نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 73 (بهار 1389)

Once the human being limited the breadth of the earth to his own area of ​​vision, and wherever he had been born, he lived all his life there and maybe for hundreds of thousands of years his knowledge did not exceed that of the world around him. Apparently from the very first days, humanity, in order to not forget, or to transfer information about the earth to his children, has probably made various lines and motifs on the walls of his cave or whatever type of residence. Thus, according to the historians, the germ of two important modern knowledge has been formed by the first human being, one obtaining information about the earth's surface, that is, geography, and the other the recording of information about the earth in the form of lines and images, in other words, a map which is cartographic, and these two human knowledge have become so closely connected from the very beginning that they are actually considered interdependent, and with such a firmness that the existence of one without the other is not imagined as possible. In the course of the evolution of automation, the real shift from mapping to creating spatial databases was a very attractive and valuable beginning, and provided an effective presence of cartography in all stages of study, planning, preparation of operational plans, implementation and evaluation. The main role of automation is in creating a spatial database, which is in response to a variety of needs of earth’s applied science and technology and of building structures. Creating a map is one of the dozens of possibilities provided by spatial database. The Internet is a very important tool that has played a major role in receiving and disseminating information over the past few years. The global communications network delivers and publishes the most recent news concerning geographic data. In this process, the map has an essential position and has a multi-purpose function. Maps can play their historical role in providing information for geographic plans and their conditions.

Today, various innovations have found their way into the market. Information and communication technology can be considered as one of these innovations. Villages, as a part of the country's society, have always shown sensitivities toward new innovations. Among the innovations presented to villages is information and communication technology, which requires attention to the effects of its development in villages. The research method is secondary, and various national and foreign sources have been used. In this article, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is defined and the Internet status, as one of the most important tools of information technology in the world, is examined, and the status of Iran in the world and region is discussed. In the following, the national strategy of information and communication technology for infrastructure, education and research are considered, and information technology applications in the rural areas are expressed. Information and communication technology can be influential in agriculture. Subjects such as precision agriculture, the environment and crisis management are among the main concerns of information and communication technology in agriculture. It is necessary to conduct a pathological examination about the application of information and communication technology, and this will be considered with regard to dimensions such as digital divide and the cost issues of the application of information technology.

Juvenile water is one type of underground waters that is formed by cooling of magmatic water vapor in the solid crust of the Earth. This water was first mentioned by Austrian geologist Suss, and so far no significant reservoir of this water has been reported. Every year, due to internal and external volcanic activity, some water enters the water cycle. This water is referred to as "juvenile water" because of its first entrance into water cycle. Currently, the amount of juvenile water added to the total water available on the planet due to volcanic activity is estimated to be one tenth of one kilometer cubed. Although the amount of this water is low, but given the very important role that water plays in human life and the lack of water at the present time, more attention should be paid to it. Deep water (or synthesized and pure) is one of those kinds of waters that originate from very great depths of the earth and can be the result of the steam of the last stage of molten magma in the earth associated with volcanic manifestations, and from those waters that have long remained between the earth's levels, and are found in some places, especially during oil drilling. Therefore, juvenile waters have deep origin, and are formed through the combination of hydrogen and oxygen and with the hardening of Inner and outer melting materials. These waters are often the primary producers of deep warm mineral water.

The limitations of the sources and documents related to the field of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental issues concerning space technology and space activities of the country, examine specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the major topics discussed in this paper.

The main purpose of this research is the importance of land use changes in Gorgan city using remote sensing data. In fact, remote sensing has vast applications in many fields of science and research. Possibility of regular periodic imaging and uninterrupted transmission of satellite images are two very important factors in the use of satellite data. These advantages will help experts in diverse fields to be able to use satellite imagery and information in studies such as periodic variations in the Earth’s surface, changing features and phenomena and natural disasters. In fact, one of the essential needs of researchers, managers and planners is to have accurate and timely information. Land use maps represent human activities concerning exploitation of land, for example, industrial and residential areas, agricultural fields, and so on.

Tourism in today's world is being pursued with various goals and purposes such as the exchange of information and culture, pilgrimage, increasing knowledge, awareness of past societies and spending leisure time, and it daily rises in importance in everyday economic, social and international structures. One of the important branches of tourism, which is nowadays very much considered, is geotourism. In fact, geotourism or geographic tourism is one of the special fields of ecotourism that introduces geological and geomorphologic phenomena and features to tourists and preserves their local identity. Due to the availability of sufficient resources, both natural and human, salt pans (kavir) can be considered as one of the focal points of geotourism in each region, and in addition to strengthening the ecotourism dimensions of the area, they can balance the economic growth around them. Having two large Markazi (central) and lout salt pans, Iran has one of the richest ecotourism and geotourism potentials in the Middle East. One of the most beautiful areas of Iran's salt pan is Maranjab area, located on the western border of Kavir Plain in Aran and Bidgol. This area has a diverse nature of desert and salt pan, many beautiful phenomena and numerous attractions. Among the geotouristic attractions of this area are: Maranjab inn, salt lake, Sargardan (wandering) island and sandy hills. The purpose of this article was to investigate the potentials and capabilities of geotourism in the Maranjab area and the type of study was descriptive-documentary. In preparing this paper, secondary sources including books, research reports and dissertations have been used and the results of field surveys, observations, etc. have been used to complement it with practical data. Finally, the author, based on the presentations, concludes the discussion and proposes appropriate strategies for developing the tourism industry in the Maranjab region, which can be generalized for other kavir districts.

