نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 67 (پاییز 1387)

In order to evaluate the potential for earthquake surface fracture, a new application of highly accurate geological mapping with total electronic station is presented. This method makes it possible to detect secondary faults, which represent 30-cm-long vertical displacement that does not appear on the surface. These very small faults do not have signs and symptoms of topology, so it is likely that they will not be considered though they show the existence of faults in the range of installations and movements.
This method involves mapping of points in geological features and accurate and comprehensive analysis of computer details and field operations of abnormalities at the heights of mapped points. General abnormalities are considered at high altitudes that are mainly consisting of normal and inverted fault. However, this method can be used for longitudinal slip faults as well.
This method provides the conditions where geological data can easily be integrated into GIS and 3D analysis of details of small structure features can be achieved; field data can be analyzed in the profiles of three dimensional diagrams and in maps that are made using cartographic software.
The ability of this method to identify faults with slight displacement allows the types of metamorphism, reduction in displacement of the direction of small and divergent faults, located at the two extremities of large and ordinary faults, single-slope bends and transverse structures between faults can be determined.

The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies.
The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people.
Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.

The data center contains the most valuable spatial information and for some datacenters, such as the National Institute of Geography IGN of France), or the Ordance Survey (OS of England), or the National Imagery Mapping Agency (NIMA) of the U.S., its price is estimated to be between $4 Up to $ 12 billion. Therefore, with the importance of the information available at these data centers, undoubtedly these sites will be one of the most important targets of the hackers.
According to the announcement of the NSA, computer networks and data centers are hacked about twenty thousand times every year. It's worth noting that the NIMA site alone was attacked thirty three times in 2007, with four times the hackers succeeding to steal some of the location information they wanted.
In today's society, the Internet, computer, data center, data storage and computer networks play a vital role in all affairs and aspects of human life, especially in defense, military, political, social, economic, cultural and .... In addition to the positive and extensive features and dominance of virtual space over the objective space in most areas, there are also serious threats that target the pillars and bases of organizations in many fields. Experts working in this area believe that the more our society is going to use computers, the more the threat level increases. Meanwhile, datacenters and data storages, whose information is of high value both materially and mentally, is being stolen through computer brigands and hackers.

Soil texture and lime can be considered as amongst the most important soil characteristics, which are considered in many agricultural and environmental projects. Today, with the scientific progress and the advent of remote sensing technology, the possibility of exploiting this technology in soil science has also been provided. In this study, for the analysis of soil texture and lime in the Pol Dokhtar area, the four-spectral data for September 7, 2007 prepared by IRS-P6 satellite with LISS III sensors were used. Geometric corrections and processes including UNC, SLED, NDVI, PCA, were performed on the main image. Finally, using randomized sampling method and based on PMU, FCC image of the region, 95 points were selected and samples were taken from two depths of 0-5 and 20-5 cm. Finally, using multiple regression, it was found that the lime and clay of samples at the first depth had a significant relationship with the near infrared band with modified R2 =0.73, and in the green band it was 0.72, and also at the second depth, with a red band of 0.54 and a green band of 0.48, of which all relationships were statistically significant at 1% statistical level. Consequently it was found that clay and lime have a significant effect on the spectral reflection from the soil surface in the region, and it is possible to study them in the region using satellite data and auxiliary data (incidental information).

The present study describes and compares the spatial method and spatial statistics by a combination of different methods of science in different fields such as multiple criteria analysis of GIS. The ultimate goal of this method is to assess the appropriateness of the area in question in order to determine the optimal location for landfill. In this context, the first step is the formation of a hierarchical structure of multiple criteria. Next, it is using the spatial analysis process to establish evaluation criteria, these based on the laws of Greece and the European Union, and also on the basis of practical and feasible international guidelines. The relative importance of the assessment criteria is determined based on the hierarchical structure and, using simple weighing model, suitable sites for landfill in the study area are determined. as a result, suitable locations are ranked from 0 to 10, which is from the lowest to the best, respectively. The last stage is the process of spatial clusters, which are designed to represent the most appropriate area. The initial ranking permits the selection of suitable places for burial from among existing places. The application and implementation of the proposed method on the Lemnos island in the north of the Aegean Sea ​​showed that 9.3% of the studied area was suitable for burials above the 9th level.

