فهرست مطالب

اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر) - پیاپی 103 (پاییز 1396)

نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 103 (پاییز 1396)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1396/09/29
  • تعداد عناوین: 16
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  • جواد سدیدی، سعیده صاحبی وایقان، هانی رضاییان صفحات 5-16
    در سال های اخیر با پیشرفت فن آوری های جمع آوری و مدیریت داده، پایگاه داده های بسیار بزرگ پدیدار شده اند. بسیاری از پرس وجوهای تجزیه و تحلیل بر اساس ماهیتشان به تجمیع و خلاصه سازی بخش های بزرگی از داده های در حال تجزیه و تحلیل نیاز دارند. مسئله اصلی در حیطه ی پایگاه داده پردازش کارآمد پرس وجو مخصوصا در سیستم های لحظه ای[1] است که نیازمند رسیدن به جواب آنی می باشد تا اینکه کاربر زمان زیادی را برای دریافت پاسخ صرف نکند. (AQP (Approximate Query Processingبه عنوان روشی جایگزین برای پردازش پرس وجو در محیط هایی که ارائه یک پاسخ دقیق زمان بر است، با هدف ارائه پاسخ تخمینی، کاهش زمان پاسخ را با حذف یا کاهش تعداد دسترسی ها به داده ی پایه میسر می سازد. پردازش [2]In-Database عملکرد شبکه های کامپیوتری را بهبود بخشیده و به طراحی مناسب پرس وجو ها با نتایج نسبتا سریع و دقیق کمک می کند.
    در این پژوهش عملیات تجمیع (Sum) در پایگاه داده PostgreSQL روی داده های رستری بارش به دو روش معمولی و بهینه پیشنهاد شده، انجام شده است. بررسی نتایج نشان می دهد که سرعت اجرای تابع Sum با خوشه بندی، 2/27 برابر اجرای این تابع بدون خوشه بندی است و میانگین اختلاف عددی پیکسل های حاصل از اجرای تابع Sum بهینه با اجرای تابع معمولی آن 028/0 می باشد.میانگین زمان اجرای پرس وجوهای معمولی و بهینه برای تابع Sum به ترتیب 211 و 754/7 ثانیه می باشد که نشانگر کارآمد بودن روش پیشنهاد شده در این تحقیق می باشد. نتایج تحقیق حاضر که در حقیقت کاهش معنی دار زمان پاسخ آنالیزهای داخل پایگاه داده ای در داده های رستری می باشد، می تواند در ارائه سرویس های رئال تایم تحت وب مانند هواشناسی، ترافیک و... که نیازمند تحلیل های آنی و جواب لحظه ای می باشند مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

    [1]- Real time
    [2]- درون پایگاه داده
    کلیدواژگان: بهینه سازی تجمیع، پردازش تقریبی پرس و جو، پردازش In، Database، آنالیز رستری، Sum
  • سیدمحسن موسوی صفحات 17-28
    نسل جدیدی از سیستم اطلاعات مکانی (GIS)، نسل GIS فراگستر است که در این نسل قابلیت سرویس دهی به هر کاربر در هر مکان و زمانی داده می شود. با پیشرفت فناوری های جدید در اخذ اطلاعات سه بعدی از محیط تحولی در نسل های قدیم سیستم اطلاعات مکانی ایجاد شده است. یکی از موارد حائز اهمیت در نسل های مختلف سیستم اطلاعات مکانی، استخراج روابط مکانی است. استخراج روابط توپولوژی سه بعدی که بیشتر در سیستم اطلاعات مکانی موردتوجه قرارگرفته است، مبتنی بر مدل داده های استفاده شده در نسل های مختلف GIS صورت می گیرد. مدل داده های مورداستفاده در نسل های قدیم GIS دارای محدودیت هایی همچون عدم تعامل پذیری بالا بین کاربر و محیط، عدم نمایش سه بعدی اشیاء به دست آمده از محیط و هم چنین ناسازگاری اشیاء با پیش فرض های استفاده شده هستند، درحالی که در نسل GIS فراگستر با استفاده از حسگرها و زیرساخت های مختلف در محیط، محدودیت های بیان شده برای سرویس دهی برطرف می گردد. هدف این مقاله مقایسه ی رویکردهای مورداستفاده در نسل های مختلف سیستم اطلاعات مکانی برای استخراج روابط توپولوژی مبتنی بر مدل داده های ارائه شده در این نسل ها است. در این مقاله استخراج روابط توپولوژی در نسل های سنتی سیستم اطلاعات مکانی، با استفاده از روش مدل سازی شئ گرا و شبیه سازی اشیاء هرم و کره صورت می گیرد. این در حالی است که در نسل GIS فراگستر از داده های به دست آمده توسط کینکت به عنوان یک حسگر انتخابی مبتنی بر مدل داده ی ارائه شده، روابط استخراج می گردد. نتایج به دست آمده از مقایسه ی رویکردهای استخراج روابط توپولوژی سه بعدی در این دو نسل، بیانگر افزایش تعامل کاربر با محیط پیرامون مبتنی بر ابزارهای موجود در نسل های فراگستر برای استخراج روابط توپولوژی است.
    کلیدواژگان: نسل های مختلف GIS، GIS فراگستر، مدل سازی شئ گرا، روابط توپولوژی سه بعدی، کینکت
  • بختیار فیضی زاده، سلیمه عبدالله آبادی، خلیل ولیزاده صفحات 29-41
    امروزه اعتبار سنجی نتایج حاصل از تحلیل های مکانی GIS، تبدیل به یک چالش بزرگ در دنیای GIS شده است. تحلیل عدم قطعیت در زمینه های مختلف توجه به کیفیت داده و موضوعات مرتبط با آن از قبیل خطا، مدل های عدم قطعیت، انتشار خطا، حذف خطا و عدم قطعیت در داده ها، بیش از هر زمان دیگر احساس می شود. مدل های ارتفاع رقومی از مهمترین داده های جغرافیایی می باشند که مبنای تحلیل های مکانی مختلفی را تشکیل می دهند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی میزان خطا و عدم قطعیت، داده های ارتفاعی حاصل از ماهواره های SRTM و ASTER را مد نظر قرار داده است.در این راستا، ابتدا با استفاده از شاخص های آماری ME، STD و RMSE مقدار خطای داده های مدل های ارتفاع رقومی شناسایی محاسبه شد. در ادامه عدم قطعیت خطای داده ها با روش مونت کارلو شبیه سازی و الگوی انتشار خطا با روش درونیابی نتایج استخراج شد. نتایج این مرحله نشان می دهد که مدل رقومی استخراج شده از روج استریویی ASTER با وجود داشتن تفکیک مکانی بهتر، مقادیر بالاتری از خطا را شامل می شود و عملا فاقد جزییات مدل رقومی ارتفاع معادل 30متر است. سپس با حذف الگوی انتشار خطا از مدل های رقومی، DEM ثانویه تولید گردید. با محاسبه مجدد شاخص های توصیف کننده خطا و مقایسه این مقادیر با مقادیر اولیه، نتایج حاکی از آن است که هر دو مدل ارتفاع رقومی بعد از حذف الگوی انتشار خطا دقت بالاتری را از خود نشان می دهند.از شاخص TPI جهت تعیین موقعیت توپوگرافی حوضه استفاده شد و حوضه به 6 طبقه تقسیم و میزان خطا در هر یک از طبقات قبل و بعد از شبیه سازی محاسبه گردید. نتایج حاکی از کاهش میزان خطا در تمامی طبقات قبل و بعد از شبیه سازی در هر دو مدل ارتفاع رقومی است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق در خصوص مدلسازی عدم قطعیت داده های مدل های رقومی ارتفاع به عنوان یکی از داده های پایه در مطالعات علوم زمین بسیار کاربردی بوده و می تواند راهگشای مطالعات آتی برای کاهش عدم قطعیت و افزایش صحت نتایج تحقیقات آتی باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: تحلیل عدم قطعیت، مدل های رقومی ارتفاع، زوج استرویی، SRTM - گرم چای
  • سید کرامت هاشمی عنا، محمود خسروی، تقی طاوسی، حمید نظری پور صفحات 43-58
    شناسائی و استخراج طول دوره های خشک در نواحی خشک و نیمه خشک از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است، بنابراین استفاده از مدل های پیش یابی تغییرات اقلیمی برای بررسی رفتار پارامترهای اقلیمی در آینده امری اجتناب ناپذیر است. زیرا با شناخت رفتار زمانی- مکانی عناصر اقلیمی مانند بارش، قادر خواهیم بود شدت اثرات عوامل مخرب محیطی را کاهش دهیم.
    در این پژوهش عملکردمدل گردش عمومی جو - اقیانوس(AOGCMs- AR4)در شبیه سازی طول دوره های خشک در گسترهایران مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور مقادیر ماهانه بارش 15 مدل AOGCMکه در نسخه 5مدلLARS-WG تعبیه شده تحت سناریوهای مختلف برای دهه های 2050 و 2080 بر روی 45 ایستگاه همدید واقع در گستره ایران زمین ریزمقیاس شدند. بعد از اعتبارسنجی و وزندهی به مدل ها با شاخص های آماری، مشخص شد که مدل Hadcm3 و GFDL-CM2.1 بهترین کارایی و عملکرد را در شبیه سازی طول دوره های خشک دارد. در مقابل خروجی مدل های NCPCM وINM-CM3.0 کمترین همبستگی را با داده های مشاهداتی دارا می باشند. مدل سازی دوره های خشک با محاسبه سناریوهای تغییر اقلیم و لحاظ نمودن منابع عدم قطعیت ها در خروجی مدل های (AOGCM)، نشان داد که بر اساس بدترین سناریو(A2)، و حدی ترین وضعیت(2080)، میانگین دمای کشور 2/7 درجه سلسیوس افزایش و میانگین بارش با وجود افزایش نقطه ای آن در برخی از ایستگاه ها، با کاهش 33 درصدی در کل کشور روبرو است. در خوشبینانه ترین سناریو(B1)، نیز میانگین دمای کشور 1/4 درجه سلسیوس نسبت به دوره مشاهداتی افزایش و میانگین بارش نیز با کاهش 14 درصدی همراه است.
    نتایج حاصل از بررسی عدم قطعیت در بررسی دوره های خشک در ایران نشان داد که در هر دو دهه 2050 و 2080 و بر اساس هر سه سناریو(B1،A1B،A2)، طول دوره های خشک در تمامی پهنه های ایران افزایش می یابد. بیشترین درصد تغییرات طول دوره های خشک مربوط به پهنه شمال غرب (ارومیه، خوی، کرمانشاه، همدان و لرستان) است.
    کلیدواژگان: تغییر اقلیم، دوره های خشک، ارزیابی مدلهای AOGCM، عدم قطعیت، ایران
  • نوید هوشنگی، علی اصغر آل شیخ صفحات 59-70
    مدلسازی عامل- مبنا (ABM)[1] رویکردی نوین جهت توسعه ی ابزارهای شبیه سازی برای پدیده های پیچیده در حوزه های مختلف از جمله بلایای طبیعی، مطالعات بیولوژیکی و شرایط امداد و نجات زلزله است. این مقاله یک سیستم شبیه سازی برای عملیات امداد و نجات با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات مکانی (GIS)،سیستمهای چندعاملی (MAS)[2]ومفهوم هماهنگ سازی برای انتساب پویای وظایف بین عامل های جستجوگر و عامل های آزادساز را ارائه می دهد. هدف اصلی این مقاله استفاده ازسیستم های چندعاملیبرایشبیه سازی فعالیت ها، افزایش کارایی گروه های امداد و نجات و ارائه راهکاری جهت یافتن رابطه ی بین تعداد عامل های جستجوگر و آزادساز با در نظر گرفتن حداکثر تعداد شهروندان نجات یافته می باشد. این سیستم می تواند برای مدیریت و تصمیم گیری قبل از زلزله استفاده شود.
    ارزیابی سیستم توسعه داده شده در قسمتی از منطقه 3 شهر تهران صورت پذیرفت. سیستم پیشنهادی شامل سه بخش است: مدلسازی محیط و گروه های کاری با استفاده از GIS، تحلیل عملیات جستجو توسط سیستم چندعاملی و بصری سازی نتایج.لذا ابتدا محیط با استفاده از داده های مکانی مدلسازی شده و سپس مقدار فضایی که هر عامل باید به جست و جو بپردازد برای هر عامل تخصیص داده می شود. در ادامه هر یک از عامل های جستجوگر از الگوریتم کلونی مورچگان برایترتیب دهیوظایف خود در جهت یافتن راه حلی نزدیک به بهینه برای جستجوی فضای مطالعاتی استفاده می برند. سپسمجروحینپیداشدهتوسطعاملها جست و جوگر، با استفاده از قرارداد شبکه[3]
    به عامل های آزادساز تخصیص داده می شوند. نتیجه ی این تحقیق در قالب نموداری که رابطه ی تعداد عامل های جستجوگر و عامل های آزادساز (با توجه به تعداد افراد نجات یافته، در صورت هماهنگی عامل ها) را نشان می دهد ارائه شده است. نتیجه ی حاصل الگویی در یافتن تعداد افراد مورد نیاز برای عملیات امداد و نجات در بخش های مختلف شهری و برقراری تعادل بین تعداد نفرات را ارائه می دهد.

