نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 65 (بهار 1387)

The method discussed in this paper can help the designer to display information in a conceptual way by using computer color code, as the method of the effect of visual colors used in cartography. Principles and foundations of color and cartography are used to prepare color tables (pattern). Colors within the color tables (pattern) are coded and based on information such as display elements, which is more appropriate to the user's specialty. The application of this method leads to establishment of an optimal visual connection between user and computer display.

If tourism development policy is well planned and organized, it can be a way for the people of each country to become familiar with the way of life of other nations, as well as beliefs, customs, habits, traditions and summarily cultures and subcultures in other countries. By creating opportunities for cultural exchanges and social interactions, this process provides the ground for expanding the field of view of people and enriching their cultural experiences. In this way, the people of our country will also be able to pass on the positive cultural values ​​of them and of the Islamic revolution to the world; albeit, along with the positive cultural, social, economic and ... effects, tourism industry development can also have countless destructive and negative effects.

One of the most important inventions of humanity in the 20th century is the satellite, which is the fruit of many years of great efforts and the culmination of the technological advancement of mankind. With the development of satellites set in the orbit of the earth, it became possible to conduct high-altitude imagery, independent of political boundaries. The development of electronic systems for the production of images and other imaging techniques, such as radar and infrared images, have caused many changes in remote sensing. Today, satellites provide experts with a wealth of various information about the planet. Today's age is called the Space Age, because spatial information is an integral part of today's life. Now the Space Contest is entering a new stage in order to gain information supremacy, and almost all countries that have enjoyed the taste of utilization of ultra-atmospheric space have been encouraged to build satellites with less expensive capabilities, and countries that do not benefit from this blessing have also made the achievement of this complex human-made phenomenon a priority.

The statistical sample used in this research was the seasonal and annual temperature in Iran during the period of 35 years (1960-1995). In this regard, among 110 synoptic and climatologic stations, synoptic stations of Isfahan, Ahwaz, Bandar Anzali, Bandar Abbas, Tabriz, Khorramabad, Zahedan, Mashhad and Yazd, whose temperature data are complete during 35 years and need not to be reconstructed have been selected. The annual temperature series of selected Iranian stations were evaluated in terms of analysis of periodic variations by factor and non-factor tests. Based on series examinations, temperature series of Ahwaz, Bandar Abbas, Khorramabad and Mashhad follow the patterns of periodic changes, and the rest of the stations were without periodic variations. The series with periodic variations were analyzed and predicted by percentage change method. Considering the analysis and prediction of periodic changes in temperature of the stations, the northeastern, southern and southwestern parts of Iran have periodic changes, and the central, northern and northwest of Iran do not follow the periodic variation patterns.

Flood forecasting and warning is one of the tasks that is in the first place of importance from the point of view of preserving life and the second place in terms of maintaining property. Flood is one of the natural disasters that occurs abruptly due to excessive precipitation in an area. The causes of flood can be attributed to physical and human factors. The mountainous nature of the country and the presence of numerous flood-prone areas, as well as the devastating floods of recent years and position of residential areas in the course of floods, indicate the magnitude and importance of the subject. Nowadays, the necessity of using modern methods and creating a center for flood forecasting and warning, and the use of radar and satellite information is seriously felt. To control flood and reduce its effects, measures such as improving buildings’ resistance, environmental control and construction of barriers are effective. This paper examines the simple definition of flood and the role of meteorology in prediction of floods and its methods.
 

In this article, we will look at the new American warfare policies that daily affect the world people’s plans for their lives. Dick Cheney, the current Vice President of the United States, who leads the White House’s war-mongering policies, has introduced a new hegemony called "the soft law". Meanwhile, human societies do not feel good about this term today. It is more tangible when it can be seen that bright human attractions are buried in the dark underground trenches and are referred to in fake terms such as "soft norms". Of course, most studies and commentaries on the September 11 terrorist attacks focus on how this event happened and how everything changed at once. From another point of view, after the occurrence of this event, a new era of historical relations and rules was born, especially in post-modern geopolitics, as the event was unfortunately recorded in human history in a precise date and in an exact hour that was a landmark and very meaningful in terms of its time of occurrence .
 

