in production and supply of cultural and technological products and in marketing sector and social as well as citizenship issues along with identification of consumption patterns of the audiences and consumers in development of virtual lifestyle.

This paper examines the role of smart phones in activism and crisis management through social media. Because these types of media in recent years have provided the ground for activism more than other mass media, and as Castells put it, they have created a new platform called "spontaneous mass media", the users of these networks, too, particularly with utilization of smart phones, have gained the chance to manage social crises through their lived experience.
In order to provide conceptual analysis of the nature of activism in social, political, economic and cultural relations, this paper describes the impacts of converged social media on smart phones in dealing with crisis management. In the meantime, examples of the different aspects of crisis management (accumulation, outbreak, subsiding and recovery) will be explained and analyzed with due attention to the new cognitive domains that are specifically related to the capacities of varied novel social media alongside activism of network users and emerging capabilities in real space is associated with network users in real space.

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of using smart mobile phones on the lifestyle of people. Presently, smart mobile phones are increasingly used in Iran and such increase can lead to changes in the people’s lifestyle. To test this hypothesis, we used the concept of lifestyle that was offered by Bourdieu. In this sense, lifestyle is measured by cultural consumption variables and leisure time activities. The research methodology was online surveys and 219 people participated in this study. The results showed that the hypothesis is confirmed, but that smart mobile phone is not a strong predictor of lifestyle. Pearson correlation between these two variables was 0.42, but the ANOVA test showed that the use of smart mobile phones explains only 17 percent of the lifestyle variables. Further analysis showed that gender, education and age variables have no impacts on the lifestyle but that the income variable does. Including the income factor into the model did not increase the strength of the model. Thus, other factors that explain the variables of lifestyle must be identified through further research.

Consumption of all consumer goods, including cultural goods, in recent decades has become a widespread phenomenon; based on this, the study has addressed the effect of media literacy on mental consumption of cultural goods “case study of 15-39 year old women in Shahre-Kord city”. The methodology of this research is a survey that collects information using the questionnaire (self-made); the statistical population consisted of women of 15-39 years of age, residents of Shahre-Kord city (39,596 individuals) and by using Cochran formula, a sample of 380 people were selected, while each of the samples was identified according to the multistage cluster sampling (systematic). Media literacy is an independent interfacing (inner-dependent) variable in bidirectional interaction using the media and the way they influence; mass media, social networking and media literacy are variables interacting with each other. In the same way that consumption of cultural goods depends on the level of media literacy of women, media literacy as independent interfacing variable influences the level of women’s consumption of cultural goods (dependent variable). Based on the studied consumption levels (motivation, habits, behavior) and consumption of cultural goods based on three surveyed levels (the amount, type, and trend of consumption), women with high levels of media literacy, compared to women with lower levels of media literacy, were more motivated to purchase and consume cultural goods depending on their level of media literacy. And consumption motivation in women leads to consumption attitude and trends and diversity in consumption of cultural goods, and recurrence of consumption results in the creation of the habit of consuming cultural goods.

This study aimed to investigate the connection between the activities related to ideal images on Facebook and negative images of the body as well as explaining this relationship through studying the mediating role of ‘’different from self’’.
The subjects of this study were 129 students in two girl high schools and a boy high school in District Two of the city of Tehran, who were selected according to the Convenience Sampling Method. Being Facebook user and being active in this social network were the criteria for selection of the subjects. The scales of “negative body image”, “different from self”, and questionnaires on activities related to ideal images on Facebook were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and path analysis methods.
The results showed that the activities associated with ideal images on Facebook are meaningfully predictors of the “negative body image” (β = .312, p The findings showed that adolescents in the face of ideal images on Facebook, pressing the ‘Like’ button, and leaving comments about them and sharing them again, assess their true selves very different and distinct from their ideal selves and as a result they feel negative about their body and organs. Therefore, identifying the impact of activities related to the Facebook ideal images on the magnitude of the contradiction between the real self and the ideal self and the negative body image can produce a better understanding of the etiology of such disorder in adolescent users of social networks.

So far, extensive research has been conducted on “bias” or “media bias” in financial markets. Some researchers name it journalist effects while some others have analyzed media bias in the realm of media corruption. This research is to explore the deliberate bias in financial media.
Research shows that the intervention of economic media in stock exchange market is carried out in three different ways. The first tactic is the coverage of economic events that cannot be overlooked by the media. In this approach, the role of journalists in the framework of the "gate theory" can be explained. The second approach is magnifying and highlighting specific events that the media organization is willing to do for profit reasons. Finally, in the third approach, the individual choices of journalists are the coverage of events selected by journalists or other members of the editorial board due to individual incentives.
While stating the reasons for media bias in the stock exchange market, this research has also put into consideration individual and organizational causes of bias by journalists. Then, it explains the forms and methods of bias by financial reporters in Tehran Stock Exchange. The research method used in writing the article is “documentary-library" technique. The author of this article has tried to reach a conclusion by employing theories in communications science, media management and financial management through applying an interdisciplinary approach. The fact that developed financial markets have reached to what strategies to instigate biased action by journalists, is another question that is being considered. Finally, legal gaps and regulations or self-regulated policies of media organizations have been explained.