    [1]3- Agent Based Modeling
    [2]4- Multi Agent System
    [3]5- Contract net
    کلیدواژگان: سیستم های چندعاملی، عملیات امداد و نجات، هماهنگی بین عامل ها، سیستم اطلاعات مکانی
  • فاطمه جهانی چهره برق، مهدی آخوندزاده هنزایی صفحات 71-81
    هواویزها[1] ذرات کوچک معلق در هوا در حالت جامد یا مایع هستند که ریشه پیدایش آنها در اثر عوامل طبیعی یا انسانی می باشند. امروزه تخمین عمق نوری[2] هواویز ها به کمک داده های ماهواره ای قابل حصول است اما بدست آوردن آن به دلیل بازتابش های اتمسفری کار راحتی به شمار نمی رود. زیرا نور خورشید توسط سیستم اتمسفر بازتاب می شود و تمام آن به سطح زمین برخورد نمی کند.
    از جمله روش های موجود برای بدست آوردن پارامتر هواویز، روش های DDV(Dark Dense Vegetation) ،Deep Blue Algorithm و روش SYNegry of Terra and Aqua Modis) SYNTAM)می باشند.
    روش SYNTAM با ادغام داده های سنجنده MODIS دو سکوی AQUAوTERRA توانسته است محدودیت های موجود در بدست آوردن ضخامت نوری هواویز را از بین ببرد و نتایج درستی را در اختیار قرار می دهد. در این مقاله با استفاده از روش SYNTAM نقشه ضخامت نوری هواویزها، برای منطقه ای از ایران تهیه شده است. مقایسه نتایج بدست آمده از این تحقیق با محصول AOT ناسا برای زمان و موقعیت یکسان رضایت بخش می باشد. مقدارRMSE حاصل از مقایسه داده های NASA و روش SYNTAM به کمک الگوریتم تکرار نیوتن برای طول موج mm0.55 برابر 253/0 می باشد. بنابراین روش SYNTAM به عنوان روشی قوی برای بدست آوردن نقشه ضخامت نوری هواویز در مناطقی که فاقد ایستگاه های زمینی AERONET هستند معرفی می گردد. در قسمت بعد روش SYNTAM با سرشکنی مدل پارامتریک غیر خطی تلفیق می شود که نتایج حاصل از آن دارای دقت بیشتری نسبت به روش پیاده سازی روش SYNTAM به تنهایی است. مقدارRMSEحاصل از مقایسه داده های NASA و روش SYNTAM به کمک سرشکنی مدل پارامتریک غیر خطی، برای طول موج mm0.55 برابر 207/0 می باشد.
    [1]- Aerosols
    [2]- Optical Thickness
    کلیدواژگان: هواویز، ضخامت نوری، سنجش از دور، MODIS، SYNTAM
  • حسین نظم فر، علی عشقی چهار برج، سعیده علوی، علی جسارتی صفحات 83-97
    حوادث جاده ای و تلفات ناشی از آن یکی از علل اساسی مرگ ومیر در سراسر جهان به شمار می رود که هزینه های اقتصادی زیادی را بر اقتصاد کشورها تحمیل کرده است. چهارعاملانسان،وسیلهنقلیه،جادهومحیطدرامرتصادفات دخالت دارندکه در این میان عوامل محیطی و اقلیمی سهم قابل توجهی را به خود اختصاص می دهند. مولفه های «یخبندان، رطوبت و دما» از عوامل موثر اقلیمی می باشند که نقش عمده ای در تصادفات جاده ای دارند. از این رو پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل پراکنش تصادفات جاده ای منجر به فوت با رویکرد اقلیمی در فصول مختلف سال با استفاده از سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیای در استان اردبیل پرداخته است. روش پژوهش از نوع توصیفی– تحلیلی است. نظر به اینکه تصادف یک پدیده مکانی است و تحلیل های ArcGISنیز مبتنی بر مکان است، برای تحلیل از GIS و روش درونیابی کریجینگاستفاده شده است. در این پژوهش، تصادفات جاده ای استان اردبیل در فصول مختلف سال و با در نظر گرفتن عوامل اقلیمی یخبندان، دما و رطوبت در محدوده زمانی 1389 الی1393 بررسی شده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می دهد که از 762 مورد تصادف انجام شده 35 درصد در فصل تابستان، 75/25 درصد در بهار، 55/24 درصد در پاییز و 70/14 درصد در زمستان اتفاق افتاده است. مقایسه نمودار تعداد تصادفات منجر به فوت برمبنای ماه های سال، با نمودار تعداد روزهای یخبندان استان اردبیل نشان می دهد که تصادفات جاده ای در استان اردبیل در ماه های یخبندان به دلیل کاهش تردد وسایل نقلیه گردشگران نسبت به ماه های غیر یخبندان کمتراست، بیشترین تصادف از نظر رطوبت با میزان رطوبت 69-72 درصد و از لحاظ دما، در دمای خیلی پایین با «8» درجه سانتی گراد و خیلی بالا «16» درجه سانتی گراد اتفاق افتاده است.
    کلیدواژگان: تصادفات جاده ای، عوامل اقلیمی، GIS، استان اردبیل
  • مرضیه مکرم، مجید حجتی، عبدالرسول زارعی صفحات 99-107
    افزایش قدرت تفکیک مکانی به منظور افزایش میزان اطلاعات در مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM) از جمله مهمترین موضوعات در ژئومورفولوژی کمی محسوب می شود. تاکنون مدل های مختلفی به منظور افزایش قدرت تفکیک مکانی ارائه شده است که از بین مدل ها، مدل جاذبه به عنوان جدیدترین مدل، دارای دقت بسیار بالایی می باشد. این مدل برای اولین بار به منظور افزایش قدرت تفکیک مکانی بر روی تصاویر ماهواره ای استفاده شده است. در این تحقیق از مدل جاذبه برای اولین بار به منظور افزایش قدرت تفکیک مکانی DEM استفاده شد. در بررسی حاضر، از دو مدل همسایگی پیکسل های مماس (Touching) و مدل همسایگی چهارگانه (Quadrant) به منظور تخمین مقادیر زیر پیکسل ها استفاده گردید. در مدل جاذبه احتیاجی به کالیبره کردن و آموزش الگوریتم همانند الگوریتم های یادگیری ماشین نیست، این امر موجب می شود که زمان محاسبات برای اجرای الگوریتم کم شود. پس از تولید تصاویر خروجی برای زیر پیکسل ها، در مقیاس های 2، 3 و4 با همسایگی های متفاوت، بهترین مقیاس با مناسب ترین نوع همسایگی با استفاده از نقاط کنترل زمینی تعیین شد و مقادیر RMSE برای آن ها محاسبه شد. تعداد کل نقاط کنترل زمین مستخرج از عملیات نقشه برداری، 2118 نقطه بود. مقدار RMSE برای هر DEM به صورت جداگانه محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که با استفاده از مدل جاذبه صحت تصاویر خروجی بهبود بخشیده شده و همچنین قدرت تفکیک مکانی آن ها نیز افزایش پیدا کرده است. بر اساس نتایج از بین مقیاس ها با همسایگی های مختلف، مقیاس 3 و مدل همسایگی چهارگانه نسبت به سایر روش ها دارای بیشترین دقت با کمترین میزان RMSE (54/5) برای DEM 30 متر و DEM 90 متر (13/9) می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: زیر پیکسل، مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM)، قدرت تفکیک مکانی، مدل جاذبه
  • محمد با عقیده، غلامعباس فلاح قالهری، حسن حاجی محمدی، حسن رضایی صفحات 109-122
    شرایط اقلیمی هر محل در پراکندگی انسان، حیوان و گیاه نقش مهمی را ایفا می کند. لذا هرگونه فعالیت یا برنامه ریزی در زمینه های مختلف اقتصادی، کشاورزی و صنعتی در سطح زمین بدون شناخت اقلیم امکان پذیر نمی باشد، به همین دلیل پهنه بندی اقلیمی و شناخت مهمترین عوامل و عناصر تاثیرگذار بر هر ناحیه، یکی از راه های شناخت شناسنامه ی اقلیمی نواحی است. فقدان اطلاع از خرده اقلیم های نواحی، برنامه ریزی های اقتصادی و کشاورزی انسان را با شکست مواجه می سازد. به طور کلی اقلیم یک منطقه، متوسط وضعیت هوا در آن منطقه است و دسترسی به متوسط وضعیت هوا در یک مکان خاص، نیازمند آمار و اطلاعات درازمدت هواشناسی است. برای دریافت شناخت صحیح و جامع از اقلیم استان همدان، پهنه بندی اقلیمی با روش های نوین آماری مانند تحلیل عاملی و تحلیل خوشه ایطی دوره 20 ساله (1372- 1392) انجام شد. برای این منظور تعداد 23 متغیر اقلیمی از 8 ایستگاه هواشناسی انتخاب گردید. سپس با استفاده از مدل رقومی ارتفاع، بین پارامترهای هواشناسی و لایه مزبور یک رابطه رگرسیونی چند متغیره اعمال گردید که در نهایت یک ماتریس پهنه ای به ابعاد 23 ×88 به دست آمد و مبنای ناحیه بندی قرارگرفت. بررسی اقلیم استان با روش تحلیل عاملی نشان می دهد که اقلیم استان ساخته ی 5 عامل است، این عوامل به ترتیب اهمیت عبارتند از: دما و تغییرپذیری آن، دیدافقی، بارش، تندر و تابش. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل خوشه ایبر روی 5 عامل اقلیمی، وجود 6 ناحیه را در استان همداننشان می دهد. یافته ها حاکی از آن است که عوامل اول و دوم به تنهایی 63 درصد رفتار اقلیمی را در استان تبیین می نمایند.
    کلیدواژگان: پهنه بندی اقلیمی، استان همدان، تحلیل عاملی، تحلیل خوشه ای، مدل رقومی ارتفاع (DEM)
  • زینب علی آبادی، مهین نسترن، فرزانه پیرانی، فرزانه شیخ زاده صفحات 123-136
    امروزه بحث ایمنی یکی از مهمترین مسائل شهری است که توجه مدیران شهری را به خود جلب نموده است. آتش سوزی یکی از تهدیدات ناشی از بحران های طبیعی و مصنوعی است که می تواند چالش های وسیعی را در ابعاد مختلف زندگی شهری پدید آورد. مطالعات انجام شده نشان داد که منطقه 3 اصفهان با جمعیت 111889نفر در سال1390 و وسعت 1152هکتار تنها دارای یک مرکز آتش نشانی می باشد که شعاع عملکردی مناسبی نسبت به کل منطقه نداشته و پاسخگوی نیاز ساکنان نمی باشد. از میان تجهیزات شهری، احداث مراکز آتش نشانی در این منطقه به علت قرارگیری بازار قدیمی، تاریخی و زنده ی قیصریه در آن و کمبود راه های خروج اضطراری و امداد رسانی در هنگام بروز آتش سوزی و همچنین وجود کارگاه ها و انبارهای متصل به بازار نیز که خود بر تبعات بروز سایر حوادث جانبی افزوده است؛ ازاهمیت و ضرورت برخوردار است. بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با هدف افزایش سطح ایمنی، ضمن مکانیابی ایستگاه های آتش نشانی در منطقه 3 اصفهان، با استفاده از تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و مدل مکانیابی در محیط GIS صورت گرفته است.همچنین این پژوهش بر مبنای روش تحقیق (توصیفی – تحلیلی) داده های مورد نیاز را بصورت کتابخانه ای – اسنادی جمع آوری نمود. در ابتدا معیارها و زیرمعیارهای موثر در مکان گزینی ایستگاه آتش نشانی با استفاده از روش سلسله مراتبی (AHP) به کمک نرم افزار Expert Choice وزن دهی شد و پس از آن با رقومی سازی لایه ها در محیط GIS با استفاده از تحلیل فضایی در ابتدا نقشه های فاصله اقلیدسی و در ادامه با کلاسه بندی، نقشه های هر لایه تولید شد و سپس با همپوشانی تمامی لایه ها با اعمال ارزش های بدست آمده از تحلیل سلسله مراتبی AHP، مکان جدید ایستگاه آتش نشانی پیشنهادی شد.
