فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 82 (تابستان 1394)

As the manifester of cultural, social, political and economic institutions of the people of Iran based on Islamic principles and rules, the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be the clear guide to present an Iranian-Islamic development model. This Constitution has a model for all aspects of social life like: political, economic, cultural aspects. These models in cooperation with each other, shape the Constitution system in order to reach to ideal society. The final goal of this system is to contrive the growth and promotion and development of human being that finally becomes "perfect man". The Constitution has determined economic duties for the government in such a way that we can call the economic model of Constitution: "Satisfying Basic Needs". In this model, the Government is bound to harness all the facilities of the country to satisfy basic needs (including housing, food, clothing, hygiene, medical treatment, free education and physical training for everyone at all levels, the necessary facilities for establishment of a family for all citizens and ensuring conditions and opportunities of employment for everyone) of members of the society. This model is flexible, phased, targeted and measurable and is completely related to the political and cultural model of the Constitution. Whenever this model, which is the satisfaction of basic needs of each person, is performed, the required condition for improvement is provided. In Constitutional logic, improvement is nothing but the realization of "the perfect man".

Electoral corruption has a history as old as elections. However, to study and identify this phenomenon efforts have been undertaken by research and study centers mainly during the last two decades. This is more important in terms of consequences and devastating effects for a country and its political system. This essay examines various aspects of electoral corruption and gives an explanation of the roots of the incidence and prevalence of this phenomenon and explains its effects and consequences. It argues that this type of corruption has a significant effect especially in reducing the legitimacy of the political system and strengthening the possibility of internal conflict.

The environmental taxes can be considered as taxes levied on pollution which are imposed on environment. In other words, environmental pollution indicates a lack of energy productivity in every sector of the economy. So, there is a significant correlation between energy productivity and environmental tax. Accordingly, this paper attempts to evaluate the presence or absence of a relationship between these variables by examining energy productivity and pollution measurement. This survey is performed for non-metallic minerals industry as one of the most energy intensive and polluting industries in Iran. To do this, partial productivity index is used to calculate the energy productivity. The amounts of pollution are calculated by emission coefficients of six pollutants included Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Sulfur Oxides (SOX), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), Unburned Hydrocarbons (HC) and Suspended Particulate Materials (SPM) caused by combustion of Natural Gas, Fuel Oil and Gas Oil. The relationship between air pollution and energy productivity is indicated using panel data method. The results suggest that there is a negative and significant relationship between energy productivity and air pollution. Hence, according to the findings of this study, economic justice requires firms with lower energy productivity rates pay higher environmental taxes. In terms of policy, these findings indicate the need for changes in tax rates according to energy productivity in manufacturing firms in Iran.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the New Eurasia, as the sleeping area and away from the center of the world politics, has become the focus of attention for the regional and trans-regional powers. After Russia, Iran also is a central player in this region due to its geostrategic and unique position. In this context, the development of cooperation and regional security concerns are all the main subject and priority for the I.R. of Iran. This means what is the Iran's position in the region? To what extent are the problems facing the country comprehensive in terms of security? How can the most important strategic elements of future security relations with the countries of the region be analyzed and at what level can the country play its rightful role within it? These questions and more are issues, all of which will be addressed in this essay. Therefore, according to many variables with different impacts, realities and complexities of the region and by considering the possibility of role advancement of Iran in the territory of Eurasia, this paper tries to explain Iran's regional approach according to rational behavior and the relative desirability in the area of regional security. In this context, the concept of security and its regional approaches will be investigated theoretically in a descriptive-analytical method firstly. Additionally, on the one hand a series of changes that instigate the insecurity and instability of Eurasia, and on the other hand, those issues specifically in the central East sub-systems, South Caucasus and the Caspian region that are identified as Iran's immediate security environment in the framework of Eurasia, are analyzed.

In the twenty-first century man is stepping into the growing transformations’ century and will face more complex and difficult issues. To meet the new century, there is need for new and complex policy decisions and if the policy-making system fails to coordinate with the complex issues and changes of the time, the loss will be inevitable. Accordingly, the overall goal of this research is to provide an optimal decision-making model based on the social decision-making model in governmental agencies. This research wants to indicate the impacts of the participation of stakeholders in decision-making, governing value framework, considering the effects and causes of the problem creation, passing the entire decision-making process based on the social model on decision-making of governmental managers.

In the present world, on the one side the society industrialization and extension of international trade and financial transactions and on the other side, the importance of risk in the world out of theory and doctrine forces us to take steps to make these analyses of economic risk practical. Respecting the significance of these analyses for before and after exchanges, the present paper tries to assess the economic risk of Islamic Republic of Iran for 1380-1390 period by using the International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) method, which contains coherence theoretical and practical bases. Since the size of these indexes and presented ratings can be a benchmark of attraction or repulse of international resources, especially it is a good criterion for attraction or divestment of international agent’s confidence, so these indexes’ verification can determine whether this institute has deviation in its analysis or not, due to lack of access to precise data or intentional bias. Results suggest that the composite economic risk (mixture of pure economic risk and financial risk) by using the internal organizations’ data in Iran is less than the forecasted one by ICRG. It can be the result of: 1- relative closeness of financial markets and not getting affected by these markets from international financial markets 2- the expectations of this institute compared to the size of financial and economical interactions of Iran. But the forecast of ICRG for pure economic risk in research period are bigger than calculated one.

