نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1394)

The current study analyzing the urban system of province Hamadan during 1335-1390 in this research use from prime urban methods, rank-size, entropy, Lorenz curve and Gina coefficient The research method in this study is quantitative-analytical and the tools of collecting of documenting information, library and scoping. To do the calculating and analyzing the information used from Excel, SPSS, and GIS software. The result of searching are show that the prime urban index in the studying period was in the urban system of province Hamadan and itۥ s process was additive. The entropy coefficient during 1335_1385 has been towards a more balanced distribution of the number of cities in the urban system. According to the Lorenz curve, administering the aggregation percentage of number and the population of cities of province Hamadan during 1335_1390 had more distance from the normal line and despite the increasing the number of cities in the province, the Gini coefficient didn&rsquot ۥt have improvement. Surveying the urban system of province Hamadan during 55 years ago show that the urban system of province Hamadan don ۥt have the necessary coordination in structure, function and urban hierarchy The total, with a feasible way of making equal opportunity and superior services for province ۥs cities we can bringing the optimal hierarchical urban system.

Today, issues related to the presence of social strata in urban areas and the enjoyment of fundamental aspects of citizen interaction that is considered sustainable human development The most important issues of urban management, the effect of interventions focused on the issue of urban planning and sociology have. On the other hand, the gender feminist approaches to the city and damaged areas of the city, need to examine the dimensions and characteristics of the area in question is no, in this article. The research is descriptive and analytical study of the collection consists of library studies and documents have been used. Finally, referring to a variety of approaches, trends, feminist theories of the city, has been analyzed and criticized. In order to promote the presence of women in urban areas and the realization of obstacles to overcome gender dimensions of space and freezing guidelines and recommendations have been discussed.

Ancient cities had a high level of walking accessibility, afterwards following that industrial revolution and dominance of personal cars over transport systems the idea of walking faded away. Walking as a cheap and available way of transportation that has no need to specific device is always popular with all social classes in any kind of living contexts. When urban atmospheres were affected by air pollution and lack of fossil fuels, reducing quality level of urban spaces usage of public transportation and avoiding personal became popular among citizens. In this study, the visual elements and how they influence as activating elements of the urban spaces. Achieve a deeper understanding of sounds, images and their impact on human and contextualized approach to the issue of urban design elements in the environment due to the collective perception psychology and social behavior in the environment that can be in the form of architectural and landscape design considered. The questions of the environmental impact of the graphic elements are in line with the activating urban spaces? The points discussed include a variety of visual elements as well as the effectiveness of rational design based on human psychology and physiology city for activating According to the notification the moment and review the purposes of collective perception in the long term. The results show that the rational design of visual elements and check on the proper use of environmental graphics psychological understanding of human and collective memory in the urban areas (at micro and macro levels) and citizens profound effects on the environment and urban spaces pedestrians which was designed to lead to activating urban spaces.

Today, at the level of socio-economic planning and rural development, women's participation has been very important. And use it as a target and the development of the brand name. Women already play a vital role in many aspects of development such as food security, environmental sustainability, eradication of poverty, population control and social development for the international community is clear. While the women themselves believe it has been taken into account. In this research using descriptive and analytical methods, and by distributing questionnaires among the villages of Astara Lavandevil, to study the factors affecting women's participation in rural development is discussed. To determine the sample from the sample of 374 people were chosen ccording to population size cluster sampling method were selected. The results showed that women in social activities than women in agriculture, rural industry and services have a greater impact on rural development is part Lavandevil Astara.

This article aims to review trends and hermeneutic methods to Fhmmndy urban architectural aesthetics. In this article, we review the history of hermeneutics (pre-modern, modern and contemporary), trends and contemporary hermeneutical approach to the issue of access to feminist aesthetics of contemporary urban architecture in particular is considered. Then, through the shortcomings and failures of critical hermeneutics theory and criticism of architecture and town are mentioned in the hermeneutical methods. Descriptive and analytical methods of this research in the theoretical and logical analysis in the evaluation. The results show that the philosophical hermeneutics with new concepts such as the understanding of the perception of architecture, urban circle of understanding the concept of cognition, language and historicity of urban design, integration hermeneutic horizons and focus on them, the issue of urban architecture and beauty it is dependent of mind. If it seems that opinion in renewable period of about prejudice, authority and tradition, is the focus of criticism Fratjdd period. Fratjdd approaches hermeneutics Renaissance movement is conservative, because the hermeneutics can not be left to the authority of tradition. Finally, the important point is that understanding the architectural and aesthetic standards of modern concept of conceptual confusion and full of contradictions is fundamental.

