مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 8 (آبان 1393)

Nano TiO2 may generate potential harm to the environment and humans. In this paper the effect of nano TiO2 particles on the function and tissue of the kidney was investigated. A total of 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control (treated with 0. 5 ml normal saline) and three experimental groups. Groups 1، 2 and 3 received 0. 5 ml of solution containing 10، 100، 300 ppm Cu nanoparticle via IP injection for 7 successive days، respectively. The effects of nanoparticles Tio2 serum biochemical levels serum BUN (blood urea nitrogen)، uric acid، and ceratinin were evaluated at various time points (1، 7 and 14 days). After 14 days، the kidney tissue was collected and investigated. According to the results of this study، the creatinine levels between treatment groups 2 with control group differed significantly in the first week. In all groups، the mean level of BUN and uric acid did not significantly differ compared to the control group. The analysis of histopatological kidney tissue showed as follows: in group 1 deforming of renal corpuscular and compacting of plexus glomerulus; in group 2، wasting of proximal and distal tubules; in group 3، deformed corpuscular renal and increasing of lumen volume in proximal and distal tubules. It is indicated that group 2 was not only affected on factors of kidney، but also leads to the destruction of renal tissue.

To the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the effects of vitamin D-calcium co-supplementation on glycemic status and lipid profiles of vitamin D insufficient people with diabetes. This study was performed to assess the effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on metabolic profiles of vitamin D insufficient persons with type 2 diabetes. In a randomized placebo controlled clinical trial, a total of 118 persons with vitamin D insufficiency and type 2 diabetes were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned into four groups receiving: 1) 50000 IU/wk vitamin D+calcium placebo; 2) 1000 mg/d calcium +vitamin D placebo; 3) 50000 IU/wk vitamin D+1000 mg/d calcium; 4) vitamin D placebo +calcium placebo for 8 weeks. All participants provided three days of dietary records and three days of physical activity records throughout the intervention. Blood samples were taken to quantify metabolic profile sat study baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. Calcium-vitamin D co-supplementation resulted in reduced serum insulin (-14.8±3.9 pmol/L, P=0.01), HbA1c (-0.70±0.19%, P=0.02), HOMA-IR(-0.46±0.20, P=0.001), LDL-(-10.3±0.1 mmol/L, P=0.04) and total/HDL-cholesterol levels (-0.91±0.16, P=0.03) compared with other groups. We found a significant increase in QUICKI index (0.02±0.01, P=0.004), HOMA-B (11.8±12.17, P=0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (0.46±0.05 mmol/L, P=0.03) levels in calcium-vitamin D group compared with others. Vitamin D supplementation led to a significant improvement in all biomarkers of glycemic status, except for fasting plasma glucose, compared with no-vitamin D group. Joint calcium-vitamin D supplementation might improve glycemic status and lipid profiles in vitamin D insufficient people with type 2 diabetes.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia which it destroyed memory and thinking skills slowly. There is no cure for the disease and it leads to death eventually. Proline rich peptide (PRP -1) is produced from neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus that has large spectrum of biological action on immune and nervous system. The Aβ1-42 is more effective in the development of Alzheimer’s disease than Aβ25-35. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of PRP-1 on the electrical activity of Hippocampus neurons in the Alzheimer’s disease induced by β amyloid proteins Aβ25-35 and Aβ1-42. The present experimental study was carried out on 20 adult male wistar rat’s weighing 230±30gr and aged 3-4 months. At first, the rats were randomly divided into five groups (normal, Amyloids and Amyloids with PRP-1). In the control group without injection of β amyloid solutions and PRP-1, in the amyloid groups after injection of β amyloid solutions 3 m Lit and the amyloid with PRP-1 groups after injection of β amyloid solutions and treatment with PRP-1, experiment of electrophysiology with stimulus entorhinal cortex with frequency 50 and 100 HZ was performed and electrical activity of Hippocampus neurons on the base of tetanic potentiation and tetanic depression was recorded. The results of this research showed when administration of PRP-1 leads to approach of inhibitory and excitatory post stimulus early and late activity of hippocampus neurons to normal levels in Alzheimer’s disease produced by Аβ 25-35, but in the case of the Aβ 1-42 model the inhibitory post stimulus manifestations of activity didn’t reach the normal level. During Aβ 25-35 and 1-42 intoxication, a possible GABA-ergic nature of the post stimulus depression was performed and the neurodegeneration was counteracted and the protective effect of PRP-1 was supported.