Iran is located in the belt of dry and semi-arid regions of the world. Due to its geographical situation, it has severe rainfall fluctuations, especially in arid areas. It is necessary to study this behavior for drainage basin operation, flood estimation for design and ... In this research, the IDF method has been used to study the intensity-duration-frequency of precipitation, which shows the intensity of precipitation in a desired period of time with a specified return period, and it can be used to estimate the flow rate according to intensity of precipitation. Garmsar is also located in a hot, dry climatic zone. The recognition of precipitation regime as well as the intensity of showery and exceptional rainfall can be useful for future planning. By examining the IDF curves, it was found that the highest rainfall has been in April, March and May, and the lowest rainfall in September, August and June, respectively.

According to UN studies, "Unofficial Settlement" will be the main challenge of the third millennium and it has been predicted that by 2020, the total number of inhabitants of the world's unofficial settlements will increase to almost 1.4 billion. The rapid expansion of cities around the world has been accompanied by the rapid growth of unofficial settlements. The haphazard growth of these settlements, while disturbing urban furniture and degrading the environment, has caused many social and cultural problems, especially in the context of social anomalies. The solutions presented in this regard have been diverse, from elimination and destruction to the improvement and empowerment of these settlements. Some consider them as a social problem and believe in their destruction or abandonment. Some other experts believe that, despite the fact that these settlements have many problems and issues, today they are recognized as a to house a group of poor people, and their destruction in the world and Iran are neither practical nor human, and with accurate and coherent planning it is possible to use the capacity and potentials of these settlements in order to empower them. Recent experiences in this area suggest that the concept of empowerment and attention to community-based programs in the face of unofficial settlement problems are now prevalent. In this view, the basis is the participation of residents, especially local leaders and influential people, in the planning and implementation of programs. This facilitates collaborations and division of efforts, and provides the ground for an initiative to overcome the problems of the local community. This increases the quality of life and reduces the social problems of unofficial settlements. In this article, we tried to study the empowerment program in unofficial settlements of Metropolitan Tehran, based on community-based approaches.

One of the most important problems in the field of agricultural activities is water scarcity or water resources issues. In this context, only those countries that utilize scientific methods in supplying the water needed for crops have been able to overcome these problems. In this study, we tried to evaluate the application of meteorological studies in estimating the water requirements of the desired crops (wheat and potato) in Tabriz region during different stages of growth. For this purpose, the ETP (plant evapotranspiration potential) was first determined using long-term statistics, and then, using the FAO organization tables, the plant coefficients for each of the crops were extracted. Finally, in order to plan for the supply of water resources, the effective rainfall in the region has been studied, and by subtracting the amount of water required from effective rain, the amount of water deficiency in the region has been identified.

The occurrence of the industrial revolution and, consequently, the emergence of unbridled urbanization created such a density of cars, iron and … in the cities, which faced the inhabitants of these places with many physical and mental problems. On the other hand, the expansion and development of transportation has been so rapid and sudden that the topic of the global village is already realized and tourism has become an important and influential industry that can be the source of many changes, especially in the economic dimension. What is clear is that a country or region can be successful in this regard provided it has comprehensive plans for coherent decision-making and effective management of tourism. The main objective of this paper is to address the potentials and abilities of the urban environment of Shiraz in the field of tourism, review weaknesses and shortcomings, and finally provide some solutions for these deficiencies. Obviously, Shiraz, as the largest and most beautiful city in the southern half of the country that also suffers from numerous problems including unemployment, will be able, by taking these facts into consideration, to play an effective role in the prosperity of the region’s economy by increasing income and creating employment.

Experience of new cities in Iran has a long history. Cities like Abadan, Shushtrano, Zahedan, Noshahr and various industrial cities are among its examples. The strategy of new cities began after the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1986, and the responsibility for the construction of these cities was delegated to civil engineering companies. However, the policy of locating new cities in our country has not been favorable and has been more concerned with the fact of state ownership of the land, neglecting other regulations of locating such as urban development capability, proximity to major economic centers, accessibility to roads, desirable distance from the mother city, paying attention to the population centers of the region, attention to the geographical and natural criteria of the region and ... As a result, the new cities have not succeeded in achieving their goals. Shahr-e-Jadid (new city) of Baharestan is one of the four new towns of Isfahan, which has a relatively good location, and has therefore succeeded in some way in attracting and settling the population.

In this research, a method for extracting effective and interpretable fuzzy rules from GIS data using a neuro-fuzzy system is presented. The fuzzy model has passed through three stages to achieve high accuracy and interpretability. In the first stage, the primary weights of the neuro-fuzzy network were obtained using the FCM clustering algorithm. In order to categorize the educational data in the second phase, a neuro-fuzzy CANFIS system was used and genetic algorithms were utilized to overcome the fuzzy models loss of interpretability. The proposed method has been tested on the data of 5th and 11th districts of Tehran for the diagnosis of decayed tissues. The issue at hand is of the type of classification and the aim is to determine the degrees of membership of the textures in each of the classes. The decay of tissues has been examined in 4 categories including low, moderate, high and very high decay. A total of 300 educational samples were used, and after network training all data were categorized correctly and with RMS = 0.0045. The results show that the proposed method in this study has high accuracy and interpretability and is capable of generalization to issues in which sufficient knowledge of the target system is not available.

The hypothesis that air is affected by the phenomenon of full moon was examined in terms of cloud cover. The statistical analysis of data of 44 years showed that there is no apparent relationship between clear sky and the appearance of full moon (Badr).