پژوهشنامه بیمه
سال سی و دوم شماره 2 (تابستان 1396)

Presence of moral hazard and adverse selection in insurance market increase premiums and lead to exit of high risk aversion individuals from the insurance market resulting in a loss of efficiency. Knowledge of insurance demand elasticities and measurement of the welfare effects of higher premiums, would help insurers adopt suitable remedial policies. This paper investigates this issue for individual insurances using AIDS during the period of 2006-2013. Marshallian and income elasticities indicate a weak relationship gross relationship between individual insurances. Furthermore, we find that life insurance is a luxury good and that supplementary care insurance and accident insurance are necessities. Hicks and Allen elasticities also suggest a weak net substitutability relationship between individual insurances studied. This relationship is stronger for life and accident insurances. According to E.V. and C.V. indices, the insurer, with the aim of reducing inefficiencies, can charge lump sum amounts instead of increasing premiums for low risk aversion individuals. If the insurer decides to increase premiums, it should compensate high risk aversion individuals by payments. Amounts transferred in the first case are much smaller than in the second case.

The main objective of this research is to identify indices and factors affecting the managers’ empowerment of insurance sales representatives and to develop these factors in the form of a model. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to construct the final model. In doing so, first, initial factors and indices relevant to the concept of empowerment were collected through the review of literature and then the final group consensus was achieved on each element by the modified Delphi technique and Kendall’s coefficient of concordance. The consistency and reliability of the proposed model was carried out by factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. The results of the present study indicated that the final model of insurance sales managers’ empowerment consists of five factors: the sense of effectiveness, self-esteem, competence, self-efficacy, and meaning. The structural equation modeling shows that the sense of effectiveness and self-esteem are highly correlated with empowerment at 95 percent confidence level. Thus, insurance representatives can develop empowerment to counteract the continuous changes through the sense of effectiveness, self-esteem, competence, self-efficacy, and meaning.

Export insurance facilitates export and global economic growth by decreasing and compensating commercial, political and economic risks. There are different opinions about the effect of export insurance on export. Despite this and since export insurance increases the cost of exports, a significant effect of export insurance on export deserves further investigation. The present research examines the hypothesis which is export insurance has a significant and positive effect on exports. For this, an econometric panel data of 40 countries (including 20 developed and 20 developing countries) during the period 2005-2013 has been employed. The results from the model confirms a significant and positive relation between export insurance and exports. Therefore, we suggest that policy makers and exporters pay special attention to export insurance.

Although there are various models of "quality of service", none of them specifically look in to the service of "auto insurance". Furthermore those models have not been developed on Iranian social and economic environment. This study utilizes the qualitative method of grounded theory to identify factors affecting auto insurance customer satisfaction and provide a practical model. Subjective data of customers has been collected through an image test for 98 customers and has been analyzed through open, focal, and selective coding in the context of grounded theory, with the help of MaxQDA software and by two expert assessors. Reliability of the coding has been controlled by Cohen's kappa in each stages.
The final model for auto insurance customers has three layers of factors (core, operating, characteristic) and has three types of variables. This model includes four core factors: 1) products and services; 2) the value of services; 3) interaction and 4) mental image. Some of these factors increase and decrease satisfaction, some others only increase and others just cause dissatisfaction.

Natural resources (Anfals) are the most important financial resource of the Islamic government. Oil and gas resources have extra importance because they are used as inputs for various industries, and as consumption goods by households, and generate export revenues. Based on jurisprudence texts and criteria, oil and gas fields are hidden mines and falls in the legal regime of Anfals. Therefore, their form of ownership depends on the existence of Islamic governments. In the absence of Islamic government, these resources are given to peoples. Upon formation of Islamic government, the religious authority controls these resources and should manage the revenues to benefit of the people. This article uses analytic descriptive methods and refers to jurisprudence texts and criteria (MASLAHAT & rationality criteria) to prove the hypothesis of enforcement of oil contractors to insure oil and gas wells.

Insurance plays an important role in improvement of economic conditions by enhancing mental security, confidence and fair distribution of adverse effects of risks. Since the introduction of this industry to Islamic countries, Takaful has been suggested as a substitute for conventional insurance. Public participation as both the insured and the insurer is the most important factor that incentivizes people from different countries to work in Takaful insurance. In addition, the insureds benefit from profits of investments of Takaful funds. The main issue of this research is to study the legitimacy of surplus and the legal principles of its foundation. The technique of this study is documentary research; we have tried to analyze the issue that the surplus of profits rewarded to participants in the insurance activities of this type has legal basis according to the inclusion of Takaful insurance in the form of gifts and article 10 of civil law.