The question of the mission architecture and the human relationship with the artist or the audience, without addressing the question of how knowledge is possible. Knowledge of art always has discussed various thinkers. When architecture is placed below art, recognition of its scientific, engineering and artistic aspects is questioned due to its nature. As a human phenomenon, architecture is a product of human awareness of various aspects such as scientific, engineering, and artistic aspects. Therefore, clarifying the nature of awareness and cognition, as well as the methods and tools to understand them, can contribute to understanding the work of art. The nature of the entity and the creator are also questions to be answered. This started happening place. Place recognition ability for humans to recognize their exictence example. Because a human being who knows existence and he is different from other creatures. The evolution of human movement in architecture in relation to word of similitudes and imagination events. This link will explain the awareness of movement and time. Thus the presence of light quality firstly, as a symbol of existence and origin of movement. That is appearance and revealing secondly, combined with moving shodows to show the time and movement, harmony and rhythm perception. Reinforced by the imagination of the masses geometric layout occurs. Thus the spase with the help of geometry can be directed and appeared. In such as space, the human who knows where. This means that architectural thought and imagination by opening communication between the audience and the architect, and create a new world of thinking. Architect indices have sensory perception of the three worlds, imaginary and intellectual world of architecture for the audience to feel, experience and understanding of it. The audience is given the ability to self-discovery and knowledge components in contact with the imagination and create your own world. Therefore, in this study architecture not as a place of shelter and comfort, but also as a link man and the world is introduced. Architecture is what human ability to connect with reality and being a single resides upgrade to discuss the artist and the audience. The studies included in this study was carried out contrary to modern researchers that humans efficient cause, the cause of building material, building form and building formal cause as shelter and the comfort to know the ultimate cause, the efficient cause of creative imagination, because formal place, due to the mass of material and space and create an atmosphere of ultimate cause of thought and imagination has been introduced.

Today, in most societies social life of citizens is associated with medical centers. These centers is considered important area of citizenship and humanity originality. Therefore due to the cultural aspects and citizenship considerations is necessary and logical in order to provide more quality services. In this view, the goal of current research is the study of knowledge culture and organizational citizenship behavior situation as well as assessing the relationship between them. The present study is descriptive type and performed by correlation method. The statistical population including all of the nurses in the studied hospital that according to provided statistics they are 205. Among them 153 persons were selected as sample. Tow questionnaires were used to collect required data. Cronbach&rsquos &alpha was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaires that the reliability coefficient were 0/89 and 0/93. Descriptive statistical methods were used for classification, producing tables, drawing charts, and calculating the means and standard deviations. To examine the statistical assumptions, inferential tests were used. The tests used were the one-sample t-test for mean significance of each variable, one-way ANOVA (F) for integrity or compatibility of member answers based on their personal and organizational specifications. The tests was done by SPSS. Data analysis revealed that, there is positive and significant correlation knowledge culture and organizational citizenship are appropriate. Finally the conclusions and suggestions of the research were between knowledge culture and organizational citizenship that is Rxy= 0/67. Moreover the situation of presented.

Identity, regardless of the issue in most areas of general human knowledge, the issue of quality is due to the structure of the environment affects human needs. In fact, the issue of qualitative identity between man and the environment. The lack of quality of the human relationship with the environment and create an environment where failure is lack of legibility and meaning. So create readability and meet the basic human needs according to His spatial resolution, the most important factor is human intervention in the environment. Thus, we need to understand the environment as an approach to understand the identity of the built environment, understanding the meaning of identity, space and physical space and its impact on man and his behavior is. Therefore, in this study, with the aim of collective urban identity by both objective and subjective patterns of location, space and body and due to the built environment to explain the concept of identity by environmental component location, space, body, and its effects will be discussed. Therefore, on the basis of descriptive, analytical and environmental studies identified common standards library with spatial identity, location and identification of the body so that the information in the category mentality by taking common sense, readability and imagery (immaterial) between the identity of the setting sure. In addition, information on the level of objectivity as a common form and function (physical) identity between place and space can be achieved that-be shared between the three major components of the identity, the identity of place, identity and physical identity and space in accordance with the functional factors, cognitive and physical identification and categorized.