    کلیدواژگان: مکانیابی، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی(GIS)، ایستگاه آتش نشانی، تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP)
  • الهام قاسمی فر، سمیه ناصرپور صفحات 137-146
    پایداری دوره امواج سرد (گرم) با به همراه داشتن روزهای حدی بسیار سرد (گرم)، اثرات زیان باری بر تمامی جنبه های زندگی از جمله کشاورزیو اکولوژی دارند.یک موج گرما (سرما) یک دوره گرم (سرد) است که از چند روز تا چند هفته به طول می انجامد که به ترتیب با رطوبت بالا وبادهای سرد شدیدهمراه است و با آستانه های متفاوتی قابل تعیین است. در این مطالعه برای شناسایی رخدادهای حدی سرد (گرم) در سواحل جنوبی دریای خزر با استفاده از داده های دمای حداقل و حداکثر پنج ایستگاه دارای کامل ترین آمار طی دوره مطالعاتی 2010-1961، امواج سرد با صدک 02/0 ام و امواج گرم با صدک98/0 ام شناسایی شد و در ادامه چند موج سرد و گرم که شدت بالایی داشتند انتخاب و نقشه های مرکب (فشار سطح دریا و تراز 500 هکتوپاسکال) فراگیر آن با استفاده از نرم افزار Grads ترسیم و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد روند تغییرات دما برای دمای حداقل مثبت بوده و برای دمای حداکثر در بیشتر ایستگاه ها با کاهش همراه بوده است. در سال های 1963، 1964، 1969، 1972، 1973، 1989، 1991و سال 2008 موج های سرد به حداکثر فراوانی خود در هر 5 ایستگاه رسیده و تداوم آن ها در سال های 1972 و 1964 بسیار بالا بوده است. در سال های 1962، 1966، 1980، 1983، 2000 ،2009 و2010 موج های گرم حداکثر فراوانی را داشته اند و پایداری آنها (تعداد روز) در سال های 1966و 1971 نسبت به دیگر سال های مورد مطالعه بیشتر بوده است. ایستگاه رامسر برای امواج سرد و همچنین گرم بالاترین فراوانی را داشته است. ایستگاه گرگان کمترین فراوانی موج گرم و ایستگاه های انزلی و رشت کمترین فراوانی موج سرد را ثبت نموده اند. سه مرکز پرفشار اروپای شرقی، سیبری، پرفشار کوه های آلپ وکم فشار اورال با مرکزیت روی جلگه سیبری غربی موج های سرد حدی را رقم زده اند. مرکز فشار کم عربستان، پاکستان و خلیج فارس در مواقع حدی خود ایجاد کننده اصلی موج گرم ناحیه مورد مطالعه بوده است.
    کلیدواژگان: امواج گرما، امواج سرما، Grads، تحلیل سینوپتیک، سواحل جنوبی دریای خزر
  • محمدرحیم رهنماء، محمد اجزاشکوهی، بهنام عطا صفحات 147-160
    توجه به توسعه فیزیکی شهری پایدار، به عنوان یک ضرورت اساسی در برنامه های توسعه ی شهری، حاکی از اهمیت این موضوع در تقویت جبهه های فرهنگی، اجتماعی و کالبدی شهر می باشد. تغییرات پوشش سرزمین و توسعه شهرها سبب تخریب زیستگاه های طبیعی و کاهش تنوع زیستی شده است، یکی از روش های مورد استفاده برنامه ریزان جهت کنترل روند تغییرات پوشش سرزمین و کاربری اراضی، مدل سازی می باشد. این مطالعه با هدف مدل سازی تغییرات کاربری اراضی شهر گنبدکاووس با استفاده از LCM انجام شد. آشکارسازی تغییرات کاربری اراضی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره لندست متعلق به سال های 1366، 1379، 1389 و 1393 انجام شد. مدل سازی نیروی انتقال با استفاده از پرسپترون چندلایه شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و 10 متغیر انجام پذیرفت. سپس با استفاده از مدل پیش بینی سخت و دوره واسنجی 1366 تا 1379 مدل سازی برای سال 1389 صورت گرفت و برای ارزیابی با نقشه واقعیت زمینی سال 1389 مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت، در پایان نیز با استفاده از دوره واسنجی 1379 تا 1389 پوشش سرزمین سال 1404 ،1419 و 1429پیش بینی شد. نتایج نشان می دهد در کل دوره مورد مطالعه به ترتیب 32/2858 کاربری شهری و 47/1106 اراضی آبی افزایش داشته و همچنین به ترتیب 77/2331 اراضی بایر و 5/2135 هکتار از وسعت اراضی دیم کاسته شده است. نتایج مدل سازی نیروی انتقال در اکثر زیرمدل ها صحت بالایی را نشان می دهد. نتایج مدل سازی با استفاده از زنجیره های مارکوف نشان داد که در سال های آتی شهر گنبدکاووس توسعه شدیدی خواهد داشت و اغلب به سمت شرق و جنوب خواهد بود، همچنین توسعه در سمت شمال و غرب نیز وجود دارد که در صورت عدم توجه باعث توسعه حاشیه نشینی خواهد شد.
    کلیدواژگان: مدل سازی تغییرات کاربری اراضی، LCM، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، گنبدکاووس
  • رضا برنا صفحات 161-175
    مکان یابی مناطق صنعتی با در نظر گرفتن پیامدهای اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی، یک فاکتور کلیدی در برنامه ریزی های منطقه ای می باشد. مکان مناسب برای استقرار صنایع به دامنه وسیعی از معیارها توجه داشته و فواید اقتصادی و اجتماعی را با پایداری زیست محیطی هماهنگ و همراه می نماید. این تحقیق از نوع کاربردی است که با روش تصمیم گیری چندمعیاره در محیط سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی انجام می شود. لایه های اطلاعاتی مورد استفاده در این تحقیق مشتمل بر لایه های بارش، سرعت باد، خاک، کاربری اراضی، ارتفاع، شبکه آبراهه، مناطق حفاظت شده،مراکز صنعتی، شبکه راه ها و شهرها می باشد. در این تحقیق برای مکان یابی مناطق مناسب جهت احداث صنایع از معیارهای اقلیم، عوامل طبیعی، عوامل زیست محیطی و عوامل اقتصادی- اجتماعی استفاده و پسازتعیینفاکتورهای موثردر مکان یابی صنایع؛ با انجام مدل سازی و تجزیه و تحلیل داده های فضایی به کمک نرم افزار GIS به تهیه نقشه های فاکتورهای موثر در مکان یابی صنایع پرداخته شد. پس از وزن دهی لایه ها بر اساس مدل AHP،و بهره گیری از نرم افزار EC2000، از قابلیت های نرم افزار GIS به منظور تلفیق و هم پوشانی نقشه ها استفاده شد، و در نهایت نقشه مکان یابی صنایع تهیه گردید. نتایجپژوهش نشانمی دهدکه مناطق مجاز جهت مکان یابی صنایع در طبقه عالی، با مساحتی بالغ بر 5/1566973هکتار از اراضی منطقه مطالعاتی رابه خوداختصاصداده،اینمناطقاکثرادر قسمت جنوبی، جنوب غربی، شمالی، غرب و شرق و مرکز استان خوزستانقرار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: مکان یابی، صنایع، AHP، GIS، استان خوزستان
  • پوریا خرازی، محمدرضا یزدانی، هایده آرا، پیام خزائل پور صفحات 177-185
    با توجه به فصلی بودن آبراهه ها در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک و انتقال آب سطحی به زیر سطح زمین استفاده از سازه هایی که کنترل و ذخیره کننده جریان برای فصول کم باران سال باشد ضروری است. به دلیل پرهزینه و زمانبر بودن مکانیابی سد زیرزمینی، استفاده از تکنیک های سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی همراه با فرایندهای تصمیم گیری به عنوان یکی از ابزارهای کاربردی در این مطالعات محسوب می گردد. سدهای زیرزمینی سازه هایی هستند که در مسیر جریان آب زیرزمینی ساخته شده و باعث بالا آمدن و ذخیره آب در مخزن خود می شوند. منطقه مورد مطالعه بخشی از حوضه آبخیز دشت کویر است که در شمال غرب استان سمنان واقع شده است. هدف از این مطالعه تعیین محل مناسب احداث سد زیرزمینی با استفاده از تلفیق و امتیازدهی به لایه ها در محیط نرم افزارسیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی به منظور تغذیه و کنترل آب های زیرزمینی در بخشی از حوضه آبخیز دشت کویر برای حفظ منابع آب در فصول کم باران می باشد. دراین تحقیق به منظور اولویت بندی مکان های مناسب جهت احداث سدهای زیرزمینی،ازروش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی استفاده گردید که با در نظر گرفتن معیارهای ارزیابی، شش مکان مناسب جهت احداث سد زیرزمینی در مرحله دوم مکانیابی مشخص شد. در مرحله پایانی به علت نظرات و عقاید مختلف کارشناسان و برای تامین نظرات و خواسته های تمامی گروه های دخیل در این امر 5 سناریو برای وزندهی و ارزش گذاری معیارهای اصلی تعریف شد که طی این پنج سناریو وزن نهایی برای هر یک از 6 محور محاسبه شد. نتایج بدست آمده، نشان داد که مناطق جنوبی دشت دارای پتانسیل خوبی برای احداث سدهای زیرزمینی می باشد.
    کلیدواژگان: اولویت بندی، سد زیرسطحی، سیستم پشتیبان تصمیم گیری، سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی
  • فخرالدین شیخی، ذبیح الله مسعودی نیا، مهدی غلامعلی فرد، محسن میرزایی، رسول موسوی بیدله صفحات 187-199
    اطلاعات در زمینه باستان شناسی و پراکنش نقاط باستانی به جهت امکان تجزیه و تحلیل جوامع گذشته و آثار برجای مانده از آنها، از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار است. اما متاسفانه اطلاعات ما در مورد محوطه های باستانی و الگوی پراکنش آنها اغلب با نقص و عدم قطعیت همراه است.در مطالعه حاضر از تکنیک های آماری و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی جهت دریافت ارتباط میان متغیرهای محیطی (شامل: فاصله از چشمه ها، فاصله از رودخانه های دائمی، فاصله از قنات ها و چاه های آب، فاصله از جاده های مالرو و فاصله از قبرستان ها) که بر الگوی پراکنش جمعیت بشر در اعصار مختلف تعیین کننده و تاثیرگذار بوده اند،استفاده شده است. در میان تکنیک های آماری، توابع وزن-شاهد قادرند از دانسته ها و نادانسته های کاربر در مورد وقوع یک پدیده (مکان و محوطه های باستانی) استفاده نماید و با پردازش فرضیات از روی دانسته ها و محدود کردن فرضیه ها در مواردی که دانش دقیق وجود ندارد و در نهایت ترکیب وزنی ورودی ها، نقص اطلاعات را در نتایج نهایی نمایش دهد. برای ارزیابی صحت مدلسازی از آماره ROC استفاده شده است و نتایج تحقیق نشاندهنده توانایی بالای این مدل در پیش بینی پهنه های مساعد مکان ها و محوطه های باستانی شناخته نشده در شهرستان های بروجن و لردگان استان چهارمحال و بختیاری بوده است (89/0=ROC). این رویکرد بعنوان راهکاری مناسب جهت تصمیم گیری و مدیریت در زمینه پژوهش های باستان شناسی است و از نتایج این تحقیق می توان جهت مدیریت و برنامه ریزی بررسی ها و کاوش های باستان شناسی، اولویت بندی پهنه های مستعد موجود از لحاظ اهمیت باستانی و در نهایت صرفه جویی در هزینه های زمانی و اقتصادی استفاده نمود.