As one of the most important criminal Acts in Islamic Republic of Iran during three decades after the Islamic Revolution, the Islamic penal code has changed severely and was performed many years as an Experimental Act. Finally, in 2013 the first four books of this Act were completely revised. Although this Act has several advantages compared to the Penal Code Act of 1991, it has notable Criticisms regarding Principles of Legal Writing. In this article, we have studied the status of this Act according to the principles Such as The Content coherence, Utility, Acquisition, principle-Oriented Approach, abbreviation, Structural discipline, attention in use of terms, perspicuity, Commitment to Framework of the Act.

Exchange rate, by influencing areas like: balance of payments, competitiveness, general level of prices, informal economic activities and etc. is considered as one of the most important macroeconomic variables. In this context, assessing the direct and indirect impacts of exchange rate on economic variables and its proper management at equilibrium level, has changed it to one of the challenging points for policy makers. Because a deviation from equilibrium level of exchange rate (known as misalignment) could lead to great macroeconomic fluctuations. This article is to assess this phenomenon (exchange rate misalignment) during 2001-11 in which Iranian authorities implemented the second exchange rate unification policy followed by a hardly managed floating exchange rate approach. For this reason, a basic monetary exchange rate determination model during 1989-2001 was estimated and then it was simulated through real data to estimate equilibrium exchange rate in an ex-post approach. The results imply a great exchange rate misalignment which has been overvalued more than 95% in some periods. These results emphasize moving towards an equilibrium exchange rate. The results also suggest that the price level has had much more impact on exchange rate than national Income and volume of money.

Destabilizing the security in a geographical region originates in two indigenous and exogenous factors that affect each other mutually. Besides the fact that the security of the Persian Gulf region is affected by the policies rooted in the trans-regional factors, the performance of the political systems in the region has a great role in stabilizing or destabilizing the security of this region. The coexistence of three political systems in the Persian Gulf region that are fundamentally different from each other has led to the intensification of instability in the region. Explaining the fundamental differences between the political systems of the Persian Gulf region this article aims to also explain the geopolitical roles of each of these political systems in destabilizing the region.

The subject of Policy research evaluation has been explored in this essay, which is one of the critical subjects in policy research area and has not been considered important enough so far. This subject explores the indicators and factors that are influential in improvement of the quality level of consequences of policy research. In this essay, the concept of policy research and the policy research process have been explained firstly. Then by the use of exploratory-applied method and context analysis method, the references of policy research have been explored to design policy research evaluation model. Based on research findings, 34 final indicators have been identified that they have been organized in 5 dimensions or stages that have been used in designing the policy research evaluation model. Afterwards, with application of the designed model, the policy research reports have been evaluated in Islamic consultative assembly research center. For this purpose, 10 policy research reports were selected and the evaluation results have been presented in form of tables. In closing, the worst and best indicators related to the evaluation of policy research reports and also, the dimensions or stages that have gained better status in Islamic consultative assembly research center have been indicated.

After the approval of (50) principle of the Constitution, environmental laws and regulations like other laws and legal important topics were added to provisions and five-year development plans. Although recognition of this issue in the Constitution was seen as a turning point in the history of our environment, good performance in terms of performance and environmental consequences was not followed. In this essay, following the brief introduction on the environment, we will firstly refer to our county's position based on some selected measures. Then by the use of Delphi Method, seven main topics, which are generally challenges of each programmatic systems about environmental issues, will be referred to. Afterwards, by investigating the five-year programs, the position of these topics in the first four Development Plans will be followed with respect to attention and use in program. Then, the way that these topics were met in the fifth program, will be analyzed separately. At last by analyzing the 5th plan, we introduce some ways to sustaining Sarongs, repairing Weaknesses, using Opportunities and escaping Treats.

The relationship between government revenue and expenditure is an important subject in public economics especially for Iran, which is suffering from persistent budget deficits. Regarding theoretical studies, there are essentially four schools of thought on the direction of causation between government expenditure and revenue. The main purpose of this study is to investigate theLong and short Run relationship between government revenue and government expenditure in Iran that covers data from 1987- 2011 by use of Toda-Yamamoto approach. Since the Iranian economy has been subjected to a multitude of structural changes and regime shifts during the sample period, time series’ properties of the data are first analysed by Zivot-Andrews (1992) and Lee – Strazicich (2003,2004) model. The results of the Zivot and Andrews and Lee – Strazicich models indicate that all series under investigation are non-stationary at level. However, it is evident from the results of Zivot and Andrews and Lee – Strazicich tests that government revenue and expenditure are stationary at first difference because null hypotheses of unit roots for all the variables are rejected at 1 percent significance level. Taking into account the resulting endogenously determined structural breaks, the Saikkonen and Luetkephol (2000), Gregory and Hansen, cointegration approach and Auto regressive distributed lag are then employed to determine the long-run Relationship between Government Expenditure (GE) and Government Revenue (TR). This cointegration technique accommodates potential structural breaks that could undermine the existence of a long-run relationship between Government Expenditure and Government Revenue. The results of this paper support the Freidman (1978) hypothesis that government revenues cause expenditure and revenues have a positive causal impact on government expenditure.