Temporal lobe epilepsy is due to structural and metabolic changes in hippocampus including marked degeneration of neurons. Considering some evidences on antiepileptic and neuroprotective activity of acetyl L carnitine (ALC), this study was undertaken to evaluate the preventive effect of ALC on structural changes in hippocampus in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy. In this study, 32 rats were divided into sham, ALC-pretreated sham, epileptic, and ALC -pretreated epileptic group. Rat model of epilepsy was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal administration of 4 μg of kainic acid per rat. Rats received ALC (100 mg/kg, p.o) daily for 3 days before surgery. Finally, brain sections were stained with Nissl and Timm methods. The induction of epilepsy was followed by a prominent seizure and ALC pretreatment attenuated seizure intensity (p<0.01). In addition, density of Nissl-stained neurons in CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of hippocampus was significantly lower in epileptic rats versus sham group (P<0.005-0.001) and ALC pretreatment significantly increased it in CA1 and CA3 regions (p<0.05-0.01). Regarding mossy fiber sprouting, epileptic rats showed a higher degree of sprouting as compared to sham group (p<0.005) and ALC treatment significantly lowered it (p<0.05). ALC administration has an antiepileptic activity; it preserves neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions, and lowers mossy fiber sprouting in dentate gyrus of hippocampus in kainate-induced epileptic animals.

Ingesting high amounts of vitamin D results in soft tissue calcification, nephrocalciosis, neurologic complications and even death in severe cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D intoxication in children who referred to children's Hospital of Tabriz/Iran. The medical documents of all children admitted in Children's Hospital of Tabriz with diagnosis of Vitamin D intoxication from 2000 to 2012 were studied, retrospectively. The variables were demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings and outcome of patients. During 12 years, 20 patients (14 boys, 6 girls) with diagnosis of hypervitaminosis D with a mean age of 17.2±6.4 months (9-28 months) were evaluated. The most common symptoms were: anorexia (85%), vomiting (80%), weight loss (70%), dehydration (55%), constipation (45%) and polydipsia (40%). The mean serum level of total calcium was 13.5±3.7 mg/dl (12-17 mg/dl). The mean level of phosphor, 25(OH) D and parathormone were 6.3±1.4 mg/dl, 191.7±87.6 ng/ml and 14±8.8 ng/ml respectively. Ten patients (50%) had medullary nephrocalcinosis in renal sonography. Treatment modalities were: hydration with normal saline in all patients, frusemide in 16(80%), prednisolon in 15 (75%) and pamidronate in 3 (15%) patients. All patients were followed for 1-5.5 years. In the follow-up period recurrence of clinical symptoms and hypercalcemia was not seen in any patient. However nephrocalcinosis was persistent in the last follow up visit in all ten cases. Administration of high doses of vitamin D without considering its serum level and without considering the criteria of rickets may result in vitamin D intoxication. Late diagnosis of intoxication causes acute and long term complications.

Suicide as one of psychiatric emergencies is an important psychosocial problem and it is more common among major depressive patients. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), one of the most rapid and safe methods in treatment of psychological disorders, has been also used effectively for treatment of major depression. This study has been designed to assess the effect of ECT on suicidal ideation in psychiatric patients. Thisquasi-experimental studywas conducted on 20 subjects with psychiatric disorders (group of control 10 and experimental 10 subjects) who referred to 505 Psychiatric Hospital in 2013 and were in the same general health condition. The experimental group received ECT plus medication, whereas the control group was treated only by medication. Beck Suicide scale (BSSI) was used to measure suicidal ideation. Patients were evaluated by filling questioners one day before beginning of ECT, a day after last session, and also three months later. We did data analysis by SPSS-19 software and two-way multi Variance repeated measurement system. The findings of this research showed a meaningful difference between suicidal ideation scale in both the experimental and control group in post-test evaluation (p= 0.002). But there was no meaningful difference between them in the follow up evaluation (p=1). These results are in agreement with evidences from earlier studies. Although ECT is effective in rapid decline of suicidal ideation in psychiatric patients, but its effects is not long term, and it is necessary to continue maintenance therapy for prevention of relapse.

