فصلنامه مشکوه
پیاپی 108 (پاییز 1389)

War is a bitter reality, which has taken place throughout human history. Islam has used it as a last option for destroying idolatry and spreading Monotheism rather than conquering and dominating over weak nations. The present article mainly addresses this assumption. Making reference to Qur’anic verses and reliable legal sources, the writer has proved the above hypothesis and achieved the following points: 1. Peaceful call to the doctrines of Islam prior to the beginning of war has been the basic principle in the Apostle of Allah (S.A.W.)’s sīra (practical way of life), the acceptance of which would have prevented the outbreak of war. 2. Observance of human rights and moral instruction in battle fields has been the sīra of the Prophet (S.A.W.) and his rightful successors, something which is not observed even in today’s wars. 3. The philosophy of war and “Jihād (holy struggle) in the way of Allah”, as appears in the Qur’an, besides eliminating polytheism, is to spread around Monotheism, to liberate the oppressed, and to suppress the seditions of those who have broken their pacts.

In this article, the author has extracted 15 valuable scientific and literary points from the Qur’anic verse of irḍā’ (lactation), which can be of great influence on the modern family rights.Under the provision of this verse, family laws are to be devised according to the natural and innate rights rather than on the basis of the statutory law and unstable human contracts.The outcome of the findings of this article proved the necessity of lactation for 21 months according to the primary legal ruling, and as such, on the basis of rational and traditional necessity, attracting benefits and repelling losses as well as judicial relation, contribution, and association between the attendant (ma‘ṭūf) and the attendee (ma‘ṭūfun ‘alayh).

The subject of this article is a comparison of the concept of acquiescence (riḍā) in the words of Amīr al-Mu’minīn ‘Alī (A.S.) in Ghurar al-ḥikam wa durar al-kilam and the sayings of the Persian Mystics.In this article, there is an assertion as the first hypothesis that: no meaningful difference can be seen between Imam ‘Alī (A.S.)’s viewpoint and that of the mystics in the general notion of riḍā.It is implied from the mystics’ sayings and views on the issue of riḍā that there are two viewpoints common among them. The first viewpoint regards riḍā as among the stations (on the mystical path) and views it as being acquired; the second viewpoint considers riḍā as among the mystical states and takes it to be bestowed and granted.The second hypothesis is that Imam ‘Alī (A.S.)’s viewpoint is close to those who regarded riḍā as among the stations and considered it to be acquired.

One of the most important concepts that has received much attention in recent several years as an effective factor in organizations’ success is organizational citizenship behavior, which has been widely investigated to identify its impressive elements and implications.In this article, first the status of justice in Islam as well as a study of new dimensions of organizational justice including four dimensions of justice (distributive, procedural, interactional, and informational) and the practical examples of these dimensions in the life story (sīra) of the Prophet (S.A.W.) and Imams (A.S.) are explained and then, the role of each one of them in promoting organizational citizenship behavior is described.

Common types of thematic interpretation are: 1. Extraction of main topics from the Qur’an and compilation of the related verses and their explanation, such as Subḥānī’s Manshūr Jāwīd commentary on topics such as monotheism, light and darkness, falsehood and truth.2. Adopting subjects from the objective needs and questions brought up in society and using human experiences in relation to them and checking them in Qur’anic fields, believing that the Qur’an is always able to respond to the needs of the day.In thematic interpretation method (the first type), two questions are raised: 1. Is the context of the verses observed in light of thematic order? 2. Does the interpreter enunciate other angles and aspects of the verses in regard to the companionship of the verses?The present article seeks to study the method of Manshūr Jāwīd commentary with the above-mentioned hypotheses and questions on topics such as monotheism, light and darkness, truth and falsehood.

What is displayed today in AQR Museum represents a small part of the Iranians’ art and devotion to Imam al-Riḍā (A.S.). In this respect, the remnants of a ḍarīḥ that Shāh Ṭahmāsb ordered to be built about 500 years ago, has a significant status. In the course of history, of course, greedy people have frequently attempted to take possession of this exquisite artifact; however, it was not destined so.At present, a major part of the inscriptions belonging to this ḍarīḥ are displayed to public in AQR Museum. In this article, the writer introduces this ḍarīḥ and its existing remnants.