نشریه تامین اجتماعی
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 45، زمستان 1393)

Social protection is a major item in total public spending. As such it faces constant political challenges. In the domain of globalized mainstream thinking, it has become equated with an obstacle to flexibility and a cost factor of production that limits income growth rather than enhances it. Whatever the economic, societal, cultural and political positioning of social protection in a country may be, a rational discussion about its scope and future direction, and its actual and potential stabilizing influence on general economic developments, is only possible if that discussion can be based on sound quantitative information about the past and possible future progress of social protection expenditure and revenue. Governments continuously face the need to adapt their social protection systems to ever changing economic, demographic and social environments. Social budgeting, (the process by which society’s goals and priorities are better reflected through the budgeting process) which comprises a clear social accounting and a meaningful projection system, is or better, should be one of the factual bases for national social policy.

This paper investigates the trend of conceptual evolutions of poverty and deprivation in recent decades. Because of the limitations of economic approaches, poverty studies in past years turned from quantitative, static, one-dimensional, top-down, refectory without considering power and agency, to societal, qualitative, dynamic, multi-dimensional and relative approaches. Decreasing poverty is most important goal of social policy, and poverty definition is related to poverty policy-making. Although dominant approach to evaluate of poverty and deprivation in iran is economic, this paper argues social exclusion is more appropriate concept in this area.

Financing the provision of an adequate pension especially in an aging society is a difficult task. Unsustainable pension plans, imbalances between retirees’ contribution and pension benefits and desire for premature retirement in the previous decades have accelerated the reform from old PAYG pension system with defined benefits to new systems based on individual accounts. In the new systems contributions must be invested in financial markets in order to provide an adequate pension for retirement period. Because of risk transfer from pension funds to the individuals, it could be said that financial markets’ ability in providing continuous return is a precondition for the success of pension reform. This paper reviewing the characteristics and capabilities of financial markets in Iran, investigates the prerequisites of structural pension reform. Using descriptive statistics of deepness in Iran’s financial markets including banks and stock market, this paper shows that savings of pension funds may not be able to obtain a good return for an acceptable level of risk. Iran’s financial markets are not deep enough for the investment of pension funds and, in addition, financial instruments necessary for risk management do not exist. In the previous years,these problems has caused the portfolio of pension funds to be characterized with low return and high risk.

Pension systems have vital role in provision of earnings of many elderlies and other pensioners in many countries worldwide. In spite of usual similarities between these systems, they have their own characteristics in different countries. There are valuable lessons to be learned from other countries’ pension systems and their experiences of retirement-income reforms. Iranian Social Security Organization (SSO) has only an occupational-based mandatory pension scheme. As a matter of fact, low retirement age, high accrual rate and relatively high generosity (high net pension replacement rate for pensioner and his/her legal survivors) have increased the long-term liabilities of SSO’s pension system which can jeopardize its sustainability in the long-run. Regarding the type of system (DB-PAYG) and from an intergenerational justice perspective, running both parametric (e.g. rising retirement age, benefit calculation formula( and non-parametric reforms seems to be inevitable.

Health care systems have a vital role in promoting society’s public health through primary care and clinical preventive services in both developed and developing countries. Although each of these systems in these countries has its own particular features but there are still considerable similarities between them. Over recent decades there has been a convergence of mission of these systems to increasing health equality through increasing the coverage domain and providing health care for targeted groups. Furthermore, reforms have been implemented to make these systems more efficient and sustainable. This papers reviews the features of some of the European countries’ health care systems and their reforms experiences. Knowing more about these health care systems and their reforms can provide some lessons for countries such as Iran.

Health is one of human basic needs that each an individual person requires to be protected in this field. From the economic point of view, education and health are two main aspects of human capital which are considered as the fundamental principles of human beings economic efficiency and also the basic factors of poverty reduction, economic growth, and sustainable economic development in all societies. Therefore, economic policies issued by institutions such as Social Security Organization and other related entities can have significant impact on citizen demands for medical and health services. This research studies and estimates the demand function for health and medical sectors from 1992 to 2012 in Iran using the “Almost Ideal Demand System Model (AIDS)”. In fact, the main purpose of the present research is to estimate the model of health function and surveying income and price adjustability of demand function for medical and pharmaceutical services in the country. The results showed that the price of this group is a theoretically based one, and the positive evidence of income adjustability recognizes this group as a normal commodity one. Moreover, the group has the replacement relationship with other groups including foodstuffs, home furniture, recreation and education, and it has no correlation with other groups.

The research aims to review the driving factors on dissatisfactory of enforcing the law on transferring pension contribution as an independent variable. The relation between the claimants’ information on related regulations and instructions, economic and welfare status of claimants, age, employment service period, occupational category and aging population are all considered as the dependent variables. The theoretical structure of this article is based on theories of Parsons, Stacey Adams, Maslow, Kurt Lewin, Habermas, George Homans,… . In order to test the research theories, necessary information was compiled through the questionnaire, then, the relation between claimants dissatisfaction and ancillary factors and variables was analyzed through different statistical methods. The research results show that: 1-The degree of claimants dissatisfaction with enforcing the law on transferring the pension contribution in Social Security Organization is related to the degree of their information on regulations. The degree of claimants dissatisfaction with enforcing the law on transferring the pension contribution in Social Security Organization is related to their economic and welfare status. 3-The degree of claimants dissatisfaction with enforcing the law on transferring the pension contribution in Social Security Organization is not much related to their previous activities except education level. 4-The degree of enforcing the law on transferring pension contribution payment in Social Security Organization differs considering the claimants age as well as the trend of population aging. The major problems and outcomes of enforcing the law on transferring pension contribution payment between different insurance funds are as follows:
Multiple laws and regulations and in some cases parallel rules. Differentiate of the impacts of the transferred records containing government and non-government service period in terms of taking advantage of the eligible benefits, besides discrimination in accepting the records in the case of non-government service periods. The lower level of share by insurance funds for transferring the pension contribution payment leads to the growth of the insured share of the related difference rate

The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between social intelligence and effective influence of social security employees (both insurance and health sectors) in Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari province. The statistical population of this research includes all health Management and General office employees in Chahar-Mahal and Bakhtiari province. Totally, 800 persons are employed in 14 insurance branches and the SSO owned hospital and clinics of the province. According to Morgan table and Cochran formula, the sample size was considered 260 people who were selected based on random sampling. For data collection, we used the demographic questionnaire, Silver’s social intelligence questionnaire and Rajerz Pitter and Arnold’s effective influence questionnaire. Also, the data was analyzed on the basis of the descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results of the research indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship between social intelligence and effective influence. Also, the relationship between components of social intelligence and effective influence was positive and significant (P