Today, "visual management" and the urban landscape of the main issues in urban planning processes and macro-policy a central role in creating the legibility and visibility of urban and urban aesthetics. If it can be expected that cities without looking at management in the field of landscape and urban visual system can achieve the status of their corresponding management of the urban landscape. In this review of the position of graffiti on the management of the urban landscape and its role in the aesthetics of the cities have been addressed. The research is descriptive and reference documents to library research tools and techniques related to the research objectives may be tried. Finally, in addition to the aesthetic of graffiti on the walls of cities, towns, strategies to improve the management system of landscape and visual management of cities, especially in connection with wall paintings has been paid.

In recent decades especially in developing countries, rapid population growth especially followed by rapid constructions, exclusive of urban scale aesthetics criterions in meeting the needs of the excessive population, has made the urban scape facing serious challenges and has turned urban scape, a controversial subject in urban design studies. In day light, people moving across the public realm of the city are able to observe all the corners and details. On the other hand by starting darkness during every night, at which the majority of people tend to spend some quality time for leisure across urban spaces, urban night scape has made the unpleasant views, which were visible during daylight, disappear by emphasizing the aesthetics standards and bring a different face to people sights than it used to be during day time. At this time, criterions of the aesthetics component as one of night scape components, could fulfill the sense of pleasance for people having nocturnal strolls. Therefore in this paper, urban night scape is defined through the &lsquoLight&rsquo at the heart of darkness in the night as the first layer of human touch with the urban form. Components such as built and natural components and human and their activities as the premium factors for sense of place have been introduced as the main urban scape constituents. Following what we mentioned above, due to great variety in defining Aesthetics topics, it is being considered as one of the qualitative component of the night scape and its role in human perception process is explained. We also discuss the expectations from night scape regarding aesthetics components and its relation with lighting. In the following, light color is defined as one of the qualitative issues affecting the aesthetics messages of night scape and it is introduced as a robust quantity in the urban night scape layer. Then each of urban scape elements is described according to aesthetics night scape. In this context, at the beginning of the debate, built elements of urban scape layer are expressed and we briefly discussed the role of urban facades during night scape as the most important built issue in urban space structures and spatial sequences and it is followed by other built components based in our space. Lighting accents on architectural achievements are described in this topic, and also the concept of Gestalt Reversal and changes occurred in urban facades which are derived from changes in modern architecture contemplation, during the night scape are defined. Night scape natural factors are described as the natural identical and shaping factors of urbanscape as well as role of water, green masses, topographies, hills and valleys are expressed in aesthetics night scape. Eventually man and his activities as a sense of response to pleasure from behavior settings, observing activities and social interactions during night scape layer are described. In the end we concluded the main objectives of the aesthetics night scape of the city and also the role of each of the components of urban scape was collected in a table.

The advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) are designed to be efficient in many aspects such as helping users in making travel route choice decisions, alleviating road congestion and enhancing network performance. These systems can propose a variety of information to users due to their criteria and objectives. In this paper, to enhance the performance of the network, it is assumed that all of the vehicles in Tehran network are equipped with ATIS and the information of system optimal (SO) routs is proposed to the users. travel times of some suggested paths are more than those of the shortest paths of the network, simply a portion of the users follows the information while the other uses the shortest paths. Accordingly, users are divided into two groups, and assigned to the network based on system optimal and user equilibrium, respectively. An iterative method is presented for assigning the demand of both groups simultaneously based on extending the well-known Frank-Wolf algorithm. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis of total travel time and average travel speed is performed regarding the different percentages of using the information of routes.

