نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 64 (زمستان 1387)

This research is devoted to the development of methods for presenting instant geographical and positional information on personal computers for moving users, specially users who need to carry a comprehensive map with them to find the main paths they need. On the other hand, the user needs a small scale map in order to reach the final destination on the path.
A solution that is intended to fulfil this practical need in maps is to create a variable-scale map, so that this map changes scales continuously in order to find the user's position, and must first be set within the range of large scales.
Regarding the relations used for a variable-scale map, the explanation of characteristics of these relations are discussed.
The importance of the article and the extension of research shows that variable-scale maps have many advantages in personal computers and mobile systems such as mobile phones

Today, the unruly spread of marginal settlement is one of the major problems in urban management that can not be overlooked. Since the margin directly affects the center, the events of recent years have shown that people who have settled on the margins of metropolitan areas, in most cases migrants from smaller cities and even the neighboring countries (1), bring by their entrance into metropolises problems such as unemployment, social, cultural and other problems.
On the other hand, marginal settlement is a problem that must be solved urgently, because the problems of these types affect the city's metropolitan part as well, and significantly reduce its growth and development

Management is the art of decision making. In urban environments, which are basically complex assortments of a wide range of components and interactions, managers should display their decision-making ability on a high level. The importance of this matter will be intensified when we know that urban environments are the most vulnerable environments, particularly to natural disasters. In addition, the results of such hazards are all-encompassing and lead to human casualties and various economic and social losses. One of the most recognized threats to urban environments is the earthquake.
The frequency of earthquakes and their results, especially in areas susceptible to earthquakes, has caused urban managers feel pressed by society and policy makers to adopt effective strategies to address this issue.
These strategies can be observed in the area of policy-making and strategy-determination to create a good level of coordination and subsequently integration of resources for addressing the management of earthquake crisis, as well as in the use of various research and technologies concerning recognition of different aspects of the earthquake phenomenon and its effects. In this context, urban crisis management can be defined as an integrated combination of strategies, policies, research, and technology. In this regard, international efforts to develop macro strategies and to encourage communities to follow them in order to provide an adequate level of security and prosperity of urban life indicate the universal importance of urban crisis management, and in particular earthquakes. Since Iran, and especially Tehran, are always subject to earthquakes, this paper examines the activities carried out in connection with natural hazards of earthquakes, especially in urban environments around the world and Iran.

City is considered as one of the human-made phenomena in the environment, created with the aims of settlement, livelihood provision, social and economic relations and so on, but these are not considered as urban aims. The man has provided his own environment and has begun to live in it. Cities should be based on the role and responsibilities they have in their region, and be developed in all aspects in a manner that minimizes their negative effects. Therefore, urban planning needs to be implemented in such a way that settlements and organizational patterns and the type of human activities be looked upon as a large community. Therefore, the main goal is based on the principle that urban planning be coherent. The urban hierarchy, according to a definition, is the classification of cities located in a geographical area based on population indices and the importance of their official functions, so that they can be categorized into different groups by calculation and measurable order. As we know, urban hierarchy is uneven in many provinces of our country, and there are many differences between cities in terms of ranking according to indicators. The cities of Fars province do not have regular hierarchies, and certain causes and factors have lead these hierarchies to be problematic. In this research, the urban hierarchy of Fars province has been studied based on three different patterns, the results have been compared with each other, and its hierarchy has been determined and some strategies to improve its ranking have been presented.

According to the definition of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), the cadastre is a sorted list of information of pieces of land inside the geographic boundary of a country or a region that starts with mapping of limits of pieces of land. Furthermore, other required specifications such as property rights, land use, size and value are attached to the large scale map of the pieces and are officially recorded. Today, the advancement of informatics science in general and geomatics in particular, have transformed the old systems of cadastre and the role of surveyors in them.
Accordingly, in this paper the modified version of old cadastre system named Cadastre 2014 and the role of surveyors in this new system are defined.

A country that suffers from a lack or non-existence of national power sources will surely fail to fulfil its national security. Geography is still considered as one of the main factors, and in a sense, the most stable element of national power. The relationship between geography and strategy can be considered from two points of view.
First, it can be studied through examining opportunities and limitations that geography as an important source of national power offers in relation to the country’s strategy of national security. Second, consideration of the fact that ensuring the security of geographic space in which humans live and with which have ecological connection is very important. Consequently, sometimes geography affects national security and sometimes security affects land and geography. Therefore, determining its role and position in the process of developing a national security strategy requires correct recognition of the basic concepts related to geography and national security.

