فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 76 (زمستان 1392)

The general rule governing over the legal systems of the most countries in the world is based on equal protection of people before law and their enjoyment of rights and obligations. This same rule governs higher education system in Iran. However, existence of certain discriminations in the higher education system in Iran due to various reasons, including inappropriate distribution of educational facilities, has made the government to deal with such discriminations. To this end, it tries to dilute the adverse effects of such discriminations and resolve them by resorting to quota system. Positive discrimination is a process by recourse to which the government can achieve this goal. However, two relevant questions arise:1. Is it possible to allow positive discrimination in the higher education system of Iran?2. Can all such actions be elaborated under positive discrimination? In elaboration of positive discrimination, this paper tries to make an analytical examination of the principles and measures adopted to exercise positive discrimination in the higher education system of Iran.

This paper tries to compare the existing employment rate with employment generation potential capacity in different manufacturing industries during 1995-2009, using the information related to the added value, employment rate and investment level in 23 industrial fields out of the variety of Iran’s Manufacturing Industries based on ISIC international code. The outcome of this study indicates that the existing employment rate is very low in ratio of the potential employment generation in Iran’s industrial activities. In other words, growth trend and structural changes in production not only fail to match with employment generation, but also has led to deterioration of job creation in the field of industry. Though certain dynamic industries such as machinery, transportation vehicles, chemical and petrochemical industries have to some extent made up for such employment deficiency, nevertheless employment generation in the mentioned areas was limited. As a result an overall unemployment of labor force in the manufacturing industries has taken place.

It is essential to prepare necessary grounds for institutionalizing sport for all in the Iranian society for the Public health and vitality that it is frequently emphasized by the officials of different ranks. This paper tries to provide a framework for the study of barriers and solutions intended to develop sport for all in Iran from the viewpoint of the concerned directors and experts based on Friedman analysis of data. It also seeks to propose successful solutions used by other countries to remove these barriers. The outcome of this study based on the analyses gained from the questionnaires designed for this purpose indicates out of the solutions related to the organizational structure and institutional rules, three solutions had the highest priority as follows:1. Elaborating job description of all organizations and institutions involved in sport for all,2. Improving an integrated coordination among the relevant institutions,3. Paving the way for enabling private sector to get involved in the sport for all.The best solutions for the media and public education include:a) Transmission of messages through different media and coverageof such information through IRIB,b) Using interactive and innovative ideas to develop sport for allc) Encouraging the public to use cars less.Utilizing volunteers to promote the sport is the most effective strategy for human resources.In the field of infrastructures, three prominent strategies are offered as follows:1. Urban design with the aim of sport development,2. Construction of sport facilities, parks, urban open spaces (recreational spaces) equipped with sports and recreational facilities,3. Government funding and support of subsidies programs.The following two cultural and social solutions were also prioritized as follows:1. Removing misconceptions against sharing women in sport,2. Changing attitudes of the officials and religious leaders toward the sport.

In Iran, the Symmetric Input-Output Tables (SIOTs) are calculated by two Institutes i.e the Central Bank (CB) and Statistical Center of Iran (SCI). The Central Bank always supports the industry technology assumption in order to avoid emergence of negative elements, the challenges facing their removal and re-balancing of the SIOT. On the contrary, Iran Statistical Center was initially in support of the same technology assumption, while in 2001 it placed the phrase” mainly commodity technology assumption with some adjustment based on the mixed technology assumption” as the basis for calculation of its symmetric table. Findings of the paper indicate that different interpretations of technology assumption and modifications conducted by such institutes lead to different policy implications on the priority of sectoral investment. Also adjustment made by the SCI is more considerable than that of the CB. This same issue has not only led to notable differences in the incremental coefficients of goods production, but also has changed investment priority among commodity groups.

The concept of learning economy means the infrastructure for knowledge based economy. According to this theory, transition to learning economy in the developing countries is considered to constitute necessary bedrock for knowledge based economy. With due respect to the path dependency principle, the ex-post studies and bounded rationality in evolutionary economy, such cases as level of country development combined with its science and technology profile should be considered in the transition process as a qualitative change affecting institutions, organizations as well as interaction between them.. This paper tries to study transition to learning economy in Iran based on a scientific and technological approach. This research paper is based on an inductive theme conducted in a qualitative manner under a data-oriented theory. The analytical findings of this research indicate that transition to learning economy in Iran requires due consideration of the 11 themes which include: transitional thinking, policy institution, ICT, social capital, macro-economic conditions, institutional context, regional development, learning firms, research and education system, GIU interaction and collaborative learning based on mutual understanding. The status of the 11- fold themes and their relations with each other is specified within the paradigm model and the relevant six components.

Measurement of Social Capital is one of the major challenges intended to elaborate this concept. As a result, different methods and techniques have been proposed for it. Position generator is one such technique used in this research paper to measure social capital of elites. This technique focuses on the measurement of individual access to social resources and tries to measure the benefit received by the individual in his/her social network This paper tries to measure the individual’s social capital (access of every elite to the resources of social capital, using the data gained from the questionnaires distributed among elites and talented members of the National Foundation of Elites. Then, the two types of social capital (low and high prestige social capital) among different individuals were evaluated. The paper concludes that access to social capital resources among males, married couples, PhD graduates as well as graduates in technical and engineering fields exceeds that of others. Finally the paper uses regression to indicate usages of position generator techniques and the effects of certain alternatives (sex, education, age and marital status) over social capital.