Isfahan has been known for Zayandeh Rood, its “Maadees” (special ditches) and gardens from distant past, so that for the better utilization of this river, Sheikh Bahaee reformed the old regulations and its result was lushness and daily increasing prosperity since Safavid times to this day. Consequently, in every corner of this mythical city various gardens have been developed that are popular in the country and in the world. For many reasons, including the physical and spatial uniformity of cities with their heterogeneous and abnormal natural texture and the increasing mental pressures and environmental noise pollution, city residents have made decisions on leisure time spending.
In this article, the gardens of Isfahan during the history have been studied, and this research is based on the assumption that the gardens of Isfahan have a key role in attracting domestic and foreign tourists.

Geography is a science that studies the relationship between man and the environment. Space and its phenomena are considered as amongst the important topics in the science of geography. In the value engineering, the functional analysis and the assessment of values ​​form the basis of work, and also part of it is about human issues, which is being discussed as a common theme between geography and value engineering. Unlike other disciplines, this engineering field shows particular attention to human relationships. Geography, if armed with a broad view on space, focuses on the proper utilization of facilities and resources, and value engineering within a particular spatial area of ​​interest pays special attention to the optimal use of resources. The most important link between geography and value engineering is to find the most suitable place by geographers for the implementation of plans and projects

All events, including security and police incidents, are somehow introduced with their geographic position. A commander (or police planner) is forced to make decisions that require knowledge, awareness and information about his environment (Molavi and Farajzadeh, 2001: 126). In other words, environmental decision makers and policy makers, including NAJA, need spatial and geographical information (Ebadi-Nejad, 2003: 121. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the incidence of crime and characteristics of the place of occurrence (Pourahmad, Guidance and Police, 2003: 81), and each crime occurs in a specific place and geographic position. For example, the concentration of crimes in the central part of cities varies with residential districts.
In such a situation, the GIS will be fully responsive to the needs of the police, because this system is basically compatible with positional information. In other words, its main task is to make a reference for information.

During the 2001 World Ocean research patrol in the Caspian Sea, physical parameters of temperature, salinity and density of the Caspian Sea were measured. The range of selected stations for measuring these parameters included the entire Caspian Sea. Of course, these measurements have been taken discretely in the studied area. In the present study, the spatial modeling of these parameters have been carried out using the ArcGIS 9.2 software, and the current state of the work is the creation of continuous maps of the parameters present at various depths with high validity. These smart maps have the ability to to provide with the parameter value of each place of particular coordinates in the studied area with a mouse pointer click.

The present study is an attempt to provide specific and special landforms from northwest of Iran. It is necessary to explain that in this part of Iran, the forms of construction are significantly developed, but at the same time, numerous and interesting evidence of climatic forms are also found. Meanwhile, aerial photos are also important in investigations of dynamical geomorphologic factors and phenomena such as movement of material masses, including landslides, the study of erosion factors including shore, river, etc.; therefore, among the presented forms and explanations, some cases have also been dedicated to this section.

The database management system (DBMS) is comprised of a set of related data, and a set of computer programs for access to those data. A data set is usually called a database, and a set of programs is usually called database management. Due to the importance of information in all plans at all levels the database is considered a valuable source. Consequently, its concepts and principles need to be developed. The purpose of this article is to present the overall features of the database system. In addition, the features and capabilities of the database system are expressed.

In this study, using 33-year statistics (1970 - 2003) concerning radiation, cloud density and wind parameters, the study of the feasibility of establishing solar power plants in arid regions of Iran has been conducted. Further, considering the station of Yazd as the most suitable geographic location for the establishment of solar power plant, stations in its adjacent regions such as Isfahan, Kerman, and Zahedan have been compared in terms of radiation regime and other climatic elements effective in the establishment of solar power plant. After identifying the climatic variations of the stations, and next, the use of statistical methods of standard deviation, coefficient of variation, T-test and ..., Isfahan was introduced as the station most similar to that of Yazd for the establishment of solar power plant.