    کلیدواژگان: توابع وزن شاهد، تئوری دمپستر شیفر، مدلسازی باستان شناسی، بروجن و لردگان
  • احسان یاری، وحید عبدعلی پور صفحات 201-219
    مقاله حاضر با هدف بررسی چرایی ناتوانی کشورهای عربی حوزه خلیج فارس در دست یابی به یک راه حل جامع و کامل برای پایان بخشیدن به اختلافات ارضی و مرزی نوشته شده است. گرچه کشورهای عربی این حوزه در دهه های گذشته گام هایی جدی برای پایان بخشیدن به این اختلافات برداشته اند، اما این اقدامات موثر نبوده و ویژگی اختلافات ارضی و مرزی در این منطقه پایداری آنهاست. این واقعیت معلول عوامل چندی، از جمله تحمیلی بودن مرزها، کشف نفت و منابع انرژی، موقعیت استراتژیک برخی مناطق یا جزایر، تمایلات توسعه طلبانه دولت های منطقه در قبال یکدیگر، دخالت قدرت های فرا منطقه ای و... می باشد. استدلال اصلی این مقاله آن است که از بین عوامل مذکور، دو عامل تمایلات توسعه طلبانه کشورهای منطقه در قبال یکدیگر و موقعیت استراتژیک مناطق مورد مناقشه، نقش محوری را در ایجاد بن بست اختلافات مرزی در منطقه ایفا می کنند و تا زمانی که رقابت های توسعه طلبانه و منافع حاصله از موقعیت استراتژیک مناطق مورد مناقشه برای دولت ها همچنان پررنگ باشد، نمی توان امیدی به بهبود کامل اختلافات ارضی و مرزی در منطقه داشت.
    کلیدواژگان: مرز، اختلافات مرزی، کشورهای عربی، خلیج فارس، توسعه طلبی
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  • Javad Sadidi, Saiedeh Sahebi Vayghan, Hani Rezaiyan Pages 5-16
    Introduction
    During the recent years, advances in data collection and management technology, have led to create very large databases. In contrast to other data such as numbers and strings, raster data are considered as complicated and contain special characteristics so that they are classified as “big data”. Due to the nature of spatial analysis queries, the need arises to aggregate or Summarize a large portions of the data to be analyzed. The main issue in the database era is the efficient query processing so that users do not spend long time for retrieving the requests. Traditional query processes return exact answers, however, the answers take more time than what is needed in real time systems. It notable that sometimes the query running time is much more important rather than the accuracy, specially, in real time services.
    AQP (Approximate Query Processing) is an alternative method for query processing in time – consuming environments that enables the system to provide fast approximated answers. One of the most significant applications of AQP is query optimization. AQP may play a valuable role to increase the speed of spatial queries facing robust and complicated data. It is also an efficient method for recognizing the needed data and subsequently, minimizing the cost of aggregation queries. Since 1980s, utilizing the approximation methods have been initiated for decision support systems. Also, AQP has been noticed to address some problems in database era during the past decade. The current technics in various research frontiers are only useful for relational database systems (Azevedo, et al., 2007(. The main idea behind in-database processing is elimination of big data sets transmission to disjointed programs. Since, in-database processing that all analysis are implemented into database, it offers fast implementation, scalability and security. Hence, In-Database processing improves the computer network productivity and participates in well-suited designing of fast response queries.
    Methodology
    The current research aims to compare traditional and optimized Sum aggregation operation to decrease the running time of spatial queries into PostgreSQL database. To undertake the research, 60 precipitation rasters have been used. The study area is located in Lorestan province and precipitation gauging stations were used as primary data. Rasters data have been created from monthly precipitation data for the period of 2010-2014 using Krigging interpolation method and entered into PostgreSQL database using Raster2pgSQl extension. In the following, rasters pixels are stored into their related tables. In optimized aggregation method, firstly, raster data are clustered by the written similarity function. The used functions have been written by PL/pgSQL language in PostGIS. The execution steps of Sum function are as the following: creating the similarity function, performing the function, running the optimized query and consequently, resulting the approximated query respectively.
    Subsequently, one raster is selected from each cluster and it is multiplied by the number of rasters belong to the given cluster. The resulted raster is entered to Sum function as the representative of the cluster. In each cluster, the number of implemented arithmetic operations is reduced as the following formula: (number of rasters in the cluster-1) *rows*columns of the given raster). Using the mentioned method, the number of arithmetic operations are significantly reduced and prepares the fast approximate answers. Finally, for accuracy assessment, the error of each method was approximated by calculating mean relative error, DI (difference indicator) error and relative error for each raster. Finally, the achieved results were analyzed.
    It is mentionable that the user may make a decision whether the resulted accuracy is acceptable for a particular project or an exact query has to be executed.
    Results And Discussion
    In this research to compare the traditional and optimized Sum function, five scenarios have been implemented. The results show that the optimized Sum function is 27.2 times faster than the traditional function. The average difference of pixel values between the traditional and optimized one is 0.028. Consequently, the query running time for the optimized and traditional Sum is 7.754 and 211 seconds respectively, which implies the efficiency of the used method (optimized Sum).
    It is notable that the accuracy of the optimized method depends on the nature and homogeneity or heterogeneity of the used rasters.
    The valuable decreasing of the in-database spatial query running time may be used to offer real time web-based services such as meteorology, traffic and etc., which need to real time analysis and fast retrieving responses.
    Keywords: Aggregation optimization, Approximate Query Processing, In-Database processing, raster analyses, Sum
  • Seyyed Mohsen Musavi Pages 17-28
    Today, ubiquitous Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has been growing to become the recent generation of GIS. In this generation of GIS, servicing capabilities to any user, at any time, in any location, using any device, and in any condition are provided. Advances in Information Technology (IT) industry have led to the advent of low-cost three dimensional data acquisition technologies (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) that changes the approaches of current generation of GIS. One of the important matter in different generation of GIS is 3D spatial relations extraction. 3D topological extraction used more in GIS, is done based on the data models in different generation of GIS. There are some deficiencies and limitations in current data models such as lack of high interoperability between the user and the environment, lack of visualizing 3D objects relationships with each other and inconsistency between 3D objects and their primitives, while in ubiquitous generation of GIS by using different sensors and infrastructures in the environment these deficiencies are improved. In this article for extracting 3D topological relations in current GIS data models, the methodology of object-oriented procedure and simulation of different objects like sphere and pyramid are done. By the way, for the ubiquitous generation of GIS, by using smart Kinect sensor, extraction of 3D topological relations is done for a building prototype. Information Technology (IT) has faced a change in its earliest style of merely making an interaction between the users and the environment within a computer. Nowadays, a new era has arrived at which people can communicate with their environment through embedded sensors on the basis of ubiquitous computing. With the advent of novel technologies of three dimensional information acquisition from the environment, a revolution in the ubiquitous computing has occurred which remarkably broadens its capabilities. One of these technologies is the use of Microsoft Kinect smart sensor to acquire the depth information in any location and at any time. One of the requirements of Ubiquitous GIS is the use of these sensors capabilities in the extraction of spatial relations that empower us with some spatial analysis. The purpose of this article is the comparison of approaches to extract 3D topological relations based on the data models used in different generations of GIS. The use of an appropriate spatial data model for ubiquitous computing makes the extraction of spatial relations at any time and in any location possible as a service for the users. Topological relations are considered an important property of spatial objects, and are fundamental to spatial analyses and query-based processing. As the information collected by Kinect is in the form of 3D point clouds, the extraction of three dimensional topological relations is feasible. The spatial analyses describe the topological relations based on some predefined models which are generated at the same time with the process of modeling the objects. In this study, based on a ubiquitous data model and using Kinect as a sensor utilized in ubiquitous computing to enhance the interactivity between users and the environment and to acquire 3D information and to extract topological relations. The proposed data model, termed Ubiquitous GIS Data Model (UGDM), is able to support various spatial relations in a metric or non-metric manner. UGDM well supports various spatial relations, including directional, distance-based, projection, and topological relations. The extraction of eight topological relations via different sensors is among the capabilities of this data model. The results of this article for provided data indicates the difference between the generations of GIS to extract topological relations, and more interaction between user and environment in ubiquitous generation of GIS by different sensors. The extraction of spatial relations between objects provides us with substantial information about their surrounding environment. Directional, distance based and also topological relations are some instances of spatial relations. The used methodology in this paper according to the ubiquitous GIS generation starts with the acquisition of information in the form of point clouds. Then topological information like algebraic topology and point set topology are extracted. Providing a ubiquitous data model for extracting 3D topological relations based on different sensors and infrastructure enhances the interaction between the user and the environment. This capability in the presented data model shows the lack of interoperability in the current data models. Providing a language for presented data model in this article is the paper future goal.
    Keywords: GIS different generations, Ubiquitous GIS, object-oriented modelling, 3D topological relations, Kinect
  • Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Salimeh Abdolah Abadei, Khalil Valizadeh Kamran Pages 29-41
    Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) is one of the main geographical data models which form the basis of the different spatial analysis. DEM is known as fundamental data in for many modeling tasks. Nowadays, the results validation of GIS spatial analyzes, has become a major challenge in the world of GIS .The quality of a DEMis dependent upon a number of interrelated factors, including the methods of data acquisition, the nature of the input data, and the methods employed in generating the DEMs.Analysis of uncertainty in different fields, due to data quality and related issues such as error, uncertainty models, errors propagation, errors elimination and uncertainties in the data, are felt more than any other times. Of all these factors, data acquisition is the most critical one. Previous studies on DEM data acquisition have focused either on examination of generation method(s), or on case studies of accuracy testing. These studies are not adequate, however, for the purpose of understanding uncertainty (an indicator used to approximate the discrepancy between geographic data and the geographic reality that these data intend to represent) associated with DEM data and the propagation of this uncertainty through GIS based analyses. The development of strategies for identifying, quantifying, tracking, reducing, visualizing, and reporting uncertainty in DEM data are called for by the GIS community.
    In order to apply uncertainty analysis on DEMs this study aimed to evaluate the error rate and uncertainty of elevation data obtained from SRTM and ASTER satellites. The objectives of this study are: (1) to understand the sources and reasons for uncertainty in DEMs produced by cartographic digitizing; (2) to develop methods for quantifying the uncertainty of DEMs using distributional measures and (3) to measure the uncertainty associated with DEMs and minimize the chances of error by manse of optimizing models. Quantifying uncertainty in DEMs requires comparison of the original elevations (e.g. elevations read from topographic maps) with the elevations in a DEM surface. Such a comparison results in height differences (or residuals) at the tested points to analysis the pattern of deviation between two sets of elevation data, conventional ways are to yield statistical expressions of the accuracy, such as the root mean square error, standard deviation, and mean. In fact, all statistical measures that are effective for describing a frequency distribution, including central tendency and dispersion measures, may be used, as long as various assumptions for specific methods are satisfied. Our research methodology includes several steps. The first step causing the statistical indices ME, STD and RMSE, the error rate of DTMs ​​ for obtaining the chances of error in ach model. It has to be mentioned that the main attraction of the RMSE lies in its easy computation and straightforward concept. However, this index is essentially a single global measure of deviations, thus incapable of accounting for spatial variation of errors over the interpolated surface. In order to obtain more accurate results, then uncertainty of data errors was also simulated by Monte Carlo method and error propagation pattern was extracted by interpolation of results.
    The results of this step show that, the DEM derived from pair stereo ASTER despite having better spatial resolution, included more errors and practically lacking the details of DTM 30 meters. Finally, removing the error propagation pattern from DEMs, the secondary DEM was produced. By recalculating indicators describing the error and comparing these values with the initial values, the results indicate that, both DEMs show more accuracy after eliminating the error propagation pattern. TPI Index was used to determine the location of basin topography and the basin is divided into 6 classes and error rate in each class was calculated before and after the simulation. The results showed that, the error rates in all classes before and after the simulation in both DEMs were reduced. In terms of uncertainty analysis methods for DEMs, results of our research indicated that the RMSE methods alone is not sufficient for quantifying DEM uncertainty, because this measure rarely addresses the issue of distributional accuracy. To fully understand and quantify the DEM uncertainty, spatial accuracy measures, such accuracy surfaces, indices for spatial autocorrelation, and variograms, should be used results also indicated that Monet Carlo simulation is indeed sufficient methods for simulation error in DEMs. Results of this research are great of important for uncertainty analysis in domain of Geosciences and can be used for improving the accuracy of modeling in variety of applications.
