نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 75 (پاییز 1389)

Continuous modeling and monitoring of urban environmental quality (urban environmental supervision) requires updated and continuous information regarding the heat distribution model, contamination, population, security, industry and crisis management. Remote sensing is a technology that uses a series of distant measurements without any physical contact, providing useful and applicable information in accordance with various urban planning environments. The basis of remote sensing is to measure and record the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere and the earth's surface from a remote distance, by special means called sensor, which is installed on different platforms. The sensors are divided into active and passive groups, depending on whether they themselves are the energy source or register energy reflection. LIDAR is one of the active technologies that provides special solutions for access to the information needed for urban studies and planning. LIDAR, in comparison with other remote sensors, whose source of energy is the sun and which practice imaging during the day, can collect urban data at different times of the night, and with this feature, provides access to the information required by the transportation planning, traffic, population estimates, employment, and environmental quality assessment

The issue of convergence in the Islamic world and the need for consensus among Muslims is one of the most important requirements of Islamic societies in the present era. Unity of Muslims is at the moment, that the Islamic world is in the most critical stages of its life, is one of the main ideas and solutions suggested to confront the challenges ahead. Islamic unity is a matter which has always been discussed in the history of political and social thought of Muslim nations as a theory with a fundamental and vital strategy against the extensive and all-out invasion of colonialism. One of the ways to realize the material and non-material goals and interests of the states in the field of international relations is convergence. Each government, on the basis of the values ​​it considers, costs a portion of its interests for achieving the goals and perspectives sought in the process of convergence. In this part of the article, the bases and factors in the Islamic world that are prior to convergence are identified and studied.

Over the larger part of the planet, the landscape that is now exposed is mainly an artifact of human thought and creation. The impact of man in the natural environment has day-by-day and evidently changed the geographical spheres. The cumulative effect of human population over time, especially through the use of technology over the final decades of the twentieth century, has made these changes very rapid. The relationship between man and the natural environment has been the subject of long discussions in the field of geography in the last century, and distinct environmentalist schools have developed. At the beginning of the 21st century, one of the missions of geography is to reveal and highlight the problems caused by these changes.
Like other living beings, human is a part of the environment and needs air, water, soil and other creatures. Due to the interdependence of the components of the planet, any change in each of the components will endanger the entire system. Environmental problems are now widespread.
This article is based on the hypothesis that human beings have artificially transformed the natural system through interference and imposing changes on the natural environment. This research deals with the analysis of environmental changes that has occurred in Iran through human interference in recent decades using descriptive and inferential methods as well as secondary methods. Changes in forests and rangelands, desertification and the spread of deserts and changes in valuable plant species, along with the penetration of some non-indigenous species have caused the degradation of sensitive ecosystems.
The importance of education and promotion of appropriate social responses to environmental changes, and the role that people can play in preserving, revitalizing, developing and exploiting natural resources, are the courses of action that are discussed in this paper.

The focus of the present article is on the effects of globalization on the structure of the cities of Islamic countries, and in particular the social, economic and physical structure of these cities. In this paper, after presenting an introduction to the process of globalization and its characteristics, the effects of this process on each of the above dimensions have been studied.
One of the most important effects of globalization on the social structure of cities of the Islamic countries referred to in this article is the separation of the sacred space (Lahuti) from the unholy space (Nasuti) in the Islamic cities and, consequently, the loss of the integrity and unifying quality of these cities.
The effects of globalization in the economic structure of Islamic countries can be summed up in issues such as dependent economics, an unequal relationship of the center- around type to the metropolitan western cities, single-product economy, dual economy, and severe class inequality.
Changes in the physical structure of Islamic cities through the process of globalization have also been examined in general in two separate categories: the changes that have taken place in the natural elements and environment of these cities and the changes that have been made in its built and man-made environment.
Therefore, in the author's view, the effects of globalization in the structure of Islamic cities have generally been unpleasant and, on the whole, seriously damaged these cities economically, socially and culturally, and led them toward an unsustainable development. However, it is also important to note that globalization is an epidemic and unavoidable process, and it is never possible to find solutions to the problems created in the structure of the cities of Islamic countries in isolation and avoidance of this process, but rather in considering the globalization of cities together with the native identity and qualities of societies as a possible and desirable solution and the necessary way to the realization of sustainable urban development. This is the challenge that continues to confront the urban policymakers until reaching executive solutions.

The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.

