فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 43 (تابستان 1384)

Among the internalistic views about the sufficient and necessary conditions of the justification, Coherentism is one of the views against which we are confronted with Foundationalism. In the present essay the view of one of the contemporary epistemologists, Laurence Bonjour, is to be explained. Bonjour, initially deals with the epistemology of perceptual beliefs and tries to establish justification of perceptual beliefs according to his attitude in epistemology, that is Coherentism. The author of the essay while describing the views of Bonjour, holds that the view in question can not satisfy the conditions necessary for justified belief.

The (approximate) applicability of theories is one of the significant claims made by the practitioners of realism. Attaching much importance to this fact, the present article attempts to study the "non-miracle demonstration", one of the most considerable arguments belonging to the practitioners of realism. Meanwhile, it has been clarified that the objection of circling can be withdrawn by an appropriate epistemic backing.

Bsa Van Frassen wrote hisbook "Scientific Image" in favor of empiricism and against scientific realism. He claims his approach is an undeniable alternative for realism and minimizes the risks of it epistemologically. the coined term "Constructive Empiricism" implies that his approach has come up with a new modeling of scientific theories, in addition to his loyalty to empiricism. The first chapter of the article discusses Van Frassen's mentloned approach, including the construction of scientific theories, the effective empiricism factors on scientific theories and other proofs against realism, and the second chapter discusses each approach extensively.

Scientific realism is a comprehensive discussion in philosophy of science. Realists believe an acceptable philosophical and historical justification for science can only be made by believing in realistic aspects of science. Pointing out the deficiencies of realistic understanding of science, anti-realists, on the contrary, attempt to show that new and more apprehensive perception could be inferred either. Van Frassen can be considered as the pioneer of construction and Van Frassen can be considered as the pioneer of constructive empiricism approach, which has been elaborated in his book "Scientific Image". The book has debated the weak points of realistic reasoning and the fact that realistic perception has no advantage the weak points of realistic reasoning and the fact how realistic perception has no advantage over Constructive Empiricism. Frassen claims the any scientif phenomena which can be explained by Realism can also be explaind by constructive Empiricism. One of this new perceptions belongs to Empiricists who believe in Construction.

Thomas Kuhn, the contemporary philosopher of science, firmly denies any sort of fully defined advancement of science toward realism. The present article attempts to trace the origin of this attitude resulted from his theory of non-deductibiligy. Furthermore, Kuhn's anti-realistic attitude the area of scientific theories originates from his realistic attitude in the area of history.