    Keywords: Uncertainty analysis, Digital Elevation Model, Aster, SRTM, Garm Chay
  • Seyyed Keramat Hashemi-Ana, Mahmud Khosravi, Taghi Tavousi, Hamid Nazaripour Pages 43-58
    Introduction
    Precipitation is one of the vital climatic parameter, that plays a major role in human life.thereforethe impact of Precipitation in occurrence or non-occurrence of droughts and dry spells have been very effective.Identification and extraction length of dry spells in arid and semi-arid regions is very important. According to the most recent climate classification that has done, about 90 percent area of Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climate and more than 40 percent area of Iran is facing a severe water crisis.Therefore, understanding the behavioral mechanisms of dry spells have a great significance in arid and semi-arid Area, like country of Iran. Especially with the pose of the phenomenon of climate change that caused the worsening dryness and desertification in some of the region.Many research simulated dry spells with climate change approach and use of the output of AOGCM models. Researches in this category is less number, but the most recent research has been done by the authors(hashmy titles et al., 2015), investegation and modeling length dry spells in the southwest area of Iran.The aim of this research is examined,Validation of AOGCMs Capabilities for Simulation Length of Dry Spells under the Climate Change and Uncertainty in Iran
    Materials and Methods
    According to aim this research we used two database in this study: The first database involves collecting and analyzing information data base all (minimum temperature, maximum temperature, rainfall and sunshine) per dayly scale in 234 synoptic stations (with different statistical period), but the format for the data station and point during the period of statistical modeling was needed for more than 30 years, which has a large statistical defects were excluded, and finally 45 synoptic stations that have favorable conditions (the maximum area coverage and data continuous and reliable) who were selected for the final processing of the data first base. According that during the period is not uniform; therefore the period 1981-2010 was used as the base period. The second database contains data provided by version 5 models (LARS-WG) and on emissions scenarios (B1, A1B, A2) from AOGCM models for the decade 2050 to be downscaled. In fact, this data is the first data base (minimum temperature, maximum, precipitation and sunshine) prepare based on the format models for analysis and predict climate change, after downscale it.
    Because this study was based on study and extraction length of dry spells in the range of long-term with approach of climate change, so the methodology based on several stages: In the first verification (validation) of LARS-WG, to ensure efficiency in the process model simulation will be discussed. Then assessment performance and capabilities 15 AOGCM models that in the new version Lars-wg. At the end of the precipitation threshold is defined and extract longest of length dry spells and compare it with the maximum length of the dry spells will be simulated.
    Results and Discussion
    After calibrating the model of statistical properties (comparison tests T, F and Pvalue (decision criteria), all stations were used to confirmed the validity of the model. The results of this calibration indicates that in more than 96% of stations for the minimum and maximum temperature, and sunshine model show high accuracy (in Dezful stations and Gorgan results of error was greater). In all of these stations were like Abadan station variables significant (P-value) at /05. It is acceptable that the data generated is random. Considering the bias error more than 95 percent of stations were very good agreement between the observed and modelling data (for every 4 variables).
    Based on the the principles of (1 to 3), and using statistical methods and indicators, the AOGCM models to simulate and extraction during dry spells were examined and it was found that two models (Hadcm3 and GFDL-CM2.1) maximum performance (correlation) and the lowest error in estimating for simulation data precipitation. The model (INM-CM3 and NCPCM) have least amount of correlation and efficiency.
    To estimate the maximum length of dry spells used Hadcm3 results under scenario (A2 and B1) for the decade 2050 and was skipped use the results of other models in this research.
    Maximum dry spells in Iran, compliance with drynes condation in central and eastern areas. So that the country could be on the threshold of ./1 mm divided into 6 orbital region of the northern circuit during the period of 37 days (in the Rasht station) minimum and 351-day observation period southeastern Chabahar stations. The values show that the threshold of ./1 mm at more than 65 percent of the area’s dry spells over 7 months there was no rain on them yet. With a threshold of 5 mm needs maximum length of dry spells that lasted about a year with 364 days in Yazd station. That is roughly the size of 5 mm precipitation a year not registered at this station.
    Conclusion
    Modeling dry periods with calculate scenarios of climate change and the Considering Uncertainty resources of output models (AOGCM), showed that the worst-case scenario (A2), and critical status (2080), the average temperature of the country 2.7 degree (ºC) and Despite increased precipitation in some Stations, but 33% reduction in the all area of Iran. According to The most optimistic (B1) scenarios, increased the average of temperature 1.4 (ºC) and precipitation is Reduced 14% compared with the observation. The results of the uncertainty for dry Spells in 2050 and 2080 decades showed that in the two decades based on three scenarios (B1, A1B, A2), Length of Dry spells increased in all Area of Iran.Most of the changes in Length of Dry spells is, belongs the northwest Area of Iran (Oromeyeh, Khoy, Kermanshah, Hamedan and Lorestan).
    Keywords: Climate change, Dry spells, Validation of AOGCMs, Uncertainty, Iran
  • Navid Houshangi, Ali Asghar Alesheikh Pages 59-70
    Introduction
    Disasters such as earthquakes always been a serious threat to human life in urban environments.
    Peoples has always sought to reduce the financial and human damage is caused by such disasters.
    Large scale earthquakes and rapid changes in the environment makes the people unable to deliver the optimal solution to save lives and minimize damage.The earthquake has destroyed streets, roads and other infrastructures, alsomakes fire. Fires which is started by earthquake destroys homes in the city.During different period of time, earthquake damage on Iranian society in social and economic fields is clear, therefore, dealing with the crisis in the form of a proper management and optimization is absolutely necessary.Always complicates access to the earthquake-stricken areas, is along with the difficulty of the rescue operation.Management structures can only overcome the prevailing political situation in these difficult circumstances that the acceptable level of cohesion and flexibility are paramount.The importance of intelligent systems that can help rescue the human species that kills more people will be saved, is clear.
    Materials and Methods
    Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a new approach to development of simulation tools for complex phenomena in different areas such as natural disasters, biological studies, and with earthquake rescue. This paper presents a simulation system for the search and rescue (SAR) operation using Geospatial Information System (GIS), multi-agent systems (MAS) and the concept of integration for dynamic task allocation.
    Due to the flexibility of the agent based systems and the possibility of combining space and time, MASs can be a powerful tool in the simulation of rescue operations and strategic management issues. These systems can simulate all factors in earthquakes such as people, robots, helicopters, and vehicles to communicate and cooperate with each other due to solve the distributed problems.
    In several studies, the high capability of using agent-based modeling structures to model human behavior as a part of an environment due to coordinate the rescue operation is referenced.The use of the base agent-based modeling and the possibility of combining flexibility with respect to location and time of the simulation can be a powerful tool in their search and rescue operations and strategic management issues.There are many reasons to use multi-agent systems to manage the crisis.Multi agents systems makes it possible to simulate the demolition of buildings and homes, the fire, firefighters activities, urban infrastructure damage, injured and displaced, and the victims, so they can find optimal strategies for search and rescue operations in large-scale accidents and crisis management performance multi-factor systems used.Multi-agent systems are allowed to participate inenvironment to cooperate or compete environment. Multi-agent systems are targeted complex systems with an emphasis on the interaction between agents. They can breakcomplex systems into sub-systems and other simple factors in environments. Various studies have stated that MASspossess high potentials for natural disasters management, from rescue operation to understandthe position of injured persons.
    The main objective of this paper is to use multi-agent systems to simulation activities, increasing efficiency of rescue groups. This research tries to offer a way to find relationship between the number of search agents and rescue agents with regard to the maximum number of surviving people. This system can be used for management and decision-making before the earthquake.
    Results and Discussion
    Evaluation of developed system, took place in part of Region 3 in Tehran. The proposed system consists of three parts: 1) modeling environment and working groups with the use of GIS, analysis of the search operation by multi-factor system and visualization of results. Therefore, environment has been modeled using spatial data and the amount of space that each agent must search, is assigned for each agent. 2) Then, each of the search agents use ant colony algorithm for sequencing tasks in order to find a near-optimal solutions to look for environment. 3) The injuries that are found by search agents, are assigned to rescue agents by contract net protocol and operation is executed.
    Conclusion
    Result of this research is showed in the form of a diagram which highlights relationship between the number of search agents and release agents (according to the number of survivors, and when coordination is done). The result offers a model in finding the number of people needed for rescue operations in different parts of the city.
    Keywords: Multi-Agent Systems, Rescue operations, Coordination, Geospatial Information Systems
  • Fatemeh Jahani Cherebargh, Mehdi Akhoondzadeh Hanzaei Pages 71-81
    Aerosols are small (sub-micron to several microns) suspend particles in the solid or liquid phase in the atmosphere. The main origins of aerosols are natural and anthropogenic.
    The main origins of aerosols are natural and anthropogenic. They can be directly emitted as particles (primary aerosols) into the atmosphere namely, mineral aerosol, sea salt, volcanic eruptions, organic aerosols, industrial dust, soot, biomass burning, etc. They can also be the result of chemical reactions (secondary aerosols) namely, sulfates from biogenic gases or volcanic and nitrates from. Transportation and diffusion of aerosol particles from the source region depend on wind vector and wind strength.
    Aerosols are ever present and highly varying constituents of our atmosphere. They play roles in many physical and chemical processes that shape the composition of the atmosphere and thereby affect cloud formation, visibility, and air quality. They interact both directly and indirectly with radiation and thus affect the amount of radiative energy reaching the surface and reflected to space. The shortwave part of the radiative energy at the surface (insolation) is an important component of the surface energy budget, and a necessary input to models of land-surface processes.
    Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) is calculated by measuring light absorption at specific wavelengths of the visible spectrum. For the most widely used AOT data product, the absorption at 550 nm is the preferred wavelength for measurement (In the visible spectrum, humans perceive a light wavelength measuring 550 nm as a shade of green). AOT is a dimensionless quantity, expressing the negative logarithm of the fraction of radiation (e.g., light) that is not scattered or absorbed on a path.
    High AOT indicates a large quantity of aerosols, and thus a significant amount of absorption and scattering of radiation (i.e., light). Low AOT indicates clearer air with fewer aerosols and increased transmission of radiation.
    Increasing aerosol concentrations can thus affect global temperature and the radiation balance of the globe by reducing the amount of radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, and that reduction can result in lower air temperatures. Penetration of the large particles into the atmosphere in certain cases leads to decreasing the particles mobility and then dropping the conductivity, which will increase the electric field but aerosol measurements in the seismically active zones are more complicated due to the mosaic character of the gas emanation in the seismic zones and the uncertainty of aerosol origin in gas probes.
    Some remote sensing satellites due to their suitable temporal, spatial and spectral resolutions provide useful information of time and spatial distributions of Aerosols. This leads to create an appropriate database for statistical study of the seismo atmospheric effects. The AOD measurement is taken by the MODIS sun-synchronous instrument onboard Terra and Aqua satellites every day. The satellites provide more continuous coverage nearer to the poles but there are more gaps in the coverage the nearer the satellite is to the equator.
    AOT can be determined by implementing different methods on satellite images. But it is difficult task to achieve it, because solar lights are reflected by the atmosphere and the whole solar lights do not hit the ground. The most famous methods used to derive aerosol parameters are Dark Dense Vegetation (DDV), deep blue algorithm and SYNergy of Terra and Aqua MODIS (SYNTAM).
    SYNTAM approach can remove limitations in deriving AOT by combining data from two sensors of MODIS of TERRA and AQUA satellites and this method gives the right results. In this study SYNTAM method has been applied over a region of Iran to produce an AOT map.
    The comparison between our results and NASA AOT products for the same time and location shows a good agreement. The result of comparing NASA data and SYNTAM approach with Newton iteration algorithm for the wavelength of 0.55 µm, gives the RMSE equal to 0.253. Therefore SYNTAM could be a robust method to derive AOT map over regions without AERONET ground stations. In the next section SYNTAM method was combined with nonlinear parametric adjustment model. In this case the results are more accurate than implementation of SYNTAM method alone. The result of comparing NASA data and SYNTAM approach with nonlinear parametric adjustment model for the wavelength of 0.55 µm, gives the RMSE equal to 0.207.
    Keywords: Aerosol, AOT, Remote sensing, MODIS, SYNTAM
  • Hosein Nazmfar, Ali Eshghei Char Borj, Saide Alavi, Ali Jasaraty Pages 83-97
    Introduction
    The statistics show that the percentage of accidents in adverse climatic conditions varies from 7 to 12 percent due to the climatic and topographic conditions of the road route and its geometric shape. Our country is also considering the extent and existence of elevations and the transportation network, During its course it is exposed to various weather conditions; As every year more than 270 snowstorms and mountains of extensive and prolonged glaciers, The collapse of the massive and massive avalanches, the snowball, the slipping of the roads, Dust and sand storm and consequently disturbance in transportation network. Ardabil province has a complex climate as part of the country's terrestrial zone with its climatic highlands. Which has led to an escalation of road accidents in the province. For this reason, identification of effective climatic factors in road accidents Along with the accidental and unsafe spots of roads, it is considered important and useful. Based on this study, due to the importance of road accidents and the impact of climate phenomena in road accidents, Investigates the relationship between road accidents and climatic conditions in crashes has been located in the districts of Ardabil province during the period from 2010 to 2015. The main objective of this study was to analyze the distribution of road accidents with climate attitude using GIS and Kriging interpolation operations, In order to investigate the relationship between climatic phenomena and road accidents along with determining the hazardous points of roads in Ardabil province.