Achieving sustainable rural development is the most important goal of rural planners. On the other hand, water has been the most important factor in rural development in Iran from distant past. Water is known as the most important and limiting input of agricultural production in Iran. Due to the fact that water is considered as an important and very limited input in agriculture of the region, and due to climate constraints (consecutive droughts) and lack of water management, sustainable use of water has become a necessary requirement. Issues such as severe water and soil erosion, surface and underground water decline, excessive consumption of water in the agricultural sector and lack of appropriate infrastructure threaten the sustainable development of agriculture in the study area. Meanwhile, the region and villagers’ economy are extremely dependent on water resources of the region. In this article, by studying the subject literature, we have studied the indicators of water resources sustainability and based on these indicators, we have prepared and completed a questionnaire and information analysis; then we have studied and evaluated the sustainable status of water resources of Kuhin rural district. Therefore, in order to preserve the future of agriculture in the region, its status is evaluated and the constraints and factors of water resources instability are identified and regulations and proper management in order to eliminate these barriers are addressed. Finally, some suggestions are presented.

The development of economic support policy of Turkish governments has underscored elimination of regional inequalities in economic growth, but these policies have failed in many provinces. There are a number of major reasons for this failure. One of the main reasons for this issue is the ineffective and inconsistent implementation of programs without sufficient investment that, if major investments in development projects - either through domestic investment or, in particular, from the European Community - and efficient organization according to regional needs of the country are provided, Turkey will head towards a balanced regional economic growth.

In this paper, different methods of determining submarine position including LBL, SBL, USBL, GIB and a combination of them are presented and their advantages, disadvantages and applications of each are separately presented. Next, the proper system is presented according to the environmental conditions of the area such as depth, topography, disturbing noises, etc., and finally, according to the fact that Iran is connected to the strategic waters of the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf on the south, a suitable system for each of them is provided.

Nowadays, accelerating the production of three-dimensional (3D) maps applying new photogrammetric methods using automated technology is not completely realized. For executives and users in the implementation of various projects that have serious need of maps, the time of production of map is a matter of importance. Therefore, considering the issue raised, it is a question of whether another high-speed product can be produced that could be an appropriate alternative to certain maps and be able to meet the needs of users?

The rapid growth of urbanization and the growth of metropolitan cities in developing countries, the movement of today's and tomorrow's economy towards urban characteristics, the imposition of environmental and geographical conditions on societies, and the alignment of the world toward a unified system has led the necessity of a multifaceted science called urban management be increasingly felt. Lightning and thunderbolts are two very interesting phenomena in the face of which human beings have long been doomed, and it has not been long since they have been able, by relying on the science of electrical conduction, to save their lives and their structures from unpredictable invasions of thunderbolt. In this research, which is conducted by the secondary method, information from different sources and books is collected and classified using note-taking method. The findings of this research show that the broad dimensions of casualties and losses caused by thunderbolt necessitates extensive research in the field of optimization and immunization of cities. In this regard, in urban development plans, reducing the vulnerability of citizens and society to lightning phenomena is necessary. Therefore, for sustainable development, cities must work towards sustainability. It is according to this view that cities and citizens should be trained in ways, including crisis drills, to enhance their readiness in order to be able to deal with natural disasters (thunderbolt), and so be able to survive and grow.

Geotourism, as a subcategory of ecotourism, has, along with other tourism areas such as rural, cultural, etc., a potential for employment of a great number of related professionals. This industry can have an effective role in the economic development of the country, which is why tourism industry is considered the most important industry in the world. Of course, the idea of ​​a large number of experts and non-experts concerning tourism industry is merely recreational tourism, which is contrary to the new perspective of the subject in the world. In fact, today in many cases tourists from advanced societies are looking for science, culture, and ecological, geomorphologic and geologic attractions. It is worth noting that this industry is still not well known in Iran and potential capabilities of Iran have not yet been evaluated in this regard. With a variety of geomorphologic and geological structures, Iran has a wide variety in this regard and calls for new grounds in the field of tourism industry in the country. According to the abovementioned matters, the identification and marketing of geotourism and ecotourism phenomena in Iran in order to exploit this great potential is unavoidable.
In this article, while studying concepts and dimensions of geotourism, it is tried to discuss some of the geotourist general qualities and attractions of Iran.