نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 70 (تابستان 1388)

The old cadastral maps present the geographic form of the divided land and record relevant information about them. These maps were usually depicted on A4 or A3 size papers, and only show cadastral information, related to the blocks of small towns. In recent times, many countries in the world have, in implementation of cadastral plans, produced new cadastral maps, and, based on multiple purposes, use the scale of 1: 1000, 1: 2000 and 1: 2500. Japan, for example, has set a new cadastral map scale of 1: 2,500. (iaoyong C, 1999) Rebuilding and editing old cadastre to be prepared for adding new cadastral plan requires generalization operation and editing process. Here, we present an algorithm for automatic generalization of old cadastral maps based on comparative drawing, and by mentioning a practical example, the efficiency of the algorithm is determined.

The true origin of the unity of the Islamic Ummah (society of all Muslims as a whole) is the religion of Islam, which derives its root from human nature. The changes that this religion has had over the course of history have been limited to the minor details of the laws which owing to the variety of the situations of human life in different societies. The general principles that constitute the main body of the divine religion have always been united throughout history, this intellectual and ideological unity is the most important basis of unity in the Islamic society. In order to establish unity and solidarity among a community or nation, sharing common ideology and worldview are among basic necessities, without such a sharing, one can never expect a true unity among people. Today, among more than one billion Muslims, there is no disagreement concerning God, the Book of God, and the Prophet of God, and the Qibla, which is the symbol of unity in the outside world, has never been disputed. These four basic principles of unity can always be counted on as reliable bases for solving all of the minor differences.

For more than half a century, soil erosion prediction and modeling technology has been used as a valuable tool in protective design, engineering plans and research development. This technology includes mathematical equations that calculate estimates of the dependent variables of erosion (soil losses, production and sediment) as a function of independent variables (four main factors: climate, soil, topography, and type of use). The parameters in these equations include exponential powers and coefficients that determine or modify the values ​​of the independent variables as part of mathematical calculations, some of which are empirical values ​​prepared according to basic data, while others have physical definitions associated with erosion processes. Mathematical symbols and logical sequence are among other features of mathematical models. In general, erosion mathematical models include regression-derived models, characteristic models, and process models. In addition to empirical methods, several mathematical models are presented concerning erosion, in all of which mass conservation law or the continuity equation are used as the controlling equation. These models include the dynamic and static models, the weep model, GULTEM and EGEM model, each of which is related to a particular type of gully and is applicable in certain conditions. Undoubtedly, the models introduced in this paper can not be considered as comprehensive models without any probable defects. Therefore, it is suggested that according to the climatic, geological, geomorphological, and ... characteristics, a suitable model be determined for assessing the rate of gully erosion in each region.

The centers in which most human activities and fumes from pollutants, cars, and … are accumulated and appear as nodes in urban environments, form thermal islands. The heat generated by these islands, in addition to increasing energy consumption due to cooling, causes pollution in the atmosphere, including production of ozone gas and increase of other harmful compounds of carbon and sulfur. Considering the mentioned issues, the present study attempts to introduce and recognize the pollutants in the Ahwaz city environment, examine their effect on the creation of thermal islands and also explain and propose strategies for their prevention, such as specialization of urban planning, prevention of mass construction, etc.

Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity of the city, and to realize the sustainability and survival of the city and its fabric and especially decayed fabric, takes measures, one of which is that of urban endogenous development. The term " endogenous development" is, based on its own definition, renovation, improvement, and, in other words, making existing urban areas usable again, which is usually done in areas that have lost their integrity and are on the way to collapse. In fact, the city's endogenous development is the optimal use of the potential of the city and a new vision of life in the city, especially the decayed fabric. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to achieve endogenous development of decayed fabric through regeneration, renovation, reconstruction, as well as barriers on its way. In this paper, through a descriptive and analytical approach and by documentary method, we explore and identify the ways of endogenous development of decayed fabrics and their challenges ahead. The results of this research show that applying methods such as regeneration, improvement, renovation and reconstruction with respect to people's awareness and economic, social and cultural issues, etc., and the elaboration of issues can be used to develop the endogenous development of urban decayed fabrics and to prevent population elusion in decayed fabric.

Once man left his house for the first time in search of food, he needed a way to return home. The marking of rocks in the round trip, the use of coastline and celestial bodies such as the sun, the moon, and the stars were the first solutions that were less accurate and time-consuming. Later, with the development of technology of radio systems, and then the positioning satellites, routing became faster and more precise. The Global Positioning System was first created by the US Army in 1983, with an expense of $ 12 billion, and with launching the first satellite into space. This system has a variety of basic, manual and car models that have higher accuracy and cost, respectively. The system consists of three spatial, ground and user controls. The receivers will compare the time of sending the signal from the satellite with its receiving time and determine from the time difference the receiver's distance from the satellite. It is necessary to receive information from four satellites in order to find 3D coordinates. Availability in all hours of the day, any kind of weather conditions and ease of use are among the benefits of the system. Variants of this system include TRANSIT, GLONASS, SRARFIX and DORIS. System error sources include: user’s calculation errors and decrease in geometric accuracy.

The general objective of development is the all-around growth of human societies, so in the process of planning for development, especially sustainable development, attention to hazards (natural, human, environmental, social, economic, etc.) is absolutely necessary. The high vulnerability of rural areas to natural disasters on the one hand, the low level of rural people's awareness, the high level of risk and uncertainty in rural activities on the other, are among other factors that make attention to risk management in rural development planning necessary, because inattention to risks and lack of their proper management leads to the failure of rural development programs. This study was conducted due to the importance of this issue (risk management) in rural environments and the necessity to pay attention to it in rural planning, and the results of the research indicate that "risk management" is a new topic in Iran (even at academic level). That is the reason why there is no other major source among Farsi texts (in the form of a book, research, or dissertation) specifically written on this subject except for a few translations of foreign papers. Furthermore, despite the importance of the issue of risk management in rural communities, it has not been paid due attention to in rural development planning, and we can even say that it has not been paid attention to at all, while in many countries risk management is considered a major part of planning.