    Materialsand
    Methods
    The method of this research is descriptive-analytic of the applied type. Information on the number of crashes leading to death in the timeframe of 5 years from 2010 to 1393, it has been obtained from the Forensic Medicine and Police Department of the Ardebil province. In the present study, information was first entered in the Excel environment In the next step, by specifying the X and Y stations listed, The information entered into the GIS environment then the desired layer was extracted And using Kriging's interpolation operation A map of each of the elements and climatic factors affecting road accidents was prepared in the GIS environment. Then, to measure the correlation between road deaths and climatic factors (freezing, temperature and humidity) Pearson correlation coefficient was used.
    Discussion and
    Results
    In this study, to analyze the distribution of road deaths with a climatic approach in Ardebil province Ice, temperature and humidity indexes were used. The analysis of the crash data in the province of Ardabil indicates that Most of the accidents with 35% in the study period were in summer. And after the summer season, the highest accidents were in the spring with an abundance of 25.55%. In the fall and winter season, 24.55% and 70.7% of road accidents respectively occurred. Also, the analysis of Pearson correlation coefficient in the research indicators shows that between the ice days and the increase in road accidents leading to death with a significant level (0.05), between increasing the humidity and increasing the number of accidents leading to death resulted in a significant level (0.01). However, there is no significant relationship between the effect of temperature and the increase in road accidents leading to death.
    Conclusions
    The investigation of accidents leading to the death of Ardebil province using the GIS shows that most accidents occurred in the first 6 months of the year this is due to the smoothness of atmospheric conditions and the high traffic of vehicles on the roads. The temperature element analysis of road deaths suggests that most accidents occurred at low temperatures and the lowest crashes occurred at moderate temperatures. Analysis of the moisture element on road deaths suggests that as the humidity increases, the accident rate also increases.
    Keywords: Road accidents, Climate factors, GIS, Ardebil
  • Marzieh Mokarram, Majid Hojjati, Abdol Rassoul Zareiee Pages 99-107
    Topography is a factor controlling the spatial distribution of soil moisture, vegetation, soil salinity, soil texture and so on. It has an important role in changing the characteristics of the soil and hydrological processes. In recent years have been used the topography as an important factor for predicting the properties of soil, climate, geology, etc. According to the importance of topography to extract different information, use of satellite images with high spatial resolution seems very necessary. Digital elevation models (DEM) have become a widely used tool and product in the last 20 years. They provide a snap shot of the landscape and landscape features while also providing elevation values. They have allowed us to better visualize and interrogate topographic features. In addition to increasing the spatial resolution increase information of the digital elevation model (DEM) that is the most important issues in quantitative geomorphology. In order to increase the spatial resolution have been proposed several models. Among the models, the attraction model as the newest model has very high accuracy. The sub-pixel attraction models convert the pixel towards sub-pixels based on the fraction values in neighboring pixels that can be attracted only by central pixel. Based on this approach only a maximum of eight neighboring pixels can be selected for the attraction. In the model other pixels are supposed to be far from the central pixel to have any attraction. In this study by using sub-pixel attraction model the spatial resolution of digital elevation models (DEM) was increased (Subpixel mapping technology is a promising method of increasing the spatial resolution of the classification results derived from remote sensing imagery). The design of the algorithm is accomplished by using digital elevation model (DEM) with spatial resolution of 30 m (Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER)) and 90 m (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)). This study was carried out in the East Mount Sahand, Iran and is located at longitude of N 37° 31ó to 37° 30ó and latitude of E 45° 55ó to 45° 58ó . It is expected that using attraction model increased spatial resolution DEM. The attraction model don’t need to calibration and training similar the machine learning algorithms. So in the model reduced computing time to run of the algorithm. In attraction model scale factors of (2, 3 and 4) with two neighboring methods of touching and quadrant are applied to DEMs using Matlab software and then using RMSE (Root mean square error) determined the best model. The algorithm is evaluated using 2118 sample points that are measured by surveyors. As the result of Root mean square error (RMSE), it showed that the spatial attraction model with scale factor of (S=2 and T=2) for digital elevation model (DEM) 30m and digital elevation model (DEM) 90m gives better results compared to scale factors that are greater than 2 and also touching neighborhood method proved to be more accurate then quadrant. In fact, subtracting each pixel to more than two sub-pixels caused to decrease the accuracy of resulted DEM which makes to increase the value of root mean square error (RMSE) and showed that attraction models could not be used for S which is greater than 2. So according the results is suggested that used the model for increasing spatial resolution of DEM in the studies catchment. The comparing of digital elevation model (DEM) as inputs in the attraction models determined that digital elevation model (DEM) 30 m (root mean square error
    Keywords: Sub-pixel, Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Spatial resolution, Attraction model
  • Mohammad Baaghideh, Gholamabbas Fallah Ghalhari, Hasan Hajimohammadi, Hasan Rezaei Pages 109-122
    Introduction
    The climatic conditions of each site play an important role in the dispersion of humans, animals and plants. Therefore, any activity or planning in different economic, agricultural and industrial fields at the ground level is not feasible without the knowledge of the climate. For this reason, climatic zoning and recognition of the most important factors and factors affecting each area is one of the ways of recognizing the climatic identity of the area. Lack of knowledge of the sub-regions of the country fails to meet the economic and agricultural plans of mankind. In general, the climate of a region is the average of the weather conditions in the region. Access to the average weather conditions in a specific location requires long-term weather information.
    Data and
    Methods
    In order to obtain the correct and comprehensive knowledge of the climate of Hamedan province, climatic zoning was performed with new statistical methods such as factor analysis and cluster analysis during the 20 years period (1993-2013). For this purpose, 23 variables were selected from 8 meteorological stations. Then, using a digital elevation model, a multivariable regression was applied between the meteorological parameters and the digital elevation model. Finally, a zonal matrix with a dimension of 23 × 88 was obtained. Since the aim of this research was the climate zone of Hamadan province based on altitude, a digital elevation layer (DEM) was used with a resolution of 90 meters. In the following, for climatic zoning, a regression relationship was made between climate parameters and length, width and height of the area. To identify the climatic sub-regions of Hamedan province, the raster data obtained from the zoning were converted to point data. Then, based on the analysis of the main components, the points were analyzed by clustering method and the dominant factors were identified. In this research, the resolution of each of the pixel was 15 × 15 km and a matrix with dimensions of 23 × 88 was developed. Finally, this matrix was clustered into the MATLAB software using the Wardclustering method.
    Results And Discussion
    By studying 23 climatic elements, 5 climatic factors were identified and their maps were drawn. These factors include temperature, visibility, rainfall, thunder storm and radiation. Among these factors, the first factor with 37% of the variance of the total data has the most important role in determining the climate diversity of the province. This factor is most commonly observed in the south and southwest of the province and with moving to the north and northeast of the province, this factor is severely reduced.
    Conclusion
    According to the dendrogram, 6 climatic regions were identified and the characteristics of each separate area were investigated.
    Keywords: Climatic zoning, Hamadan Province, Factor analysis, Cluster analysis, Digital Elevation Model
  • Zeynab Aliabadi, Mahid Nastaran, Farzane Pirani, Farzane Sheikhzade Pages 123-136
    Introduction
    The deployment of every urban element in the position of the body - a particular area of the city, is subject to certain principles, rules and procedures that, if followed, will ensure the success and effectiveness of that element in the same place, otherwise there will be many problems with the occurrence he does.
    Therefore, achieving equilibrium in the spatial distribution of resources and services is the main goal of the planners. Considering the importance of locating and its position in various projects and projects, the importance of the location of the fire stations and the direct impact on its model and performance will be determined.
    Provision of fire station services requires their proper location in order to distribute them appropriately to minimize their financial and financial losses.Locating fire stations and determining the number and location of stations guarantee the safety of citizens in the event of any incident.
    Due to the high importance of the 3rd district of Isfahan among other areas of the city, attention to safety issues in this context is urgently needed. The 3rd district of Isfahan is the heart of the city which has an ancient heritage. One of the important issues facing urban management is the timely delivery of fire during a fire. Thus, there was no responsive station in this area. Therefore, the need to address the problem of locating and distributing fire stations is of great importance in urban planning. Therefore, the choice of optimal location and appropriate distribution of fire stations will be the overall goal of this study to increase the safety level.
    Materials and Methods
    The present research is a descriptive-analytic research in terms of purpose, applied research and in terms of the nature and method of the study. Part of the theoretical information was collected through library studies, the use of documents, records and reports. To understand the scope, the studies conducted by the consultant as well as field observations and observations have been used. In the analysis section, using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geospatial mapping model. In this study, at first, the criteria and the sub criteria for determining the location of the fire station were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) using Expert Choice software, and then, by digitizing the layers in the GIS, each map The layer is produced for each of the criteria, and then the layers are overlapped by applying the weights of each layer, the fire station's optimal locations are proposed.
    Results and Discussion
    Among the urban facilities, the construction of fire centers in the area due to the deployment of the old, historical and living Qaiseriyah market, and the lack of emergency exit routes and relief during the fire, as well as the existence of workshops and warehouses connected to the market It is also important that it should be added to the consequences of other incidents. Therefore, this study aimed to increase the level of safety by locating fire stations in Isfahan region 3 using AHP and location model in GIS environment.
    After normalizing the maps with the Reclassify tool, and according to the categories at this stage with the Raster Calculator tool, the sum of all generated layers multiplies the values for each layer obtained from AHP and maps the proposed locations for Fire station was created. Based on the final map (Figure 19), the most suitable optimal points for the fire station were selected based on the criteria analysis. These points of choice have the proper features, including proximity to access level 2, abandoned land, an area of 1500 square meters up, construction density and high population density in the periphery. According to (Fig. 19), three-point distances were investigated using the Euclidean Distance tool. On the other hand, according to the existing standard, for every 50,000 people we need to build a fire station; therefore, in addition to a fire station in the area, it is necessary to deploy another station. Finally, according to the aforementioned maps, by examining the intervals between the existing and proposed fire stations, the final map (Fig. 20) is based on the noninterference of the functional radii of 1200 meters of stations relative to each other; the third point as optimal The most common location of the fire station was deployed.
    Conclusion
    By studying the present situation and field observations of the fire station in Isfahan region 3, it has only one center and according to the volume of utilizations and activities of importance in the region as well as the height of the region with historic monuments at national levels And internationally, the issue of safety in the context of this region is very important. Therefore, based on the population and region level, the existing fire station does not cover the possibility of service within a 3-5 minute interval throughout the entire area. Considering that the area has organic and intact texture. Based on field observations and existing standards, residents needed urban equipment, including fire stations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to locate another fire station based on the region's requirements, standards and indicators. Therefore, effective measures in area 3 including demographic density, availability, consistent use, functional radius, building quality, size of parts, construction density, and user-friendliness were considered. Eventually, considering the 1200 meter radius, the location of the optimal fire station station was proposed on Neshat Street.
    Keywords: Localization, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Fire stations, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
  • Elham Ghasemifar, Somayeh Naserpour Pages 137-146
    Introduction
    An extreme event is an event that rarely occurred than normal condition. Extreme events, stimulate changes in natural and human systems to more than the average climatic conditions (Peterson et al, 2008). Extreme days (very hot and cold days) have impact on human and natural systems such as agricultural, ecological and etc. A heat and cold wave is a hot and cold period which lasts from a few days to a few weeks and that may be accompanied by high humidity for heat waves and extreme wind for cold waves. The impacts of heat waves that have occurred in the world are follows as: heart pains, severe shortage of water, heat stroke, rising food prices, power outages, increased natural disasters, outbreaks of insects such as mosquitoes, fire, loss of life and living organisms. Also, frost, frost damage to crops and mortality are the result of the cold waves. By far, there are many studies about this climatic events in the world which have been done for example by Panmao and Xiaohua, 2003; and Peterson et al., 2013. Many studies have confirmed that heat and cold waves are increasing and decreasing in recent year, respectively. In Oklahoma, the results of the effects of heat island after a heat wave in year of 2008 showed that heat-island at the core of the city is warmer than rural areas during the day 5/0 degrees and at night 2 degrees celcius and due to presence humidity and heat waves, higher value of heat is generated (Basara et al, 2010). Also studies about this extreme events were done by few meteorologist and climatologist researcher in Iran, for example Lashkari (2009) studied the case study of cold wave which took place over Iran in 11 to 16 December of 2003, he found that Siberian high pressure and decreased temperature are responsible for the extreme cold wave (Lashkari, 1387). By far, about cold waves and heat waves have not been studied in coastal regions of Caspian Sea. This research aim is to provide a general overview of heat and cold waves in this area.
