نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 91 (پاییز 1393)

Throughout history، cities have never been safe due to the damages of human and natural disasters would bring. So that in the past، the cities were the war’s last target، but now with the development of technology، those hindrances have turned into the first war targets. In fact، what poses war and air raids as a threat، is just the problem of encountering it and being. One major way to prepare facing such threats، is the knowledge about the degree of its vulnerability when they occure. So، it depends on taking up some methods to diminish the vulnerability unstability. What the researchers were look for، was the modeling the vulnerability of the city buildings (one of the most important urban component) in one part of the Tehran (region 6 of Tehran municipility). Since vulnerability is made up of various criterions، so the proposed model in this research is a kind of multi-criteria model (multi attribute decision model)، and according to the spatial essence of the criteria، this model has been carried out in GIS (MCDM-GIS model). Delphi method has been used to survey major vulnerability factors with the help of urabn، passive defence، structure، and architecture experts. The modeling of the 9 criteria has resulted through Analyti Hirerchical Process (AHP)، and it shows that about 38 percent of building has low vulnerability، about 60 percent has medium vulnerability and 2 percent has high vulnerability (over 60 percent of buildings has plus-average vulnerability) which shows taking necessary actions to decrease vulnerability through passive defence.

Earthquake is one of the most catastrophic natural disasters to affect mankind. One of the critical problems after an earthquake is building damage assessment. The area، amount، rate، and type of the damage are essential information for rescue، humanitarian and reconstruction operations in the disaster area. On the other hand، to deal with the situation requires well organized and effective emergency planning. How quickly the event is responded and how efficiently response activities are managed are the main determinants of the overall cost of a disaster، both in terms of economic damage and fatalities. Remote sensing techniques play an important role in obtaining building damage information because of their non-contact، low cost، wide field of view، and fast response capacities. Now that more and diverse types of remote sensing data become available، various methods are designed and reported for building damage assessment. This paper provides a comprehensive review of these methods based on using optical images in three categories: mono، multi temporal and combination of images and vector map approach and also implements an automatic damage assessment method of buildings using high resolution satellite image and GIS layers. In this method، after extracting texture features of candidate buildings from both pre- and post event images and defining optimized features، a neuro fuzzy inference system was designed that determines buildings to four damage levels: Undamaged، Moderate damage، Heavy damage and Destroyed levels. Evaluation results show that designed system has the overall accuracy equal to 89% in classifying buildings to the four damage levels.

Just as the reported temperature by weather station only reading of temperature inside Box Screen Regardless of other atmospheric parameters and including it is humidity so it cannot be represented our real feeling from the weather temperature because hot weather، whereas the humidity is high. It will be hotter in a way that when the temperature is 35°C with presence of relative humidity 55%the temperature will be about 43°C. In this paper، using the heat index the actual temperature feeling the in warm months، July، June and August for a period of 10 years at 40 synoptic stations in the southern half of the country are calculated and Zoning Isotherm maps real sense in ArcGIS and Were compared with Typical isotherms maps. The results showed that although the warm southern coastal areas at lower temperature show، But actual temperatures have a higher sense of emotional distance from the beach and the actual temperature less humidity is low. Thresholds at each frequency due to real emotional problems were classified in four classes; each class creates a special situation. Synoptic conditions that resulted from high-temperature heat wave and get a real feel extremely dangerous in terms of coastal stations were investigated. Timely forecasts and warnings for the organization of heat waves on a hot، humid weather in the areas by organizations can reduce number of death due to heat.

Being informed of spatial distribution of heavy metals concentrations in soil for environmental pollution monitoring and maintaining the quality of the environment is necessary. This study aimed to map the spatial distribution of heavy metal contamination concentration of Manganese، Copper، Zinc and Iron in Harris agricultural soils located in the province of East Azerbaijan done. For this purpose، using systematic random sampling of 370 surface soil samples were collected at a depth of zero to 30 cm، and the concentrations of all these metals were measured. In order to modeling the spatial variation of heavy metal concentrations in the soil، the ordinary kriging and radial basis functions were applied in ArcGIS. Among the various models of ordinary kriging and radial basis functions، the lowest RMSE and MAE values and very close to zero MBE and the highest correlation coefficient R as a criterion for evaluating the best way to model the spatial distribution of heavy metals were considered. Both methods have accuracy، but based on proper the evaluation criteria for metals، Magnesium and Copper، kriging method with exponential model، for Zinc، kriging method with spherical model and for iron، RBF method with Multi-quadric function was chosen. The map after choosing the best model for each of the elements، drawing and taking into account the standard of the Institute of Soil and Water Conservation، re-classifying the elements in four classes deficiency، sufficiency، and infection. Analysis of the spatial distribution maps of heavy metal contamination showed that most of the land was sufficient range for Magnesium; for Copper was found that about 92 percent had a high class and about 8 percent of the study area was contaminated; contamination for zinc and iron wasn’t found and respectively، about 96 and 80 percent were deficient.