Tourism and tourism economics are becoming one of the pillars of the world's commercial economy. In addition, many planners and policy makers consider tourism industry as the main pillar of sustainable development. Travelers and globetrotters are important sources of foreign currency, and governments are working day by day to expand the tourism industry and its new options. In this regard, ecotourism is a kind of tourism that, while preserving natural resources, maintains the well-being, comfort and values of the local people. In this paper, ecotourism and its developmental issues and tourist attractions are described, and ecotourism is considered as a desirable option for the development of tourism in the world as well as in Iran, and it is generally inferred that due to the position of Iran among the first five countries benefiting from the broadest climatic variation in the world, conditions are favorable for any ecotourism investment in Iran. The present research is theoretical and descriptive, conducted through the review of secondary sources and Internet search. In this article, we describe the ecotourism and its concepts, attractions of nature tourism, as well as the ecotourism attractions of Iran.

Today, nature reserves are scattered around the world and the process of their establishment has gradually taken place. In most third world countries including Iran, habitat destruction and illegal hunting are among the main problems in the areas under management. Thus, in order to counteract the process of destruction and the expansion of human destructive activities in the protected areas, there is a need for scientific knowledge, expert and capable groups and more research activities in this field, and this need remains in place. National parks, as one of the protected areas, are in fact highly valuable genetic reserves of plant and animal species in each country and in the world, and will be the main backbone for the restoration of nature. To save life on the Planet, resources must be used properly and controlled, and renewable resources must be given the opportunity to form again, so that they can be always used. The Kolahghazi National Park is an example of ecosystems in the Iranian plateau which has a long history of conservation. In this research, the ecosystems, the vegetation cover and wildlife as well biological geography in the park are discussed.

The concept of the network evokes the concept of system. A network is a set of points and lines that carries energy and resources. The points are the places at which sources are injected to lines or collected, for example, schools, terminals, reservoirs, and so on. Lines are connections in the network that connect the points. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate three major applications of network analysis in urban planning. Through network analysis, the best route, which is generally the closest route between two points, can be achieved to reduce travel costs. Or, it is possible to select the nearest center from among the rescue centers, in order to help the injured in shortest possible time, and to prevent further damage to life and property. Also, through allocation of resources, it is possible to make a more appropriate and rational planning for citizens' access to public services and realization of social justice.

The capital of Iran, located in Tehran, is virtually the center of all activities in the country and is still attractive to absorb the population. While Tehran can be developed as the focus of some of the future activities, such as higher education and advanced technology in the future, it should be gradually taken out of the position of the general center for all of the country's affairs. To this end, the focus of the growth of other issues can be transferred outside Tehran - in different cities, or at a new point. 2) Iran’s capital is facing various problems - from traffic, transportation and access to air pollution. These issues should be solved or at least partly healed by employing efficient managers and utilizing a variety of facilities - human resources and equipment and funds. 3) The geographical situation of Iran is such that its different regions have different climates. Having a metropolis like Tehran, which is practically the center of political, educational, industrial, health and medical care and business of the whole country, necessitates the displacement of large groups of people of the country to or from Tehran – or residing in there- for the sake of their activities development. With these conditions, it is better to have a few metropolitan areas, instead of a major metropolis. 4) The situation in Tehran in view of the fact that most of its recently developed parts are located in hazardous areas in terms of natural disasters - earthquakes and the vicinity of active faults, the floating domains and the possibility of landslide, instability and land subsidence, flood risk and its history in Tehran, The issue of surface and underground water and droughts for several decades or more - has gradually increased the risk of life in Tehran. The process of migration to Tehran has continued according to the latest data of Iran's statistics center. One of this issue’s results is the growth of slum dwelling, insecurity development - especially in the marginal areas of the city and new cities, delinquency and unemployment and other problems in Tehran. Multiculturalism in Tehran turns into cultural problems, instead of cultural development of Tehran. 5) With this condition, Tehran’s growth is practically accompanied by the destruction of spaces and urban fabric with house-garden identity. The Capital that has neither it’s old nor a modern identity, practically loses the qualification of being the Capital to a country with civilization and cultural history of Iran. 6) Air pollution in Tehran is such that, in particular in the cold season, it is associated with the unnoticed loss of life of our young and old countrymen and those with respiratory problems. I called these casualties to be unnoticed, because many of those whose lives are being shortened because of this crisis, neither themselves nor the others count them as casualties due to air pollution. Along with these challenges and other important reasons for the necessity of stopping the growth of Tehran, the simultaneous attempts to make it possible to live in it and the gradual transfer of part of the activities out of the province of Tehran, as well as the need to find options for a completely new capital - not an existing city that will eventually lead to a fate like Tehran - there are various issues raised by critics of this transfer, main ones of which are: 1) Many problems in Tehran are urgent. There is no time left to spend energy on other options. Any amount of energy should be allocated to improve the current situation in Tehran. Answer: This summing up was done about the city of Tehran after the end of the war with Iraq, whose consequent was of course the creation and development of urban and modern infrastructure, and simultaneously, unplanned urban development, sale of licenses for building extra floors, and management according to money and imbalanced urban development. What’s more, estimate of urgent and daily needs are always met with the challenge of “forgetting major planning”.