Soil is one of the most important factors of production that has a great impact on human economic and social life. Earth's surface is generally covered with soil and surface deposits. Soil erosion is one of the most important issues that we face today. Increasing exploitation and lack of proper human management of the natural environment have a great influence on the intensification of soil degradation and erosion. In this research, by analyzing effective geomorphologic parameters, the erosion and sediment production in the Nachi basin is studied and, along with necessary studies, effective strategies and suggestions are presented. In this study, in addition to field surveys, various documents such as topographic maps, geology, resources and land potential, vegetation, various statistics related to hydrometric stations, sedimentation, meteorology, pluviometry, along with aerial photos and satellite imagery have been used as research tools. In order to estimate the amount of erosion and sediment in the studied area, the modified PSIAC model has been used. By studying the nine effective factors in this model, the production rate of sediment and erosion in hydrological units of the basin have been estimated. Accordingly, the annual erosion and sediment in the total study area is estimated 1254 m3 for each 1 km2.

Urban crises after the unexpected incidents, especially earthquakes, are among the ongoing problems of urban societies and are becoming more and more important with the concentration of population in urban areas and the accumulation of activity and residence in them. Today, "pre-crisis planning" is one of the three areas of activity that is considered in agenda 21 on the development of human settlement planning and management in disaster-prone areas. (Travati, Hamid and Seyyed Amir Ayat, 1998, p. 81). Therefore, it is important that the crisis management planning recognize its position in the development of cities of our country more seriously, especially metropolises, and in this case the role of the green and open spaces in the planning of crisis management are undeniable. Therefore, in this paper, we tried to rely on the secondary and documentary data, field observations and surveys, and the use of quantitative analysis to evaluate the green spaces of the city of Borujen and assess the city's ability to face crises (especially earthquakes). The results of the studies clearly indicate a relatively favorable situation for green and open spaces in this city. But in order to achieve the desired status, measures should be taken to develop and normally re-distribute green spaces and equip them with suitable facilities in this city. Increasing the extent of green spaces is only justified by the role of the city as the supportive center of the province in the planning of crisis management.

Since the launch of the first satellite to determine the global situation, more extensive use and the need for more accuracy is constantly increasing. Particularly one of the navigator concerns is the need to the continuous determination of status through using wireless network with a higher degree of confidence in urban areas. Unfortunately, the blind areas of the city are the opposite pole to precision in the positioning system because they are out of satellite's range of detection and reduce the precision of positioning. To overcome such problems, the use of pseudo-satellites as a complement to the GPS system can be effective in eliminating the weak signal reception and the ambiguity of the phase, and in achieving full accuracy and increasing the productivity of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS).
Pseudo-satellites are ground-based devices that transmit waves that are similar to GPS waves, and can increase the efficiency of receivers as a complement. This tool is an additional observational factor to address the above mentioned disadvantages. But due to expenses and environmental problems, the number of pseudo-satellites that can be installed is limited. More importantly, to reduce the multi-path error of pseudo-satellite signals it is necessary to determine the position of the antenna and pseudo-satellite device with accuracy.
In general, this paper focuses on the development of a satellite simulator system and its proper economic appraisal to cover the blind spots of the GPS system in urban areas, using precise information of satellites and 3D maps.

The Desert and Kavir (salt pan) are two familiar words for the Iranians, which unfortunately most people do not know in real terms and often consider as synonymous, while these two are different in terms of their conditions of formation, their influential processes and their current conditions, so that it can be said that deserts are geographic-climatic phenomena, that is, their geographic conditions on the one hand and their geographic-based climatic conditions on the other hand affect them and transform these areas into poor and fragile ecosystems, while salt pans are formed in the vicinity of the deserts and sometimes among them, lack vital ecosystem, and are basically geomorphologic-hydrological phenomena. This means that salt pans are holes that the hydrographic networks end in, and that high level of groundwater and the presence of a salt layer that prevents the growth of the plant at the surface are among their features.

Bazaar has been one of the main elements of Iranian city and practically its beating heart. Bazaar is not only a place of trade and commodity exchange, but also a space for the emergence of social connections as well as a place for vital collective decision-making in the event of necessity. The transformation in the economic sectors and livelihood on the one hand, and the entry of cars into urban areas on the other, caused the physical collapse of the bazaar and, in some cases, its complete destruction. The bazaar of the city of Kazerun, which has once enjoyed a reputation for hand-made and local industries, has gone through many vicissitudes over time, but continues to survive. This article is an overview of the position of the bazaar of Kazerun from the past to this day.

