فصلنامه سیاست خارجی
سال سی و یکم شماره 2 (پیاپی 122، تابستان 1396)

This paper discussed the relation between Coercive Diplomacy and International law through International Institutions. After a brief review on the history and the mechanisms of Coercive Diplomacy and International Law, the means of Coercive Diplomacy in the after Second World War era is introduced. And the ways in which the Super Powers abuse the International Courts and Organizations to pressure other states is explained. International Organizations Functions inter alia, legitimating the Coercive Diplomacy is investigated. This legitimating and justifying role of International institutes is elicited by analyzing the UN Security Council decisions and International Atomic Energy Agency resolutions related to Iran Nuclear Crisis. Also Sanction as an alternative tool to Use of Force in the post-Cold War Coercive Diplomacy is perused and some examples of it are given. The conformity of the UN Security Council decisions to International Law is studied in the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and European Court of Justice (ECJ) cases. The last part is dedicated to summarize the conditions of an efficient and successful Coercive Diplomacy.

The Caucasus became radicalized after Czarist Russia conquered the previously independent Muslim peoples in the 19th century and forcibly incorporated them into the Russian Empire. The Soviet government subsequently repressed all genuine forms of religious expression in caucuses, creating an ideological void that Islamists exploited following the Soviet Union's collapse. The collapse of communism left an ideological vacuum in the Northern Caucasus, while the end of censorship and Soviet border controls gave the region’s Muslims greater connections with the larger Islamic world, including increased ties between Russian-based and foreign terrorist groups. Economic problems throughout the North Caucasus, including high unemployment, widening income gaps and deteriorating public education and lack of knowledge about Wahhabism further contributed to widespread popular alienation.
These conditions created a receptive environment for Islamist militancy in the North Caucasus. The officially distorted version of Islam in the Russian Federation found itself in a vicious struggle with more radical interpretations, often supported by foreign extremists seeking to exploit the collapse of Soviet border controls to propagate their doctrine among Russian Muslims. Republic of Azerbaijan as a part of caucuses and a neighbor of Russia and radical Islamism of Dagestan and Chechnya in Russian, is known for the flourishing ethno-religious radicalism. This Article provides an overview and analysis of the rise of extremism; the history and role of radicalism insecurity of caucuses; the genesis of violent and instability in this region, including the growing terrorist threat from the extremist in Russia and Azerbaijan and Muslim parts of Russia, as well the vulnerability of these societies to cooperate with terrorists.

India, since the independence, has been affected by several factors. These factors vary in duration, intensity, and the way that they impacts. One of the factors that contributed to the process of Indian development is the “leaders and decision makers”. From this perspective, India's role as one of the most influential actors in this region is very important. This paper examines the economic situation of India before and at the time of independence, the plans and policies, the components, and the roles of those who put India back into current situation. It considers the role of decision making and decision making principles in India's development and from this perspective, tries to answer the question "by which factors and how the Indian development has been affected?" In response to this question, it is submitted that "decision makers change their views, beliefs, or decision-making models as the main factor of Indian evolution". This writing is descriptive-analytic with a library method based on available documents and books. While introducing the factors and sources that influenced India's goals and orientation on development issues using the theory of James Rosenau, emphasizes the importance of the "individual" and "role" in India's decision-making process, and also analyzes India’s development

The Jihadist groups mean that those groups that in order to restore the Islamic Caliphate and generally create a religious state ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåengages in armed conflict and violence, ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåwhich not only caused fear among the Muslims, but also have followed the world's horrors. The theoretical basis of this radical movement come back to Ibn-e Teimiyeh Harrani (8 A. H) known as Sheikh ol-Eslam. However, after his death Muhammad Ibn-e Abdul Wahhab in the 18th century was revived again his thought that one was return to Salaf-e Saleh tradition and another the fight against heresy, ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåbut in the modern world perhaps it can be said that the roots of these groups attributed to Ikhavan-olMoslemin movement in Egypt and the thoughts and ideas of the Islamic Movement. Although Ikhavan-olMoslemin has been introduced itself as a Islamist movement with its peaceful policy in the Muslim world, ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåbut most leaders of the Jihadi groups have arise in Ikhavan-olMoslemin and their ideological foundations returns to them. ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåFor instance, the Islamic radical thinkers such as the Egyptian SayyedQutb and the Pakistani Abul Ala-e Mawdudi in their thoughts and ideas were invited and encouraged the Islamic Ummah to Jihad in Allah's way in order to revival of the Islamic caliphate. The ÎØÇی ÊÑÌãåJihadist groups in different parts of the political geography of the Islamic world expanded from South East Asia to West Africa and one of the focuses of their activities
has been Iraq Kurdistan. The emergence of thought of Ikhavan-ol-Mosleminin Iraq Kurdistan that on the one hand due to the mosaic of ethnic and religious minorities such as Kurds, Turkmen, Assyrians, Arabs, Chaldeans, Sunnis, Shiites, Yarsan, Ghezelbash, and Shabak and the lack of a party mechanism in nationalist and secular parties in this region leads to the formation of Jihadists and extremists such as Jund al-Islam, Ansar al-Islam and Jamaat-e-Ansar al-Suuna that by the slogan of a return to the tradition of Salaf-e Saleh and anti-innovation under the banner of restoring the Islamic caliphate move through Jihad in Allah's way to fight Kurdish parties and insecurity in Kurdistan.

Scholars of regional studies consider Transcaucasia (or the South Caucasus) as a region, which consists of three countries including Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia. After the collapse of the USSR, Iran and Turkey were to seek their own foreign policy in the South Caucasus based on all common points they had in this region. The main question is to study comparatively the foreign Policies of Iran and Turkey in the region.
We can say that the most significant opportunity for these two countries has been the collapse of USSR and the most serious threat for them has been the risk of the presence of a third power in this region. However, according to the sequence of events addressed in this study, it seems that the most rigorous threat for Iran in the South Caucasus is the security problem and presence of Trans-regional powers, especially in Azerbaijan. In return, Iran, by paying more attention to Armenia, has converted this country into its own source of opportunities in previously mentioned region. Besides, on the one hand, Turkey, because of positive attitude of Azerbaijan to it, have attained a proper opportunity in the South Caucasus. On the other hand, the deadlock between Turkey and Armenia has been the main threat for Turkey’s foreign policy in the South Caucasus. Then Iran's foreign policy orientation has been trying to support Armenia as a barrier between Azerbaijan and its rival, Turkey. Iran's goal is to emphasize the corridor south to north through Armenia, in order to reduce its dependence on Turkey to connect with Georgia and Black Sea littoral states.

Iranophobia is a multidimensional phenomenon that has been deeply linked to political and security issues. But, its historical, cultural, and even political and international roots cannot be ignored by considering such those issues. These conditions are adapted to current Iranophobia trend in Arab world more than anywhere else. As a result, the present research tries to provide a set of solutions for cantering the current problem in Arabs public opinion by focusing on the answer of this important question that "what are the roots of Iranophobia in Arab world?" The hypothesis has been examine in this study is "Iranophobia in the Arab world not only have a historical and cultural root, but also the recent political developments in the region exacerbate it and for overcoming the current situation, it is necessary to present a coherent strategy for restoring Iran's image in the Arab world.