    Methodology
    This research has studied heat and cold wave events using minimum and maximum temperature which received from Iran meteorological Organization. After sorting the data and examining them for selecting threshold, cold waves with 0.02 percentile and heat waves with 0.98 percentile were evaluated during 1961-2010 in southern costal of Caspian Sea over five stations namely Bandar E Anzali, Rasht, Ramsar, Babolsar and Gorgan. For better interpretation, wave periods, were divided into three periods fallows as: The waves of long-term (more than 6 days), medium term (3 to 6 days) and short term (less than three days).
    For synoptic analysis, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data including sea surface pressure and geopotential height at level of 500 received from the website with 2.5*2.5 resolution for an area covered from 20 to 70 N and 10 to 80E in this region. All the data were analyzed in GRADS software. Then all the results are interpreted with respect to warm and cold waves.
    Results And Discussion
    Overall, the results showed an increasing trend for minimum temperature and a decreasing trend for maximum temperature. Maximum frequency of cold wave have took placed in years: 1963, 1964, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1989, 1991 and 2008. But continuity of the waves is observable in the year of 1964 and 1972. Maximum frequency of heat wave have took placed in 1962, 1966, 1980, 1983, 2000, 2009 and 2010 while continuity of the waves have been recorded in the year of 1966 and 1971. Ramsar station has recorded maximum frequency of both cold and heat waves. Gorgan has recorded minimum frequency of heat waves while Rasht and Anzali are specified by minimum frequency of cold waves. The synoptic analysis of NCEP/NCAR sea surface pressure and geopotential height at level of 500 showed that Eastern Europe high pressure, Siberia anticyclone, Alpine mountain high pressure and Oral low pressure caused to cold waves. Arabia, Pakistan, Persian Gulf low pressure have created heat waves.
    Conclusion
    By now, research about heat and cold waves has been not done in coastal regions of Caspian Sea with maritime climate. This research addressed this waves in 1961 to 2010 period using weather stations and reanalysis data at five stations with the most comprehensive weather data. Different results were obtained for stations which linked to synoptic conditions. In addition to weather and NCEP/NCAR data, it is suggested that use of ERA-interim and satellite data such as MODIS land surface temperature which have different resolution, can be a great help in filling the gaps between stations and will improve the obtained results.
    Keywords: Heat, cold waves, Grads, Synoptic Analysis. Southern costal of Caspian Sea
  • Mohammad Rahim Rahnama, Mohammad Ajza Shokouhi, Behnam Ata Pages 147-160
    Introduction
    Cities are always influenced by various forces and factors. With social changes, demographic displacement, economic change, and technological innovation, they are transformed. As the population grows, activity and investment are greatly expanded, and the physical system of the cities undergoes fundamental changes.Along with the rapid urbanization process, a large amount of natural lands, such as forests and wetlands, has turned into agricultural land and residential areas. Quick land use changes have had profound effects on natural and human environments. For example, agricultural development and structures lead to deforestation, soil erosion, water basin degradation, and biodiversity loss and pollution. In addition, changes in the use of agricultural land and the acceleration of urbanization have led to an increase in impenetrable levels, which has led to the development of a transport network and the accumulation of non-disturbing contaminations associated with surface runoff. Due to these great effects, the detection and anticipation of land use change has become an important topic in environmental management and land use planning.
    At their initial stagesof formation, most of the cities in Iran were established near or among thehigh-quality agricultural lands with the purpose of using high-quality soil foragriculture and then these lands were gradually buried under the cities throughvillages development and changing into cities and then development of thecities. Accordingly agricultural activities were inevitably receded to the poorlands.
    Materials and Methods
    To access fundamental maps for analysis of data and use of different methods to achieve the goal of this study, satellite images related to years 1987,2000 and 2010 are used. Topographic maps of 1:50000 scales obtained from the army geographical organization are used for geometric correction. At this stage geometric correction was performed on the images using image sensor TM of the year 2010 image - vector, were georeferenced. To perform this task, 42ground control points with appropriate distribution in road junctions, water channels and etc were used.To process data, make models and analyze output…,In this research, land cover maps produced in the years 1987 and 2014 as inputs of the LCM model were selected to analyze the changes in the region and predict land use changes in the year 1404. The LCM model requires two maps covering land belonging to different times as inputs . In this study, Gain and losses, net change, unchanged regions, Transition, from each user to another in different classes of land cover, was mapped and mapped to the model analysis section of the model.ENVI, IDRISI Selva and ARCGIS10 are used and to categorize uses most-probability-models and methods are used and finally Ca_Markov model was used to predict and calculate changes in 2025,2035 and 2045.
    Results and Discussion
    Multitemporal images used in this study were used in mapping land coverafter geometric correction. With regard to existing images and maps and the condition of the area under investigation and field visit for mapping land cover, five types of applications are discovered for land namely, residential land,irrigated land, rain-fed land, sterile lands, parks and gardens. Altogether during this time,27ys, agricultural land and residential land cover has increased and sterile land and rain-fed land cover has decreased. Agricultural lands consume a huge amount of water due to exploiting water from deep holes and land overuse that has turned rain-fed lands and sterile lands into water-fed and residential lands.
    As the table of predicting areas indicates the greatest increase about 1744/74 hectares belongs to agricultural lands and 1741/79 hectares belong to urban lands which includes: residential lands, trade centers, military areas, hospitals, higher education institutes and etc. The least change, 274/18 hectares belong to parks and gardens in and around the cities. The most decline 2261/59 hectares, is observed in sterile lands. Of the total net changes, one can conclude that urban use has increased and all land cover has become largely urbanized, as well as water lands with the rise and development of deep wells ... The need to preserve these lands from the physical development of the city in this direction is essential in order to develop the sustainable development of the city. There are many undeveloped lands in the old days, due to the lack of water and the lack of facilities that, with the advancement of agriculture, turned these lands into agricultural lands, as well as landless areas today are mostly in the suburbs or around the city, mainly because Farmers, in hopes of landing and declaring a few years away, leave the land in a state of desert, in order to become urban development, and to see huge profits, which is one of the most important issues in our country, and many offenses in This is the case where the city of Gonbad-Kavas is not an exception to this rule. Parks and Gardens also have a rational increase in the city, and in urban development projects, parks have been created and the size of the garden is very low in the city of Gonbad-Kavoos.
    By predicting changes in usages, it is concluded that the most change will take place in urban usages and rain-fed and sterile lands with dramatic increase and decrease respectively and with Gonbad e Kavoos population growing, some steps should be taken to develop the spatial area of the city so as to prevent destruction of fertile lands for the sake of human construction.
    Conclusion
    In this study the effect of physical expansion of Gonbad e Kavoos city on agricultural lands is investigated. Findings indicate that during 45 years around 1880 hectares of fertile farmlands surrounding the city are destroyed. The main reason behind this destruction is the horizontal expansion of the city. Hence, as one of the fundamental bases of sustainable urban development is the increase of city density, it is concluded that horizontal expansion of the city is totally in contradiction to sustainable development and it leads to more instability of the city.
    Keywords: detection, CA Markov model, Land cover, change, Satellite images, Gonbad kavoos
  • Reza Borna Pages 161-175
    Introduction
    In recent years, studies of positioning the industry as a key element in the success and survival of the industrial centers. Studies of industrial location both nationally and internationally highly regarded in the world. The identification of targets and methods for solving problems locating, is of great importance. Location of industries reduce costs and successfully used industrial units. Studies done just right location, in addition to the economic impact on the performance of industrial, social, environmental, cultural and economic area will be constructed. The regional characteristics as well as key factors in determining where the problems are located. The location of manufacturing facilities is one of the key steps is because of this decision appears in the long term and their effects on the economy, environment, social issues, etc. will show.
    Materials and Methods
    This research is an applied method of decision-making criteria is it done in the GIS environment. According to experts, the main criteria, including criteria of climate, natural factors, environmental factors and socio-economic factors are identified and sub-criteria and options for each criteria. After determining the required criteria and parameters and limits, hierarchical graph criteria were made. The test for pairwise comparison matrices criteria are compared and the weight of each criterion relative to other criteria, depending on the priority assigned to that criterion. Scoring based on expert opinion through a questionnaire applied by relevant experts. After completing the matrix of paired comparison, trees criteria in the application EC2000 is made, then the scores applied to software EC2000 and the relative weight and final weight (Overall) Priority each criterion that the sum of criteria and sub-criteria in weight options are obtained, were obtained. After calculating weight based on AHP model and provide the information layer, the software functionality was used GIS to integrate and overlay maps, and the industry was prepared location map.
    Results and Discussion
    The aim of this study was to locate industries in the province with an emphasis on environmental conditions, natural and human. The purpose of determining the criteria for site selection, standardization, weighting and finally a combination of the following criteria. After determining factors in locating industries and their role in locating, and modeling and analysis of spatial data in GIS mapping software industries were locating factors. The weighted effective layers in the localization industry model based on AHP, Features of GIS to integrate and overlay maps were used and the map of the location of industries. The resulting map of the importance of the fourth class (low range, mid-range, good range and excellent range) was classified. First class (low range) represents the most inappropriate places for the industry is 607,661.5 hectares (10 percent) of the land area is accounted for. The Major areas unsuitable for the industry in the privacy of protected areas, flood-prone or privacy cities. The second floor or the mid-range of the total area of 1666313 hectares, or 26 percent of the total area allocated to Permitted to locate industries in class IV (the highest), with an area of over 1,566,973.5 hectares of area studies devoted to these areas, mostly in the South, Southwest, North, West and East and the provincial capital of Khuzestan have. It is recommended: 1. to evaluate the MCDM other methods for locating the industry in the study area should be used. 2. According to the environmental crisis and the need to harness the establishment of industries in the province of Khuzestan, it is recommended that industries are deployed in industries with low pollution.3. In order to enhance the accuracy of suitable sites for the establishment of industries, more accurate base maps must be provided by the respective agencies. 4. The use of geographical information system for locating industries will be achieved once the required location data and descriptive accuracy are required. It is necessary to manage the location of the zones studied, spatial database that city (location) are met, all maps, statistics and other descriptive information seamlessly stored and made available to all municipal managers to decide is the right decision.
    Conclusion
    Industries locate in Khuzestan province, the most appropriate place for the establishment of industries in the South, Southwest, North, West and East and Central became known. The optimal areas for the construction industry were identified in different cities. These areas have been determined by taking into account a series of factors, which divides the space into different layers of information in the model were analyzed. The accuracy of the information greatly affects precision basic information and selection criteria which are used in various stages of research. Major areas unsuitable for the industry in the privacy of protected areas, flood-prone or privacy cities. the findings of this study, the ability of geographic information systems (GIS) in environmental modeling and planning help and combining quantitative and qualitative criteria with different scales show. According to the capabilities of these systems in spatial data modeling have generalized information, build new models and test different methods respectively. Using AHP model and according to different parts of the region were able to prioritize the construction industry. This dramatically help planners to better decisions to be based on spatial data. Of course, what criteria should be used more and more accurate, better results can be expected.
    Keywords: Localization, Industry, AHP, GIS, Khuzestan Province
  • Pouria Kharazi, Mohammad Reza Yazdani, Haideh Ara, Payam Khazaealpour Pages 177-185
    Introduction
    Problem related to water scarcity has always been one of the most important issues to be considered in arid and semi-arid regions. Due to the seasonality of surface water drainages and subsurface structures in these regions, it is necessary to use structures which control and store the water flow in order to use during arid seasons. One of these types of structures is underground dam to control the flow of water in the subsurface.
    In semiarid and arid areas in which desert are progressing, exploitation of water has been focused on underground surface water resources having the trouble of stability. In semiarid and arid areas in which desert are progressing, exploitation of water has been focused on underground surface water resources having the trouble of stability (Ouerdachi, L., et al., 2012). These conditions require the use of surface and underground short dams for exploiting water in developing countries with arid weather situations. At present, these kinds of structures have been desirably featured in terms of both implication and efficacy in performance (Nilsson 1986, Cavalcanti, N.B., 2001).
    Materials And Methods
    The area studied being part of Semnan province and its surroundings are 216467 hectare in width which geographically have the coordinates of 53D 81M to 53D 15M eastern length and 35D 13M to 35D 85M northern width. Evaluation of station climes studied by both Domarten and Amberje indicates that the studied span has a semi dry-cold climate at heights reaching cold-arid climate where lower-height areas exist. The situation of considered area is shown by Figure 1. With respect to climatic conditions, there are many syllabic flows throughout side hills of the area where underground dam’s establishment is a proper way to control aridity problem in arid seasons of this area. The most significant data of this study are related to topography, geology, underground water, and aqueduct resources. Software's used in this research are both expert choice to prioritize and Geography information systems to combine data.
