مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 7 (مهر 1395)

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is defined as two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions. Glutathione S-transferase genes produce isoenzymes that protect embryo against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the removal of the two genes, GSTT1 and GSTM1 in male partners of couples having RPL.
A case-control study of 102 cases was conducted including male partner of the patients with RPL, and 104 controls, male partner of the normal couples. The semen samples of the cases and controls were collected and analyzed. Peripheral blood from the cases and controls were collected. DNA was extracted and subsequently multiplex PCR based genotyping assays were used. Chi square-analysis, Fisher's exact test and correlation test were used for statistical evaluation.
We found that 26.47% and 42.16% of the cases with RPL and 8.56% and14.42% of the controls had the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype (asynchronously). The GSTM1 null genotype was found significantly more often in cases than in controls (26.47% versus8.56%, P The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype in cases with RPL was found to be a risk factor in male partners of couples having RPL.

Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is defined as two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions. Glutathione S-transferase genes produce isoenzymes that protect embryo against oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the removal of the two genes, GSTT1 and GSTM1 in male partners of couples having RPL.
A case-control study of 102 cases was conducted including male partner of the patients with RPL, and 104 controls, male partner of the normal couples. The semen samples of the cases and controls were collected and analyzed. Peripheral blood from the cases and controls were collected. DNA was extracted and subsequently multiplex PCR based genotyping assays were used. Chi square-analysis, Fisher's exact test and correlation test were used for statistical evaluation.
We found that 26.47% and 42.16% of the cases with RPL and 8.56% and14.42% of the controls had the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype (asynchronously). The GSTM1 null genotype was found significantly more often in cases than in controls (26.47% versus8.56%, P The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotype in cases with RPL was found to be a risk factor in male partners of couples having RPL.

The ubiquitous nature of Listeria monocytogenes and its ability to grow at refrigerated temperature makes L. monocytogenes a serious threat to the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been found to be effective in inhibiting L. monocytogenes in food products such as fresh and cooked meats. Prebiotics exist in many foodstuffs such as garlic which stimulates the growth of lactobacilli. The aim of this study was to use Lactobacillus reuteri together with aqueous extract of garlic for controlling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes.
First stimulatory effect of water extract of garlic in different concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mg/ml) on the growth of L. reuteri was evaluated. Then, inhibitory effect of L. reuteri along with aqueous extract of garlic against Listeria monocytogenes was investigated for 0, 4, 8 and 24 h.
The results of this study showed that two concentration (100 and 200 mg/ml) of aqueous extracts of garlic had highest stimulatory effect on Lactobacillus reuteri growth. Also L. ruteri along with garlic extract significantly inhibited the growth of listeria monocytogenes.
The application of garlic extract along with lactobacillus ruteri may increase the inhibitory effect of lactobacillus against listeria monocytogenes.

Autism spectrum disorder is neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social-communication difficulties and stereotyped behaviors. The present study evaluates the effects of cognitive rehabilitation based on inverse imitation on recognition of basic emotion in children with high functioning autism disorder.
Materials The method was quasi-experimental and single-subject design and three children with high-functioning autism participated with an intact sampling method, and received 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation on imitation. In two sessions a week and 1 hour per session, the children received the interventions based on inverse imitation instruction. The assessments were done in 5 phases, 2 weeks before starting the treatment, one day before starting the treatment, after 5 sessions of treatment, after 12 sessions of treatment, one day after the end of treatment and finally the follow up phase (4 weeks after the end of treatment). NimStim of emotion recognition test and Ekman emotion recognition test were used research tools. Data analysis performed by visual analysis chart and effect size was computed subsequently.
The results showed the subjects’ performance in Ekman and NimStim of emotion recognition test. As well, the effect of the training program was effective in emotion recognition.
This study supports efficacy of training based on imitation in improving the emotional states of recognition skills in children with high- functioning autism.

In addition to the environment, age, temperature, nutrition and medicine, sex hormones including testosterone, FSH and LH are the most important factors affecting spermatogenesis and fertility. Sesame seeds with phytoestrogens and antioxidant activity in its lignans can affect pituitary-gonadal axis and increase fertility directly or indirectly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sesame seeds on the pituitary-gonadal axis hormones in adult male rats.
20 adult male Wistar rats (3-4 months) were divided randomly into 30 days (experimental and control groups) and 60 days groups (experimental and control groups). Control groups received standard diet, while the experimental group received a special diet (70% standard diet % sesame seed) for 30 and 60 days. At the end of experiment, after body weight and testicular measurements, the sex hormones estradiol, testosterone, LH and FSH were measured by ELISA.
The results showed that body weight, left and right testis weight and the level of testosterone and LH in the 60 days experimental group had increased significantly compared to 60 days control group and 30 days treatment group (p0.05).
Sesame seed intake for 60 days had a positive effect on pituitary-gonadal axis and increased the amount of sex hormones (testosterone, and LH) in adult male rats.