As B. persicum is used in treatment of diabetes, we aimed to study the effect of B. persicum seeds extract on level of insulin secretion from isolated islets of langerhans in male mouse. In this experimental study, adult male mice (NMARI) weighting 20-25g were purchased. Islets of langerhans were isolated by collagenase digestion method and were divided into 18 groups: (glucose2.8mM and 16.7mM), aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of B. persicum seeds (0.05, 0.1, 1mg/ml) and glyburide (1, 10μM). Each concentration of extracts and glyburide applied separately on isolated islets. Insulin secretion from isolated islets was evaluated by a static incubation system, and insulin secretion amount was measured by IRMA method. Amount of insulin secretion in 0.05, 0.1mg/ml concentrations of B. persicum seed extracts in mediums containing glucose2.8 mM and 16.7 mM increased significantly in comparison with glucose2.8 mM and 16.7 mM groups. 0.05mg/ml of aqueous extract in mediums containing glucose 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM increased insulin secretion when compared to various concentrations of hydro-alcoholic extracts. also among all groups, glyburide10μM showed most effective in increasing insulin secretion from isolated islets in comparison with glucose2.8mM and 16.7mM groups (p<0.001). Overall, the results showed, seed’s extract of B. persicum in low concentrations was able to increase insulin secretion and this effect is similar to the effect of glyburide1μM on the secretion of this hormone in glucose2.8mM medium as well as glyburide10μM in glucose16.7mM medium. So it’s suggested that one of the B. persicum ablative blood sugar mechanisms is via the effect on langerhans islets and stimulation of insulin secretion.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group new reality therapy based on choice theory on hopefulness in drug abusers. Hope is defined as a process of thinking about personal goals, along with the motivation to move towards the goals and methods to achieve goals. This experimental study used pre-test and post-test with a control group. Forty samples were selected according to low level of hope from treatment center of Mashhad and were divided randomly into control and experimental groups. For the experimental group intervention trial (group reality therapy) was administered in 11 sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week), but the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups completed Snyder hope scale before and after treatment. The data were analyzed with covariance. Findings showed that group new reality therapy based on choice theory results enhanced hopefulness in substance abusers in the experimental group compared with the control group. Therefore, this method can be used to enhance hopefulness in substance abusers. According to the obtained results. It seems essential that health care managers consider psychological factors prior to drug treatment in drug abuse treatment. Reality therapy can be used as an effective treatment for substance abuse treatment.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) has been known as an immunosuppressant agent, and is reported to induce oxidative stress. It also impacts gonadal cells nucleus and reduce the fertilizing potential. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Ethyl Pyruvate as a potential antioxidant on in vitro fertilized embryos development following exposure to CP. In this study, 36 mature female mice, aged 6-8 weeks were divided into 3 groups and treated for 21 days. The control animals received saline normal (0.1 ml,ip/day), and sham control group received CYPalone (15mg/kg,ip/week) and the experimental group received Ethyl Pyruvate (40mg/kg,ip/day) along with CP (15 mg/kg,ip/week). PMSG and HCG were administrated for stimulating the ovulation process. The sperms were obtained from 6 mature male mice. Following oocyte collection in-vitro fertilizing was performed using HTF+4mg/ml BSA medium. The fertilized oocytes were incubated for 120 hours and embryos were studied in various stages. Two proportion tests were used for statistical analyses by Minitab software (p<0.05). The animals in CP-treated group revealed significant decrease in appropriate oocyte number, fertilizing percentage, blastocyst and exhibited remarkably higher numbers of blocked embryos in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). In contrast, the Ethyl Pyruvate administration reversed the CP-induced damages. The animals in Ethyl Pyruvate -treated group revealed increased number of appropriate oocytes, percentage of fertilizing and improved embryo development (P<0.05). The Ethyl Pyruvate co-administration with CP resulted in significant improvement in fertilizing potential and promoted the embryo development.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the probability to produce yoghurt containing live and active probiotic microorganisms as functional food with favorite sensorial properties. The maintenance of Salmonella as a pathogen agent was evaluated under the synergistic effects of simultaneous presence of Teucrium polium essential oil (EO) and Lactobacillus acidophilus. For this purpose, 108-109 CFU/ml of L. acidophilus, 103 CFU/ml Salmonella Typhimurium LT2, and different concentrations of Teucrium polium EO were added to yoghurt. The products were kept for 28 days in 4°C refrigerator and evaluated for changes in organoleptic properties and the maintenance of L. acidophilus and S. Typhimurium LT2. The presence of bacteria was determined by culture in selective media and PCR methods. T. polium EO had the best Salmonella growth inhibition at 60 ppm and 80 ppm and in synergistic combination with L. acidophilus. No Salmonella was isolated during the 28 days of preservation of probiotic yoghurt or probiotic yoghurt containing different concentrations of T. polium EO. However, Salmonella could be isolated and counted in days 1 and 7 from negative control group and the groups containing T. polium EO. The best organoleptic properties of essential oil concentrations were observed in groups containing L. acidophilus. Using the combination of T. polium EO and L. acidophilus improved the hygienic and organoleptic quality of yoghurt.