Strong winds have been named storms, which, in various forms and at high speed, blow over for a short time and are usually accompanied by unstable air. If unstable air is humid, a thunderstorm, and if it is dry, a dust storm will form (Alijani, 2000). In all stations of Hamadan province the majority of thunderstorms occur in the spring. In this season, the greatest number of thunderstorms have occurred due to increased solar radiation energy, which is characterized by significant atmospheric moisture content due to evaporation and vegetation cover, wet lands and transitional thermodynamic systems from the west and southwest of the country. The fall season is second in terms of the number of Thunder storms. In this season, due to the high radiation energy and the arrival of unstable systems with an appropriate moisture source, the number of thunderstorms is significant. The smallest number of thunderstorms belongs to winter.
The maximum average of dust storms occurs mainly in dry areas without vegetation, and the number of these storms is less in the mountainous areas of Hamadan.
The seasons with most frequent storms in the districts of Ekbatan, Hamadan, Noghe and Malayer are spring and summer, and at Nahavand station the summer season. The study of the trend of hourly changes in storms frequency shows that the maximum occurrence of these storms is from 9 am on, and at 6 p.m. their intensity and frequency decreases, and in all stations the frequency of these storms is higher in days than in nights. According to the conducted surveys, the most activity of dust storms is in the spring and summer. Although during this period of time the ground for local instability is provided due to the high radiation energy and suitable topographic conditions, but the energy of the systems is evacuated as dust storms because of the lack of adequate moisture.

Developing a regional network strategy to build city-village interactions is a guide for further research on providing an appropriate policy with an emphasis on Indonesia. In this paper, we try to solve the problem of chronic non-communication between rural and urban development theories and plans by introducing a regional network strategy that considers the existing analyses of the issues of continuity and interdependence between villages and cities. To illustrate this strategy a number of examples concerning Indonesian regional conditions are presented.

Tehran is one of the most polluted cities in the world in terms of air pollution, and according to surveys, about 70% of this contamination is due to transportation and heavy traffic. Traffic monitoring is now being conducted using traffic lights and related equipment, as well as air pollution sensing stations. But the problem is that these systems lack the necessary ability of immediate reactions and traffic management in terms of time and location and according to air quality index.
It seems that the use of an expert system based on GPS, dynamic GIS, and timed relationship databases is capable of providing intelligence and immediate operation to the traffic control system. The research method is analytical-practical. According to the findings of the research, the expert system, based on the correct use of GIS, GPS and timed relationship databases, is capable of providing intelligence and immediate reactions to a traffic control system based on air quality management. Finally, based on the findings of the research, a conceptual design of such an expert system was proposed.

The social and economic changes of recent decades have caused regional imbalances and excessive concentration of facilities in some places and the deprivation of others. To overcome this problem, we need regional and district planning. We aim to provide a suitable model for the balanced distribution of services according to the population of settlements in the area and with consideration of spatial balance.
Methodology in this research is a combination of documentary, statistical and analytical methods. In this paper, using Spearman Rank, Morris and 18 variables and indicators in social, cultural, health, etc. matters, we have studied and compared the level of development of villages in the central part of Gonabad city.
Findings of this research show that there is a significant relationship between population levels and rural services (with a correlation coefficient of 0.73), Which is a sign of a relative balance in the distribution of services with respect to the population. There is also a direct correlation between the final coefficient of development with population and distance from the center. According to the general analyses, it can be concluded that distance from the city center and environmental constraints are two main factors at the level of development of villages in this section, and therefore, in order to provide better utilization of the services of villagers by residents, it is necessary to improve the rural roads and distribution of services in central parts of villages.

According to statistics thousands of people die or become disabled in road accidents every year. Several factors may play a role in the occurrence of accidents, among which are road geometric design, environmental conditions and human factors. Among the environmental factors that affect the safety and sustainability of transportation, we can mention the role of climatic phenomena such as precipitation, wind, temperature, fog, dust and humidity.
The axis of Ahwaz-Susangerd, 55 km long, is among the main roads linking to Hamidieh, Susangerd, Hoveizeh and Bostan through Ahwaz. In this study, the analysis of road accidents has been conducted with climatic attitude and in order to investigate the relationship between spatial distribution of accidents and elements-climatic phenomena such as precipitation, fog and dust, temperature, humidity and wind. In order to investigate the role of climatic phenomena in the occurrence of accidents, the hourly meteorological data of Ahwaz, Abadan, Bostan and Hamidieh weather stations have been used and the meteorological situation of the moment of accident has been extracted through interpolation of these data. Also, police information of road accidents has been used. The road map of Southwest of Khuzestan with a scale of 250,000: 1 has been selected as the base map.
Using these data for a three-year period (2005-2007), a map of dispersion of accidents in different atmospheric conditions is provided. Based on the results from the maps of accident risk, the highest probability of accident risk during rain falls is in 9, 16, 21, 22 and 25, fog and dust in 10, 29, 35 and 49, the maximum temperature in 20, 25, 35, 43 and 49, wind in 10, 21, 22 and 43, and humidity in 9, 35, 45 and 50 kilometers of the road.