Hemophilia B is caused by either functional deficiency or lack of the human coagulation factor IX (hFIX). The current protein-based therapy with plasma-derived proteins increases, the risk of blood-borne pathogens transmission. Therefore, replacement therapy with recombinant hFIX (rhFIX) is an attractive alternative to plasma derived hFIX concentrates. In order to express and produce rhFIX protein, an efficient expression vector with suitable cis-regulatory elements such as intronic sequences is required.
Four hFIX-expressing plasmids with or without human β-globin (hBG) introns (intron I and intron II) inside the hFIX-cDNA and the Kozak element were constructed and introduced into the Hek-293T cells using transfection method. Next, the efficacies of the plasmids were evaluated by performing ELISA on cultured media during 3 days of post-transfection as well as semi-quantitative RT-PCR.
The highest hFIX expression levels were obtained from the intron-less and intron-I containing plasmids after 3 days of transfection. The first hBG intron was more effective than the second one. Furthermore, the highest mRNA level was obtained from the intron-less construct.
Intron-less and intron-I containing plasmids were more effective compared to other constructs for expression of hFIX. Application of the hBG intronic sequences reduced the hFIX expression levels, probably due to improper splicing of the hBG introns from the hFIX pre-mRNAs.

Escherichia coli O:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen and has been found as an important foodborne and waterborne microorganism. The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Zataria multiflora boiss. essential oils nanoemulsion on Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in pasteurized milk and in vitro.
The essential oil’s nano-emulsion was prepared by inversion phase and its particle size distribution was analyzed by dynamic light scattering method. Nano-emulsion’s antimicrobial properties in BHI and pasteurized milk (1.5 and 3.2 % fat ) were investigated by different methods such as agar diffusion, vapor phase diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, (MBC) and microbial inactivation curve after 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min.
The average droplet size was 66.5 nm. The diameter of inhibition zone in agar diffusion method was 8.74±0.4 mm, and in the vapor phase diffusion zone was not formed measurable. And MIC and MBC were 2500 μL/ml. Effects of three nanoemulsion dilution 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 on microbial inactivation in BHI broth showed that in 0.1 and 0.01 dilution after 1 hour, 6 log reduction can be observed in microbial population. In pasteurized milk with 1.5% fat, in the dilutions mentioned above, decreased by approximately 3.5 log was observed in the growth of bacteria. In pasteurized milk containing 3.2% fat, about 2.5 log reduction in microbial population for all three dilutions.
According to the results obtained in this study, we concluded that by optimizing this method, this nanoemulsion can be used to adequately control microbial pathogens.

Scleroderma is a chronic connective tissue disease with unknown etiology. Vitamin D, a necessary hormone that plays a particular function in the calcium and phosphate homeostasis, is involved in etiology of this disorder. Klotho, co-receptor of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), can interfere in calcium and phosphate metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of VDR gene polymorphisms (BsmI, TaqI) and serum Klotho levels with scleroderma susceptibility.
90 subjects (60 scleroderma patients and 30 controls) were studied. The BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms of VDR were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using restriction enzymes BsmI and TaqI. Serum Klotho and vitamin D levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
No significant difference was seen in the genotype frequencies of TaqI polymorphism between the groups (p=0.904), but a significant difference was found between the Scleroderma patients and control groups in BsmI polymorphism frequencies (P = 0.037). Serum levels of Klotho and 25(OH) D in scleroderma patients were lower than those in healthy controls (p˂0.001). There was no significant difference in serum FGF-23 levels between patients and controls (p=0.202).
The results indicate that the BsmI polymorphism in the VDR gene as well as Klotho and vitamin D levels may be associated with the etiology of scleroderma. Further studies are required to apply these associations.

Scoliosis is linked with asymmetrical compression loads induced by trunk muscles and external loads. The objective of this study was to measure the electrical activity of bilateral erector spinae muscles during the rest in the standing, sitting and lying positions.
Ten patients with double curvature (right thoracic and left lumbar) scoliosis and 12 healthy girls participated in this study. The activity of ES muscles at 6th, 10th thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebral levels was recorded bilaterally in the standing, sitting and lying positions and was presented as percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction
The total muscle activity between the groups was not significant different (P>0.05). In healthy subject, the activity of left and right muscles was similar in all positions (P>0.05). In scoliosis subjects, the muscles activity of the concave side was higher than that of the convex side at 10th thoracic vertebral in the sitting position and at 6th thoracic vertebral in the lying position (P In scoliosis patients, the muscle activity of the concave side was higher at 10th and 6th thoracic vertebral levels during sitting and lying positions respectively. Since the asymmetrical activity was observed only in some of the positions, it does not seem to be inherent characteristic of the scoliotic spine and is due to mechanical condition of the body.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a mindfulness-based parenting program in general health and subscales including depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction in mothers who had children with oppositional defiant disorder.
This was a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group. For this purpose, 34 mothers of girls with oppositional defiant disorder after purposive sampling were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (17 in each of groups). The Child Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and Teacher Report Form (TRF) with clinical interviews were used for screening and the general health questionnaire was used to collect the data in two conditions (pretest and posttest). Mindful parenting course was implemented for the experimental group in 8 sessions, 2 hours each. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical parameters (mean and SD) and MANCOVA.
Results showed that mindful parenting course with a statistically significant difference between pre-and post-test scores led to general health and all of subscale including depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms and social dysfunction.
With regard to the effective use of mindful parenting course to increase general health in mothers of girls with oppositional defiant disorder, the training program should be directed toward reducing stress and promotion of general health in this group of people.