فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 46 (زمستان 1383)

The highest position of the executives in each country is the president of nation-state whose responsible position is known as the "presidency" in republican regimes. According to the constitution on the separation of powers principle and depending on the political frame work of each country in different republics, this position and its role in the executive power is so different from others that it could be hardly seen they are similar to each other.In addition to study their president position and his role in the executive power of Iran, This contribution considers their kinds, similarities, and differences of republican regimes such as presidential, semi-presidential and parliamentary.

The separation of powers principle is one of the basic principles in modern democracies. This principle for the first time is planned by some philosophers such as Charls-Louis de Montesquieu and John Locke, But today it is so far from its classic concept that in present conditions, different states found out the separations of powers and functions between three powers (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial) is not enough to achieve their goals (i.e. disappearance of absolute authoritarian or authoritarianism); But it is necessary that each these powers are well equipped for controlling over themselves that each power can do the best in practice and also assures citizens rights much more. Thus, in today world more political systems (such as presidential, semi presidential-semi parliamentary, parliamentary, mixed or Islamic) tend to stabilize the balanced power system. Furthermore, all systems which had no the superior power beyond these three powers in their separation of powers models, could be successful at stabilizing this system.In addition to study the separation of powers models in some specified political systems in this paper, this contribution summarized explains the methods of stability of balanced power system in three countries as Iran, US,and France. Also it presents the new explanation of the separation of powers principle.

There are conditions to elect a president or parliament deputy in the constitution and ordinary forms of law of all countries which have the elective position. Of course appropriating to the ruling political system,social and political agents and the degree of importance of elective position,these conditions are so different.Since the president in Islamic Republic of Iran system plays a vital role and undertakes the great tasks according to the constitution, there are some limitations on the presidential candidates which havent been provided for the other elective positions such as representative or even they have no similar candidate conditions to the competent candidates. For example the presidential candidate should be a native of Iran and also he should obey the formal religion of his country which emphasized on the issue of his management, virtue, and honesty. Totally, we can conclude that these conditions identify the nature and the importance of Islamic Republic of Iran system, and portray the real image of president position in this political system.

Today, free and fair catchphrase is known as a characteristics which accepted by all. This contribution summarized explains the democracy theory as a whole and also defines the free and fair elements.In his point of view, the freedom dimension consists of basic political rights and liberties and fairness dimension reflects the various aspects of impartiality of the electoral process and concept of regularity. Also, this paper distinguishes three phases of electoral process involving prior to election day, on election day, after election day, and presents a checklist for election assessment. Thus, we can conclude that the elections should be classified as free and fair, fairness and impartiality must prevail in all aspects of the official treatment of the political contestants.

Budget is the financial reflection of social and economic options on each society and follows the total three objectives of economic policies which consist of the growth, the equity and the stabilization like the other economic policies in high level as one of the most important policymaking instruments. On the other hand financial order, allocations, resource equipment and the executive efficiency are the major objectives of the budget management which caused that it is changed to the powerful instrument to achieve macro goals.The study of some budget indexes show that the government had no success in financial management to achieve its major goals during 16 years ago. But this study only shows the priority of some necessities for providing, approving, and emplementing process of the budget on the making decision system of the government and proves the incompetency and the passiveness of the executive systems, and also show weak functions of the budget managers in budget inform process. Indeed, present condition could limit to make any decision about budget such an extent that it could be considered as an obstacle for the parliament which the budget is turned into the inefficient instruments which is no interest for the government.

This contribution examined Ronald Reagan's 1980 election campaign to judge the effects of his Issue of the Day (IOD) media management strategy on his image as portrayed in the print and televised news media and also attempts to show the conveying his single message over extended periods of time.Our analysis shows Reagan had only success shaping the content of the press's coverage, but not its tone. Thus, according to the findings we conclude that there is no efficacy his IOD strategy even to portray the realimage of his candidacy which is presented by the press to the public.But we can conclude that creating a public image for a presidential candidate is known as a three-player game involving the candidate, the public, and the press. The press continues to play an important and independent role in the construction of candidate images in the minds of the public.

Attitude is a mental state of readiness to respond that through sophisticated experiments exerts a strong influence on a person's response to objects and situations. Attitudes are comprised of four levels: Control is shallow, the lowest is perception, higher and the highest levels are known as values or basic convictions and personality respectively.In addition to attitude levels, each attitude has seven traits:a) Intensityb) Combination typec) Homogeneityd) Correlatione) Harmonyf) The competency and amount of needsg) Being fundamental related values.There are three strategies to change the attitudes:A) Changing costs and rewardsB) Directly confronting with the issue of attitudeC) Satisfying requests.According to the above mentioned, there are also three objectives to change the addressee's attitudes toward elections:a) More and more participation of citizens in electionsb) Inform citizens of the candidate's criteria and their better programs,c) Change citizen's attitudes toward a candidate or his program.To attain these objectives should be known addressee's attitudes systems.Totally, these components and their effects are associated with citizen's electoral behavior which they can be changed by knowing them and determining their effects.

Today, election campaigns have been turned into a complicated science. In this concern, the concepts of propaganda campaigns should be identified.One of these important concepts is the issue of health and care. Nowadays the health is known as the precondition for development and the statemen believe that the healthy one plays a main role in achieving the stable development.Although there is no consideration for the issue of health in election campaigns propaganda of candidates in Iran, this contribution examines this issues.

Finding the inevitable destructive effects of corruption to achieve in the stable development and good governance, it is considered to control it as the major government objectives. Therefore the first step should be taken to give an effective strategy to control is analysing the corruption in a society.The corruption which has the historical background in Iran, that led to Islamic revolution in Pahlavi dynasty, is expanding to the different financial, bureaucratic and political kinds which causes the serious damage to the achievement in developing, democracy and good governance in the country. Moreover; the intensive integrated corruption in Iran is so quickly expanding that will be known as a chronic disease in the near future. Consequently, analysing or representing the corruption status in Iran is the main concern of this paper.

Education Economic is a branch of economics which considers the application of economics in education and its external, internal, and interdisciplinary effects. Also, it examines some related issue such as "financing of education resources, management of education resources, the effect of education on economic growth and development, the effects of education on increment of production and family income, allocation of education financial resources between the government and non-governmental sectors, cost-benefit analysis of education and cost effectiveness".In recent years, there are some reports for education economic in Iran,which one of them explains the measure of value added of nineteen sectors and sub-sectors. Also, the study of this report shows that both primary school and high school could get the second and the forth grades between nineteen sectors and sub-sectors by 658 percent and 423 percent of value addedrespectively.

Development Banks have been changed by national and international economic development and connected to the foreign and domestic finance markets and finally they could be much more independent in policymaking and allocation of resources. Nowadays, there are more than 550 development banks in the world wide which about 520 banks are worked in 185 countries and it is widely known that they had much success in economic development strategies. These banks are supported by the government in some cases such as bank long term loans with low interest rates, assurance of foreign borrowing, and tax exemptions and etc.In this contribution, by the review of banking developments in 1/5 century in the world and the half-century experiments of our country, explains that the major operation of this bank depends on its possible identified position in development programs, national policies, its relative independence in management, in spite of necessity of widely communication and some governmental protections. Also, the relative independence of development bank management is only possible by connecting to non-governmental financial resources such as capital market and enjoying a good corporate governance system. Good corporate governance system means a coherent complex of some stimulative and controlling methods and approaches which caused to achieve major goals of this organization (development bank) and keep its right and interests of stockholders.