Today environmental sustainability and improvement of urban environment are among the main concerns of urban experts and designers, which have become more pronounced in metropolitan areas due to complexity of spaces and functions. To solve this problem, various solutions have been suggested by experts whose implementation is not practical due to high costs. Hence, a more convenient way of resolving this problem is to create urban green space. The green space of city, which has both social and environmental efficiency, determines shape of city as a vital factor along with city's body, and it is important to develop it as a solution to the environmental problems. The construction of green space and tree planting across the city have their own standards and regulations that should be considered in their design. In this research, which is of applied type and uses descriptive-analytical method, the degree of acceptability of green space utilization in the city, per capita standards of green space in Iran and the world, existing and applicable standards in the field of tree planting, appropriate standards concerning their density and deploy, as well as rules and regulations related to their design in the urban area are studied.

The Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) of the Japan Aerospace Research Agency has prepared and published high-resolution image data map of precipitation dispersion at almost real time (about 4 hours after observation) on the Internet. The map is obtained by measurements carried out by land observation satellites, including TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission). The hourly-updated Image data also makes it possible to view animated images of precipitation dispersion over a 24-hour period. A× JA uses the data collected by the TRMM Microwave Imaging (TMI) set on the Aqua Satellite and the sensors on the Meteorology Satellite (DMSP, Defense) and other ground-based meteorological satellites. Based on rainfall spatial variation information in cloud images provided by ground-based meteorological satellites, estimating the amount of precipitation per hour using image data becomes possible. Another program of A ×J A is to use this system to predict flood, which can be very effective in reducing flood damage in developing countries and other areas, and also in predicting the occurrence of tropical cyclones (3) and measuring the amount of precipitation caused by them.

The advancement and development of computer hardware and software technologies has led the GIS to enter a new stage in its evolution. The Mobile Geographic Information System (Mobile GIS) is one of the dimensions of these advancements, which has entered various fields and has been used for various purposes due to its flexibility, its simplicity compared with traditional GIS systems, requirement of lower level of expertise and the fact of being less costly. Mobile GIS operates within a wider range of GIS technologies, wireless technologies and global positioning system technology. The system has many capabilities in various urban affairs including urban management, and can be utilized in areas such as emergency management, citizen participation, listing and maintenance of property and urban assets, security and public safety in the city and affairs related to customer service spatial issues. This article seeks to explore the applications of this system in various urban management issues while briefly introducing the Mobile GIS and its construction and architecture, as well as the importance of its application in various fields.

This paper presents an introduction of air pollution’s situation assessment in an urban area. The author uses the GIS, which combines the vehicle distribution model, pollutant release model, progress model and related data, in order to estimate the propagation and spatial distribution of traffic pollutants in the city of Taichung in Taiwan. This model can not only analyze the exact location of pollution, it can also predict emissions affected by changes in specific traffic conditions or strategic management. The results show that more CO emissions occur around areas located in the center or south of the city in Taichung, and the range of highway 1 suffer SOx, Nox and TSP pollutions more than rest of the city. Although the part of highway 1 within Taichung is not very long, it nevertheless plays a role in production of a significant portion of total suspended particulate (TSP), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) in this area. Moreover, the prediction of several hypothetical designs suggests that the main effect of advanced engines on reducing TSP emissions is more than 10%, while the average speed increase of urban road traffic may reduce CO by more than 14%.

It has been proved today that efficient urban management is not practical without utilizing up-to-date information on land uses and trends of their changes, the type and extent of activities, physical growth of the city, and so on. Hence a need for various information equipment in this regard has been developed, and the amount of up-to-date information has increased in organizations associated with urban affairs. The Global Positioning System (GPS), as one of the most important and reliable positioning technologies and the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a reference system of reception and optimal management of positional information, plays an important role in position-based analyses. The combination of these two systems provides new and comprehensive capabilities in position-based management.