Parliament Square as one of the oldest squares in Tehran in the vicinity of many historical and cultural monuments. It is the most valuable town squares. The area of tissue erosion, environmental pollution, reduce the incidence of injuries social belonging and the opportunity to eliminate the threats to replace it. Therefore it is necessary to fix these problems, "the design quality of the Parliament" pedestrian-oriented development and urban furniture changes implemented. Similar experience with a focus on implementation projects improve the quality of road shows that some of these projects, however, with the aim of improving the quality of life of the inhabitants of the city administration, but ultimately the sustainability of urban development not helped. The study "is whether the quality of the Parliament on various aspects of design can lead to sustainable urban development" theory-based research theoretical framework of urban development in four dimensions: social, cultural, environmental and economic impacts were developed. This study combined quantitative and qualitative data through interviews and questionnaires have been collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Check the quality of the design hypothesis suggests that Parliament should fully implement and comply with the other projects the city center can lead to the sustainable urban development.

Historical context of cities reflects the civil character, culture and urban interactions. In these contexts, in addition to the physical, is answered to create an atmosphere in accordance with the function and performance. Moreover, the notions of "body" and function are raised as effective components in interventions of historical contexts. Therefore, understandingthese components are important both towards intervening in historical contexts and towards extending its notions toother sectors, �by looking at the historical context, it is obvious that forming and� their life in historical continuity, cultural, social, environmental has beenexplicit as coherent and coordinated. Residents ofthese contextshavereceived their identitythroughsocial interactions andparticipationin creating thesepermanentatmospheres. The impact of such permanent places is in forming of individual and social and cultural identity. This paper evaluates effective components such as social interactions, activities, interests in social links of individuals with the old context and is in order to physical and architecture respond to them. In this study, by research method of descriptive, analytical and library studiesandthetheoryof social linksandits maincomponents, is tried to investigate the physical concepts in historical contexts, to investigate the concepts such as participation, �attachment, commitment, belief and the sociological positioning, in terms of physical and understanding the features of social links and the need for its physical restoration in historical contexts. So as, leads to theseparation ofthe components of physical and the activity that is effective in the links between people and old context.

One of the major challenges facing the government is to respond to changing demands and expectations of citizens who earn their legitimacy. In order to respond to this need that the government should seek new ways to continuous innovation in providing public services for citizens. The use of information and communication technology to provide public services to the community, which is referred to as e-government, a new initiative that aims to citizen access to public services provided through electronic media and the government and citizens to establish the new species.E-government initiated a new phase of life, the relationship between the state and citizens who have their place as well as the reform of public sector management and reform of administrative system. What this article aims to explain some aspects of E-governance as a concept, typology, for the formation of goals and requirements, advantages and applications and reasons for interest in the use of E- government.

One of the factors of education in modern education and training, the quality of architecture, spatial school. Education in the new school should be such that the physical space as a living and dynamic, the quality of student's educational role. Accordingly, addressing the development needs of educational spaces, especially in the early stage of cognitive science of architecture in order to increase learning and creativity in children and students is considered. In this paper, "Design of educational spaces and creating student learning and creativity," emphasized that the meta-analysis and analytical method is used. The findings are components of architectural spaces designed for primary education in the form of design parameters and component quality. At the end of the set of rules and standards that have been mentioned in this regard.

Authorized or unauthorized discussions of government intervention in the issue of population control, always among the scholars and jurists have pros and cons. The importance of this issue, which is compounded when the issues at the macro level, the policy of the Muslim population by the government to be seen. This article refers to the responsibility and the involvement of an Islamic state in the execution of control and regulation of birth, the analysis focuses jurisprudence responsibility. Whether such liability is an Islamic state? Why and what are its limits? This article is an introduction to this topic is, attempts to briefly assess the issue from several perspectives and based on several principles, principles and scope of government intervention show. The debate is that the first principle of any basis of reason and dimensions checked Conclusion As can be seen, and then do the basic responsibility of the government or not?