    In this research, basic criteria of evaluation including water, pedestals, fountain, economic-social criteria have been targeted at the highest range placing indicators and incidentals criteria at other categories of AHP. Then, proper locations for underground dam establishment have been prioritized.
    Results And Discussion
    Based on Gorry and Morton method, decision-making supportive systems are either the systems capable of transporting data or computerized systems which can be used to solve our problems clearly or partly clearly known or unknown respectively (Gorry, G. A., and Morton, M.S., 1971). Decision-making supportive systems are models which receive vast majority of data and deliver many solutions specifically designed to overcome the existing problem (Klosterman, R.E., 1997). Decision support system (DSs) used in identifying proper location to underground dam establishment possess AHP mode and are used in three stages.
    Conclusion
    Considering climatic conditions over the area studied and existing stream, Underground dam establishment highly affects both performance revising and balancing act in underground water removal. Using new methods instead of traditional and time-consuming ones can highly help with saving time and cost to underground dam location-finding. In the first step of this research, presented DSs considering eliminating criteria in the area 216467 hectare in width assign suitable pedestal in each limit which is capable of potential underground dam establishment. Then, in second step, the most suitable strait in each limit is assigned to the underground dam establishment. In the latest step after weighting each main criterion at its related map and as well adding total values of map pixels together in a software called GIS, 8 locations to underground dam establishment at the second step of location-finding in fifth scenario were prioritized as follows: First scenario (weights equality of four main criteria) locations: 5, 3, 2, 4, 6, 1
    Second scenario (priority with water criterion) locations: 5, 3, 2, 6, 1, 4
    Third scenario (priority with pedestals criterion) locations: 5, 6, 4, 3, 1, 2
    Forth scenario (priority with fountain criterion) locations: 3, 6, 4, 5, 1, 2
    Fifth scenario (priority with economic-social issues) locations: 3, 1, 5, 4, 2, 6
    As shown in most scenarios, pedestals A and D mostly take first to third place. Furthermore, theses pedestals as the best ones catering for all groups’ opinion to underground dam establishment can be offered.
    Keywords: Underground dam, Analytical Hierarchy Process, Geographic Information System, Decision support system
  • Fakhraldin Shaikhi, Zabihallah Masoudinia, Mahdi Gholamalifard, Mohsen Mirzaii, Rasoul Mousavi Bidli Pages 187-199
    Research and understanding human societies past and process of changes social, economic, cultural, technological and etc , among the most important archaeological science goals , that This important through studying the works and material evidence remains, is possible. Archaeological sites as a place of activity and life of human societies past, Of particular importance are the archaeological science. Today, with field projects (search and archaeological excavations) and Study findings from these activities, the possibility of obtaining information and better understanding of these communities have been provided. The interdisciplinary nature of science of archeology has caused this science of of techniques and different sciences such as physics, chemistry, biology, geology, etc. As well as geographic information systems and statistical techniques for further information and analysis of the results of field work, benefit.
    Although information about archaeological sites and their distribution is often associated with defects and uncertainty , but given the importance of environmental factors in locating , distribution and development of human settlements and cultures, enables researchers , to study the environment variables and natural conditions of each region and location of archaeological sites identified in the a model for understanding environmental factors affecting the locating, distribution, growth and physical development sites found . in this way by recognizing environment variables relation to archaeological sites identified where , enables us to provide a model to predict the location area which for various reasons have not been identified in the archaeological survey . accordingly, in this study, statistical techniques and GIS to get the relation between environmental variables (including distance from the spring, the distance of the permanent rivers, away from subterranean and Water wells , away from the nomadic road and away from cemeteries) that the human population distribution pattern of different ages decisive and influential have been used .
    Among the statistical techniques, weight-evidence functions have ability to understand and realize the phenomenon (archaeological sites) and assumptions with the knowledge and limiting assumptions in cases where there is not an exact knowledge, the weighted combination of inputs, and lack of information showed on the results. to assess the accuracy of modeling the ROC statistic is used (ROC=0.89).
    In the present study the geographical coordinates of 296 sites Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province that had been identified in the archaeological survey , the selection was recorded . The geographical coordinates of this sites in the software Arc map 9.3 point layer conversion and then these layers were transferred to analyze the software Idrisi Taiga. furthermore in order to review evidence and assumptions processing in accordance with charts the distance of environment variables and many archaeological sites procurement and were studied .
    the results this studi show that environment variables such as Including distance from the spring, the distance of the permanent rivers, away from subterranean and Water Wells , away from the nomadic road and away from cemeteries , on distribution kind and focus archaeological sites the in this two cires has had an impact . among these variables , variable distance from the river permanent greatest impact on establishment archaeological sites have been so that 78 percent of the locations in the distance is less than 800 meters from river . the highest potential and environmental talents to establish human societies and the existence of undiscovered archaeological sites, is In the western parts of the city Lordegan, this results on the one hand indicates the need to review and revise the results of the archaeological survey past in these areas and on the other hand focus field activities highlight in areas In areas with potential environmental .
    such research not only as an appropriate strategy for decision-making and management of archaeological research and activities , also the results of such research can be used to prioritize environmental zones are areas of potential archaeological sites , but also due to the limitations in archaeological project , the results of such research can be to prioritize environmental zones for the establishment of ancient societies and save time and reduce financial costs of archaeological used.
    Keywords: Weight-evidence functions, Dempster-Shafer Theory, archeology modeling, Lordegan, Borujen
  • Ehsan Yari, Vahid Abdalipour Pages 201-219
    Introduction
    From the ancient times, border disputes and territorial expansionism always have been existed between countries and states and they have been the main factors in creation of warfare among them. The first step to fixing boundaries was gaited in Europe by Westphalia treaty. Fixing boundaries and resolving border disputes in Europe didn’t completed even after the Second World War and continued to collapse of theSoviet Union. But in the most regions of the world such as the Persian Gulf, we can observe countless conflicts in the field of territorial and border issues. This regions from the advent of its southern margin countries, always has been the scene of many conflicts and disputes and approximately all Arab countries of this region have border disputes with each other and most of these disputes up to now have been remained stable.
    In this article, we try to answer this question that: what is the main reason of disappointment of Arab countries in the region of Persian Gulf to settlement the border disputes among them?
    2. Research
    Methodology
    The Research methodology is analytical- descriptive and in collecting the required information and data, library method is used.
    Results and Discussion
    3-1.the procedure of creating region's border
    The collapse of Turkish Empire and the decades after that, is a very important era for Middle East. What happened in these decisive decades, is the apparent sovereignty of European on the region that changed and redraw the international borders and leaded to advent of new countries.
    In the central Middle East, the intervention of European powers had the most influence on political map of the region. In the Persian Gulf, by undertaking contracts that Britain imposed on the sheikhdoms in south coast of the Persian Gulf from the early nineteenth century, the region was completely under British rule. So this colonial power in order to gain its goals, determined the region's borders.
    3-2. border- territorial disputes between Arab countries of the region
    The borders of this region consists of sea and land borders. In this writing, we stress specially on the land borders and then deliberate the discrepancies between them.
    The disputes between Saudi Arabia – Oman and Abu Dhabi about Buraimi Oasis: Buraimi Oasis include nine villages that have mixture tribal descent. By using the tribal nationalities, Abu Dhabi – Oman and Saudi Arabia could claim about the all or a part of Borimi oases. Britain in 1955 on behalf of Abu Dhabi, without obtaining the consent of Saudi Arabia appointed a mete. In 1974 united Arab emirates and Saudi Arabia compromised by 1955 ridge. The border between Oman and Abu Dhabi was drawn; so that the six villages of Buraimi remained in Abu Dhabi and three villages remained in Oman. But in 2005, the border disputes between Saudi Arabia and emirates about the borimi oases restarted again.
    Territorial disputes between Iraq and Kuwait: By the independence of Kuwait from Britain, Iraq based on that Kuwait is a part of Basra state in Turkish era, has claimed periodically the sovereignty on this sheikhdom. Iraq also has some claims about Warbah and Bubiyan islands. Indeed, the most important reasons of Iraq for attaching Kuwait to its soil, was the lack of free access of this country to the Persian Gulf. Another factor that had influence in Iraq policy toward Kuwait is accessing to oil fields.
    The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Qatar: Saudi Arabia and Qatar in 1992 have long borders disagreements. Riyadh and Doha by signing an agreement, concealed temporarily their disputes. In July 2008, Saudi Arabia and Qatar agreed to resolve the Khawr al Udayddisputes between emirates, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. But the state of United Arab Emirates besides protesting to Qatar, associated any determination of the borders in the Khawr al Udayd region to agreement of this country. The procedure of foresaid disputes has been continued practically. Saudi Arabia tries to access the Persian Gulf's coastlines in Qatar peninsula and then access to the largest in operation gas field in the world.
    The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Yemen: The first border agreement between Saudi Arabia and Yemen that is known as Taif, was signed in 1934. In 2000, Yemen state in order to reducing tensions and Saudi Arabia's interventions, signed the Jeddah agreement with Saudi Arabia and recognized Taif agreement. But the tensions between the two countries didn’t end by this agreement. Indeed, the disputes of the two countries consist of vast areas. Yemen has territorial claims about three oil rich provinces such as: Asir- Najran and Jizan that now are handled by Saudi Arabia; on the other side, the territorial claims of Saudi Arabia about Yemen is broader and include the oil rich province of Hadhramautin Yemen thatdue to standing beside Indian ocean, has strategic importance.
    The territorial disputes of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait: The disputes of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia refers to the early twentieth century and the claims of Ibn Saud about Kuwait. The last border agreement among Saudi Arabia and Kuwait happened in 2000. Iran and Iraq are opposed to this agreement. Iran protests to this agreement because this agreement virtually violated the agreement of Iran and England (Arab's foreign policy officer) in 1965. Also, by regarding to the agreement of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia about commonly use of stratum and substrate's resources in the two sides of the border, Saudi Arabia practically enters to the shared oil and gas resources between Kuwait and Iran.
    The disputes of Saudi Arabia and Iraq: In January 1991 that western allied forces by leading America attacked to Iraq from the north east of Saudi Arabia, Iraq canceled all its international contacts that were issued with Saudi Arabia from 1968. This action of Iraq consisted the border agreements of 1975 and 1981. Saudi Arabia in the summer 1991 submitted all its documents of border treaties with Iraq in the United Nations organization. While this country because of its land claims that has on the Persian Gulf's sheikhdoms in order to expansionism policy, it never likes to settlement the border disputes with them but in the case of Iraq, because the fear of Saddam expansionism, it became pioneer to recognize the past treaties.
    The disputes of Qatar and Bahrain: Mutual claims of Bahrain and Qatar toward the possession of Hawar islands is the greatest disputes that put two countries in the limen of perfect war in 1986. Finally this subject was referred to the international court of justice. This court eventually in 2001 send out its verdict about territorial disputes between the two countries. But border disputes again in 2010 was heated. In this dispute although territorial expansionism trends between the two neighbors toward some parts of each other's soil were clear, but the strategic situation of tourist islands of Hawar that have oil resources, have had the most influence in creation of disputes between the two countries.
    Conclusion
    The border and territorial disputes in the Persian Gulf in high level are being seen. The presence of European colonialists specially the British that handled the region from the early nineteenth century and appointed all the borders of the region in line with their imperialist benefits, has a great influence in creation of these disputes. After 1971 that Britain left the Persian Gulf, border and territorial disputes between the region's states started and leaded to numerous conflicts. Most of these disputes are remained up to now. There are some factors that impede consensus between the countries of the region to form an eventual and stable solution for settlement the border disputes. But the reason of this article is stressing on the two important and effective factors in this context that one of them is expansionism trend among the Arab countries in the Persian Gulf's zone and another is the strategic situation of the conflicts areas in terms of oil discovery and military situation. Saudi Arabia and Iraq and partly less, other sheikhdoms are the objective examples in this field. So, aggression of Saudi Arabia to Yemen and occupancy of Asir area, military aggression to Abu Dhabi and Oman and occupation of Borimi area, transgression to Qatar and occupation the south of this country and its territorial greed toward Kuwait are arisen from this policy. Although Saudi Arabia prefers to actualize its policy by regional convergence, but in several cases, using vigor and military force shows its powerful expansionism leanings. Also Iraq's aggression to its neighbors in Saddam era can be evaluated in the form of Baghdad's expansionism policies because of queering in geopolitical – strategic straits and economical profits such as: seizing the oil's income of Kuwait and Iran's Khuzestan. These two factors with low and high intensity can be generalized to the otherPersian Gulf's sheikhdoms.
    Keywords: Border, Border, territorial disputes, Arab countries, Persian Gulf, Expansionism