Article 5، Volume 23، Issue 91، Autumn 2014، Page 69-80 XML PDF (1566 K) Document Type: Research Paper Abstract Dust haze phenomenon is one of the atmospheric phenomena which leaves negative environmental impacts and it is one of the most important environmental challenges in West and South-West of Asia، particularly in Iran. This phenomenon related to desertification processes and occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Remote sensing is science and technique to obtain information from geographic phenomena without any contact with them. To detect the phenomenon of dust haze the images with wide coverage and high frequency are needed therefore the images related to MODIS sensor is suitable for study of dust haze phenomenon due to high spectral bands. The main objectives of this research was identification the sources generating dust haze entering the West and South West of Iran and monitoring the movement of dust haze. In this research the source of two occurrence of dust haze phenomenon related to 2011 which has occurred in areas of West and South West of Iran was identified with the help of satellite images and using thermal and visible bands of MODIS sensor and Ackerman index. Then monitoring was carried out and synoptic analysis to identify the movement of dust haze from its source to Iran was done By using500 hectopascal geopotential height synoptic data، sea level pressure and 500and 100 hectopascal wind direction maps. Finally، its movement from the source to Iran was monitored by using GIS and Spatial Analysis Tools.

Increase the production of daily urban waste is one of the major threats to the health of the global environment. Nowadays، most urban waste disposal method in many countries، including Iran. Development and application of research and analysis methods are described. In this study have used software، SPSS and ARC/GIS، 10 for spatial statistical analysis. The method of research was data collecting in some articles، magazine and books. The purpose of this paper is to determine appropriate locations for waste disposal in urban areas in Tonekabon. Process of locating suitable land for landfill waste، 9 layers، including layers of information away from urban and rural areas، groundwater levels، distance from the river، land use، soil type، rainfall، distance from communication، land use and slope classification by using overlapping process using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) with weights derived effective positioning operation was performed Based on the results obtained in this study، total area is 34. 12 hectares of lowland Branch extremely important strength - paired region holds 0. 1 percent. 1827. 90 hectares which is 6. 95 percent of the region possesses very strong in this area of 9904. 82 hectares which is 37. 70% of the low important priority area of approximately 27. 53% of the regional average of 7233. 63، and the region with strong significance with an area of 7267. 35 hectares، with 27. 66 percent and 6. 95 percent 1،827،90 hectares is the best area which is proposed for solid waste land fill.

One of the direct methods of land use impacts on the hydrological conditions of each region is relation between land use changes and the groundwater table fluctuations that can assist managers in optimized management of natural resources. In this study، to evaluating the impacts of land use changes on groundwater level drop in Gilan-E gharb plain، satellite images from MSS، TM and ETM sensors in 1985، 2000، 2010 were used. After processing and analysis of images، the region were classified into six classes in terms of land use including forest، pastoral، gardening، dry and water farming، farming and residential areas. Quantitative data of piezometric wells that exist in the plain during 1999- 2010 was used to examining aquifer changes and the resulting layers were also classified. The results showed that pasture land has devoted the largest area (more than 50% of the total area)، as it formed 61. 8% (9927 ha) and 67. 15% (10782 ha) of the area in 1985 and 2000 respectively، its extent has decreased during the period from 1379-1389 and formed 50. 23% (8066 ha) of the region. Evaluation of dry and water farming was also showed that it has been faced with decreasing in the amount of the area 0. 84% (130 ha) during 1985-2000، but the changes in the period 2000 to 2010 has been increased 1429 ha which formed 8. 9% of the region. Assessment of groundwater drop showed that it has been increased through replacing pasture lands class with farming classes. This changes has caused to 83. 93% of the area in 2010 had a groundwater drop more than 50 cm per year، so that the area of this region was 43. 85% in 2000. Human intervention is undoubtedly the most important factor of the region degradation.

There are 90 big and small islands in the Persian Gulf that its 34 islands belong to Iran. which 17 islands have geo-politics and strategic importance from point of view of the stating on international floodway of Hormoz strait and its control and also controlling foreign navy traffic. The Persian island is the center of Persian gulf in 50- 10 of geographical length and 27-59 geographical width in the most forest Iranian island from the main state. And Arabic island of Arabia is the nearest island to it. This island has the economic and politic importance and it has rich sourcesof oil and gas and naval tourism position. Furthermore by settlement at the center of Persian gulf and placing out of Hormoz strait، having possible natural situation marine mine – laying، settlement into traffic vestibule of American ships to Bahrein gulf، crossing position and also by low extent of enemy، it cannot occupy this area completely. So، by attending to the mentioned characteristics، this island has extra political importance to Iran in war time of tanker lorry، this island makes good situation for its Own contrary to Iran in out of Hormoz strait. The aim of this study is more familiar with Persian Gulf and its importance. This island is the most unfamiliar island of Iran and there are little sources in this island about this subject. The results of this research are showing that this island from political، economical، military point of view and placing through crossing traffic of international navigation in Persian Gulf has the strategic importance. The method of data collection is presence interview and library sources has analytical and descriptive manner. Also to preparing maps، is used from photo shop soft ware.