The aim of this study was to design a structural model of the relationship between quality of work life and job performance and also the role of mediator psychological empowerment of citizens. The study of the purpose and the method of data collection, descriptive, correlative and, in particular, is based on structural equation modeling. Conceptual model based on research done previously formed. In this study, three types of standard questionnaire which its validity and reliability have been approved. For data analysis, factor analysis was used to identify factors in the conceptual model. In recognition of the relationship between the variables of the path analysis of structural equation modeling to estimate the relationship between variables and is used by the software SPSS and AMOS. The sample of the research staff of Kermanshah PNU and the final results showed that the initial conceptual model is fitted perfectly and have a direct impact on the quality of work life and job performance was significant And indirect impact through psychological empowerment of citizens was confirmed.

One of the mechanisms for control and reducing greenhouse gas emissions adjusted is the clean development Mechanism. These mechanisms include projects that the developed countries operate to fulfill their commitments to reducing emissions and also contribute to sustainable development in developing countries and for reducing emissions are received CER (Certified Emission Reduction).In this paper, the role of implementation of CDM projects to achieve the goals of the resistance economy, Perspective Document and strategies to defeat unjust sanctions imposed on the country has been studied.One way of controlling and greenhouse gas management optimum use of energy from fossil fuels for reducing energy usage and consequently reduce. dissemination of pollutant gases of it. Another way isthe use of fuels with low-carbon or no-carbon (nuclear power and renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, and biomass fuels).A third option that has been discussed in this article the role of CDM and environmental projects, especially carbon management by extraction or stopping carbon to reduce greenhouse gases and increasing the efficiency of energy generation from wasted energy and the combustion process. According to the International Covenant on Kyoto, signatory countries are required to implement the commitments and provide needed items of CDM and environmental projects.Therefore, mentioned projects, are not subject to sanctions imposed against Iran and since the Iran has abundant oil and gas resources and is in the area with the capabilities full of renewable energy and also the recent sanctions imposed on the country's economy is causing injuries incidence, Environmental and CDM projects can be used as a mechanism to defeat sanctions and to be used greater prosperity for resistive economic goals of Islamic Iran.

The need for sustainable urban development in urban communities and large cities has been emphasized due to rapid urbanization and limitation of land and biological resources. One of the strategies to achieve sustainable urban development is sustainable form of city which has influential role in determining the sustainability of urban environments. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to redefine and determine physical development strategy and sustainable form of Isfahan city to achieve sustainable urban development in prospect of 2035. This study is applied in term of objective. The methodology of this study is a combination of document, analysis, causal and survey. Data collection tool is questionnaire. According to the objectives and the nature of research and to achieve consensus on the identification and assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Isfahan urban development, data was gathered through 879 samples from the study population including citizens, urban experts and managers and supplementary interviews with 25 people from a selection of experts and city managers and then was analyzed and evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient and SPPS software. Also, to redefine and establish physical development strategy and sustainable form of Isfahan and completion of evaluation research data, SWOT strategic analysis and internal factors evaluation matrix (IFE) and external factors evaluation matrix (EFE) was used and development physical strategies and sustainable form of Isfahan including the sprawl growth with compact or discrete form of city and smart growth strategy of a compact city has been analyzed and evaluated. According to the perspective of� citizens, urban experts and managers as well as the SWOT matrix and the evaluation of internal and external factors, including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and evaluating the benefits of urban development strategy, it was concluded that strategy of urban smart growth and compact city is the best and selected strategy for physical development and sustainable form of Isfahan city with total scores of 3.80 and 3.11 for the internal and external factors using aggressive strategy approach.

Now, according to a scientific backwardness, economic, technological and so on in Iran, the country's approach to entering science and technology from the West has been in different areas. While any assessment of the results of this hasty in arriving and the use of technology, especially in the architecture there. On the other hand, proximity to culture, identity and other peculiarities of Iranian society with modern technology, especially for elementary and incomplete, has caused abnormalities That is the question that technology and its effects on humans, architecture and lays identity? Regarding the question posed in this study, the research study, we have tried to respond to the needs of the modern Iranian society which should be resolved using the new technology, the crisis of identity today's architecture Immethodical of technology architecture be examined. It must also avoid damage to the intellectual and philosophical context of modern technology in the field of architecture to Identity and spirituality in architecture can also be the best and most characteristic of Iranian architecture. The News strategies in order to overcome the current situation and the concept is briefly mentioned.