فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 127 (پاییز 1388)

The study of civilization history of Iran terrain has shown the myriads of year's antiquity and primeval root and its backgrounds have found until several years ago. The first Iran civilization symbol has reached about six thousands years AC, which the human being reside on mountains and caves that gradually have accessed to fertile east, center and west fields. The civilization vestiges and human settlements have firmed on Najd plains of Iran such as sokhteh city in Sistan (third and fourth millennium AC), Hesar hill in Damghan (fifth millennium AC (Silk of Kashan, Jiroft and Marvdasht environs and shosh and Hafttappeh. The remainder arts have shown the sign of rural life in these areas. The areas as Ganje dareh, Sarabasiyab in Kermanshah, Alikesh in Dehloran, Goran in helilan and Chogabenot in Khozestan have numbered the most oldest rural epicenter of Iran. According to these evidences, the villages could be considered the first settlements which the Iranian civilization formation has began from there and many of current cities that they and manifestation of our civilization epitome, have been their originator. The identification and preservation of precious heritage of rural architecture are considers a kind of country's historical national assets protection, which help us to flow the stable principles remainder of past on the new structure through discovering of mysteries and secrets, marks and symbols that have hidden on them and preserve the architectural authenticity and identification of rural settlements. This discussion has been studied and appraised the importance of these arts, their cognition, preservation and revival solution.

Rural architecture of Iran from the point of view of functional nature and meeting human needs of popular activities, production elements and environment form a harmonious and organized collection with special physical nature that is a representation of contacts, functions and multi-functional role of spaces. Design, technology, and the method of rural housing construction, dimensions, proportions, scale and conformity with inside and outside conditions of residential unit, all indicate the rate of effect and strengthening the human relations with facilities, natural environment conditions and requirements that has revealed experimentally and over time in the form of principles, measures and quantities in spatial structure of housing. The article aims at dealing with present rural housing pattern in the city and the influential factors in their development and strategies for compilation of optimum housing pattern for rural dwellings regarding the modern needs, natural and climate features of the region. The research method was descriptive-survey and through library and documentary study, theoretical basics were adopted and the complementary information was completed by interview, questionnaire and field observations.

To Study some of influential factors affecting housing, researcher should first explain its position in general structure of environmental factors in which housing embedded in, and to recognize it in relation to other factors. Second, he should identify his insight level; in other words, he needs a general insight that enable him to have base for his choice on that. This article examines this general insight and influential factors affecting rural housing which are to be identified and recognized. It also examines concepts such as house, rural house and constraint. In the following part different perspectives of environmental and cultural constraint and mutual relation of influential factors in rural architecture are examined. Finally, it examines the amount of influence of each factors (environmental, cultural, social, economic) forming attributes of rural architecture framework which is influenced by two general groups of environmental and human factors.

Provision and implementation of the rural-guide plans dating back to two decades ago and have been one of the basic actions in order to promote the physical development of Iran's villages. Regarding the continuation of the implementation of these plans, we consider the evaluation of the physical effects arising from this trend is crucial which is on one hand can determine the consequences of the implementation of the plans in the villages, and on the other hand provides the fundamental information for a better management of the plans that enable us to realise the present weaknesses and strengths. The present research has been carried out in order to evaluate the physical effects of the rural-guide plans in one of the district of Rasht called khomam. In this study, the researchers have applied the descriptive-analytical method (in the study), and most of the data have been experimentally collected via questionnaire. The results of this research suggest that the implementation of these plans have been relatively successful in the following aspects; the building construction method, rural architecture for improvement and strengthening, hygienic waste disposal, and accessibility of services to the villagers. However, it has not been as successful as the above-mentioned aspects in some other aspects such as hygienic sewage system, passages improvement, and in changing agricultural landuse into the non- agriculture.

Buildings and living in them have changed over the last two decades. Apart from a few exceptions, it is not spectacular buildings and housing types that define our times. Through the development of innovative materials, products and ways of construction, it is essential to move toward more efficient, economical and ecological buildings.Now, we are standing at the threshold of the next generation of buildings; buildings with various degrees of high technology, which are completely ecological in their behavior and which through the intelligent use of functionally adaptive materials and products, are able to react to changes in their direct or indirect surroundings and adjust themselves to suit.This creates new tasks for the designers and planners of these buildings, who must be aware of quick moving of technology and use them in their designing.Indeed, the main goal of this essay is to define smart materials and their functions and more importantly to explain how they are utilized in the constructive projects in the developed countries.It is promising that being familiar with the practical use of smart materials would encourage architects and designers to utilize these materials which their main advantage, intelligent management of energy.

The villager's satisfaction and trust, concerning the performance of involved organizations, has great effect in raising their eagerness of staying at the village, and to increase the production rate at the same time, but the significant factors that effect the villager's satisfaction are usually neglected. The public opinion in general and the villager's views in particular with regard to the achievement of organizations, could not be considered as a final judgment, whether the result is satisfactory or not; most of the judgments maybe due to personal interest, not as a result of their operation.For instance, a study was carried out in same villages of Bandar Anzali Township with high rate of literacy (nearly 90%) which bring a relatively high level of knowledge. The study was only targeting the views of the villagers concerning the above mentioned matter, not the performance of the related organizations. This confirmed that usually the point of views of the villagers are just their personal interest, rather than a sustainable development prospect.

Housing indicators maybe the most important and the most fundamental factor in housing planning. Considering the housing social indicators in one of the approaches to understand housing characteristics, with which can be discover the effective parameters in the housing issue and facilitate any decision making in housing planning. This paper identifies with a view to the role of the social variables in the planning of housing development, certain quality variables (facilities, construction material and fuel) which have been relevant to explain housing development planning in the Iranian provinces. The methodology in this paper is descriptive and analytical. The statistical sample is the country province's existing housing through which the statistical data has been studied and analysed by using HDI. This paper aim to determine the level of the country provinces from the perspective of social indexes of housing. How good the Iranian provinces are developed in housing? These variables suggest categorization of the Iranian provinces into four classes of highly deprived, deprived, developing and developed. The result shows the poor quality of the housing in those provinces and in turn requires adequate attention to be spent by public planners in provision of necessary and subordinate housing services, facilitating public access to such services and social justice.