نشریه مطالعات ملی
سال بیستم شماره 1 (پیاپی 77، بهار 1398)

This exploratory-</span>analytical article aims at the study of national identity policy- making process. To understand its nature precisely, the article studies the subject according to the tenets of theory of wicked problems as described by Rittle and Weber and also according to the cyclic model of policy making. The article focuses on the main question: what are the fundamental principles concerning national identity policy making and what are its strategic implications for contemporary Iran?" The present article supposes that the basic goal of the national identity policy making is creation and preservation of collective national "we" consisted of structure of knowledge and vision, structure of action and structure of sentiments and emotions and sense of belongings toward components of national identity. Identity problems rise from the interaction of internal and external environments, is put on the agenda-setting process and the related policies is adopted based on the collective thinking and public participation of all citizens and stakeholders with serious concerning of citizen-oriented, justice-based and recognition centered policy making in addition to timeless socialization process and the effective and efficient functions of political, social, economic and cultural structures. The strategic implication of this statement for Iran is the pursuit of collaborative strategy in national identity policy- making process and regarding the historical background, social structure, cultural and ideological foundations of society in one hand and the responsible and wise behavior of committed actors in the other hand.

The purpose of this article is to clarify two important issues of European identity and the unity of Islam, which is to study it in a period from the beginning of the Crusades and the emergence of European identity that can be generalized to subsequent and future periods. This article is based on a historical approach based on main resources and new research with an analytical approach.</span>Among the historical methods has been selected the comparative method and world have been studied the important factors of identity or lack of identityin Europe and the Islamic World. The present article concludes that Europeans were able to create a unified identity by building "self" with title "Christian" and European and Muslims as "other" with a negative image of Islam, but, due to the low importance of the Crusades for the Muslim world and the discord of Muslims, against foreign attacks carried out in the Muslim world did not arise, and "self" and "the other" were created within the Muslim world.

Although the events of the Constitutional Revolution affected all aspects of social life, so the poets of this era appeared as social reformers and put their poetry content to serve the development of new ideas, especially national identity and nationalism, which converted poetry from subjectivist to realistic mode. In this study, we used the descriptive-analytical method and national identity components in the poetry of the prominent poets of the Constituent of Iran has been studied and compared and four important components of national identity such as language, history and culture, land and religion in the poetry of these poets is being examinedwith the aim of providing a relatively comprehensive view. Finally, it was concluded that among the components of national identity in the poetry of the Constitutionalist poets, the most component observed in the poetry, attention to the land and the homeland, and the smallest component of the national identity, is language, but o due to the presence History and struggle against colonialism among constitutionalist poets, the religion of Islam was have been considered as one of the elements of national identity; hence, national identity and Iranian nationalism, contrary to the European type, were not only anti-religious, but also religious.

Following the collapse of Ottoman empire, there started a process of redefining collective identity under the influence of Kemalism among the Muslems. Through relying on two theories of Turk’s history and Red language policies, Kemalism claimed to be a scientific theoretical base for articulating national identity of modern Turkey. The present article presents the fundamental question of: how was Kemalism created? through formulating this hypothesis that Kemalistic national identity is not based on historical facts but on a discourse construction dependent on two approaches of Turk’s history and Red language politically created in confrontation with the West. To test this hypothesis, the current article utilizes discourse theory through focusing on historical genealogy of Turkish modern national identity and discourse. Most significant findings of this article involves alignment methods in the balanced chain and specific signified-making of various signifiers, variation of political factors, modeling west in fabricating history and constructing Kemalism modern national identity.

An important aspect of citizenship is its own respective norms. Creating, expanding and deepening the culture and ethics of citizenship can solve many urban and social issues with which developing countries face. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between national identity and citizenship culture. In the field of citizenship culture, six components of participation, civil behaviors, generalization, accountability, altruism, and tendency to follow the law were considered to measure this concept. Research method was designed in a survey method. A randomized sampling method was used in which, 625 citizens of the metropolitan city of Shiraz who were over 18 years old, participated. In this research, following the relationship between national identity and its dimensions, social, political, cultural, historical, linguistic, geographical and religious identities were considered as independent variables and adherence to the culture of citizenship was addressed as dependent variable. The results of this study indicate that there is a meaningful, positive and direct relation between national identity (0.479) and its dimensions, social identity (0.409), political identity (0.408), cultural identity (0.446), historical identity (0.382) geographical identity (0.386), religious identity (0.370) and linguistic identity (0.258) with adherence to the culture of citizenship.

Nowadays, the quantitative approach to the housing, causes creation of buildings without identity and good quality. On the other hand, in spite of different paradoxes about applying identity concept in architecture, most of the theorists, have accepted its definition as meaning or a level of meaning; this meaning is definable by interactions between human and the environment. </span>In this paper, the goal is rereading the national identity using content analyses method and library techniques and using the phenomenological method that claims "return to things itself and essence of the things". Moving from concept to meaning, Using philosophical thinking machine of Molla Sadra (Hekmat-e- Motaaliyeh) as a way to understand aspects of interaction between human and environment, the meaning layers of entrance space of houses have been studied and specification of this place in three layers: acquaintance, contact-functional, visual access, have been classified based on four effective reasons of formation of each layer. The results show that place made of existence and behavior acts as an essence that makes the place being appeared inside the limits and conditions. In other words, reality is prior to essence and interaction between interior and exterior is manifested in entrance space of a house. Therefore, entrance space of an Iranian houses is an obvious example of a place with national identity.

In Suicide operation, suicide bombers sacrifiy their life to kill others. This operation has killed many people in the Muslim countries for three decades. These days, takfiris have made suicide operation as a common and violent tactic in sectarian conflicts and the death arising from suicide operation has become a political form related to power. In Iraqi ISIL, which has been studied in this article, suicide bombers have chosen a new approach to death by accelerating death with eagerness. In order to  decoding the meaning of suicide attacks in extremist groups and answering to this question that what does the suicide attack of ISIL mean?, based on the "visual semiotics" and by analyzing the images of ISIL suicide bombers in Iraq, This article has found </span>that "Desire to death marks the "identity seeking" of ISIL elements through "immortality" Arising from arbitrary death and denying of rivals identities.

The aim of this study is to investigate the social factors affecting life style of Veterans in Najafabad. The theory of Anthony Giddens، Mitchell and Sobel and Chinese was used. The method was used survey. The statistical population of all veterans of Najaf Abad in 2016 is 3,000 according to the statistics of the Najaf Abad martyr Foundation is 3000 people. The Sample size of 400 veterans was selected randomly and categorically. The instrument used in this research is the Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire and the researcher-made life style questionnaire. The results of single-variable regression analysis indicate that cultural capital affects veterans' lifestyle. Individual characteristics (marital status, place of birth and age) affect veterans' lifestyle. The results of multivariate regression analysis indicate that the independent variables explain (75) percent of veteran’s lifestyle changes.