نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 69 (بهار 1388)

Map generalization, in accordance with different needs of users, is carried out using a multi-scale database. Such production is based on the analysis of map preparation requirements according to users’ needs, and indicates different requests and limitations of user’s desirable cartography.
In this paper, the process of generalization is expressed as a function of a non-generalized universal set to a generalized target set. Both these sets are defined by the ground-space qualities. The universal set keeps certain qualities including geometric, topological and non-space (like compound) qualities. These characteristics must be preserved by using generalization and so, the target set follows the qualities of universal set. Keeping these qualities unchanged causes that the generalization function preserve a state of consistency between the two collections with ground-space signs. Constant qualities are recorded and are found out as a result with consistent emphases. Consistent emphases bring about a state of consistency from a series of generalized information as a support for the structure of generalization function

The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies.
The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people.
Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.

The school of criminal geography came into existence in 1830 and lasted for a few decades, but today it is nowadays not as significant in criminal sociology as before. The criminal geography was founded by the Belgian mathematician Quetelet and French jurist Guerry. Quetelet was mathematician and an expert in statistics and analyzed human behavior through mathematics and statistics, and founded criminal statistics in France by the help of Guerry. They examined its connection with natural environment and so, studied the effect of climatic conditions on the behavior of human beings, including criminal acts. This school was existent as late as 1830.

Today, numerous active and inactive sensors are busy taking information from objects and ground features, and produce varied information from objects at different wave-lengths and with different resolutions. Potentially, each one of these pieces of information can be utilized as one of the sources of supplying triple spectral, textural and geometrical (structural) components. Owing to the ability of LIDAR sensor to provide with geometric information as well this sensor’s recent advent, we have examined the potentials and different behaviors of this sensor in detecting various ground features.

The process of locating new cities includes regional studies, initial choice of a number of places, preparation of selection criteria, application of criteria on different places and choosing the best alternative, meaning the more appropriate place for the development of the new city. This locating has a direct effect on the success or failure of new cities and, since the place of the city has an effective role in attracting population or their absorption (assimilation) in different dimensions, the new cities that manage to accommodate for the population can achieve their aims. The locating of new cities has a direct relation to the intended aims of establishing these cities. In our country, locating of new cities has been usually carried out by the goal of absorbing the extra population of a mother-city, and the new cities whose locations have been determined around the country, are placed in connection with a mother-city. The locating of the new city of Sahand, the subject of discussion in the present paper, is in connection with a mother city (Tabriz) and with the aim of absorbing the overflow of that city’s population. The place of the new city of Sahand has been chosen without any regional view and merely by examination of a number of criteria.

In urban geomorphology, the important factor of urban areas’ development is considered to be the artificial change and transformation of the ground’s crust and the effect of human activities on the crust, as well as natural factors. Consequently, the daily growth of cities caused by the population growth and migration has led to unplanned constructions and vast changes in the spatial structure, specially the physical development of city in unfavorable natural locations, which calls for conscious guide and major organization.
Unbridled and inconsistent development of urban areas due to human activities with the aim of urban development, directly changes vast areas of ground crust in a very short period of time, which is apart from the long- geomorphologic effect and its natural process. These facts lead to the appearance of dangers that are, according to experience, sometimes hard to predict and accompanied by life and property losses. Accordingly, in this paper the deficiencies and natural dangers in the city of Hashtrud are displayed through geomorphologic examination.

The transfer of the capital is a problem that has always been a concern of the past governments of Iran, so that after various experiences of the transfer of the capital by Shah Abbas, Nadir Shah, Karim Khan Zand and others to cities such as Isfahan, Mashhad and Shiraz, Aghamohammadkhan of Qajar, determining Tehran as the everlasting capital, sewed the dress of traffic jams on Tehran's body and started the process which led to multi-billion trades in this city so that the small village became such a metropolis. The capital or political center in Iran, like its political boundaries, has had many ups and downs during the history of the country, and, subject to the change of government, its capital, except in a few cases, has been moved from city to city.
A glance at the historical past of this change reflects the various motivations that have displaced the political center of the country in accordance with the time, place and social structure of the state, by preserving the political strategy and geopolitical issues of the time. These motives were mainly first political-security, and in the second place economic-social.
Tehran, which today is the capital of Iran, does not have a long urban history. This city has long been one of the small villages of Rai, and the city of Tehran has grown since the Qajar period and its capitalization. These days, some have raised the issue of transferring the capital or the center of the country to another place. Concerning this suggestion, various and different opinions have been expressed.
In this paper, we tried first of all to consider the transfer of the capital, in general and by considering the circumstances we are in on the one hand, and on the other, the experience and objectives of the countries that have chosen the new capital. Then, in contrast to the proposal to transfer the capital in the present situation, which public opinion may consider as a kind of escape from responsibility, we attempted to examine the main issue or the search for a solution that would allow the gradual elimination or modification of the problems of Tehran metropolis.

Noise pollution is one of the most common environmental problems in the major cities of the world, including the metropolis of Tehran, which has been paid less attention than other problems, while this type of pollution is one of the most important environmental pollutants in Tehran metropolis. Noise damages not only the hearing system but also all physiological systems in the body. Tehran's metropolitan area is critical in terms of noise pollution. The entrance of a huge number of worn out and non-standard vehicles, lack of attention to suitable urban design systems, the lack of balance between urban transport network and the number of cars, decay and over-crowding in the city's central areas, narrow and winding passageways, lack of organized laws dealing with offenders, cultural factors and technology, construction operations, development and repair of transportation networks, gas supplying system, telecommunication, intrusive industries within the city and ... have caused many Tehran citizens to be exposed to harsh noises and the consequent psychological and physical harm caused by this problem. Scientific research on the causes of this phenomenon and factors affecting it and its effects is of particular importance in planning and designing urban spaces and in controlling its results. In this study, the data on noise pollutants in some areas of Tehran was obtained and compared with ideal and appropriate conditions. The results of this study show that the main cause of noise pollution in Tehran are vehicles, especially automobiles and motorcycles, because there is no appropriate combination of communicative functions with social and cultural functions in the physical system of communication networks in service and even recreational centers of this city, so that many areas, neighborhoods and roads face the problem of noise pollution.

Among the most important features of basins, which are very effective in the process of erosion, are physical properties. In this regard, elevation and topographic properties directly and indirectly influence the erosion process and affect other parameters such as climatic conditions of the basins (amount and type of precipitation) and soil that are very important in the state of erosion at the surface of basins. Therefore, for assessing the erosion and sedimentation status at the Baneh basin, the real and theoretical hypsometric tables and curves are calculated and displayed. According to them, we find that the Baneh basin, while undergoing erosion and sedimentation, is relatively further away from the state of equilibrium, and is younger.

In the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, four public spaces of the city, which offer varied patterns and micro-climates, have been studied in order to assess the effect of micro-climates and air conditions on people in the city's public environments. The research methodology is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary, and includes scholars from three disciplines of architecture, meteorology, and psychology. These projects, which are based on a common case study during the four seasons, include the measurement of atmospheric variables, interviews and observations of human activities in each location. The multivariable regression analysis of atmospheric and behavioral phenomena shows that air temperature, wind speed and sunshine (cloudy) index have a significant effect on people's assessment of the air, their perception of location and their presence on the site. The results of the research confirm the application of climate in planning in future urban design and planning projects, which can be designed like the physical structure of a site, because it affects the microclimate of each specific location and, as a result, the motivations of people's presence at the place, their perception and feelings.